research

River Regulation
 
The Geomorphic Evolution of the Lake Mills Reservoir delta, Elwha River, Washington
Chris Bromley, Gordon Grant, Tim Randle

Dam removal presents a coupled upstream-downstream problem, in which the magnitude of the downstream impacts on channel morphology, habitat and human infrastructure is governed largely by the volume and rate at which sediment is mobilized from the former impoundment area. In order to develop quantitative predictive capabilities, it is first necessary to develop conceptual models that accurately describe the mechanisms of channel evolution in the impoundment area. These mechanisms are likely to vary depending on the nature of the impounded sediments, the size of the deposit relative to the size of the incising channel, and the methods of dam removal. One particular suite of mechanisms is presented by the case of a delta at the upstream end of a reservoir that still contains a large body of water.

 

In April 1994 a drawdown of Lake Mills, the reservoir behind Glines Canyon Dam on the Elwha River in Washington, was performed in order to gain an insight into how the sediment accumulated in the reservoir’s delta would respond to a dam decommissioning scenario. Analysis of the data collected reveals that the bulk of the morphological adjustment is concentrated in the finer sediments of the lower half of the delta, and that the delta channels exhibit a complex response that is primed by the drop in baselevel and driven by a relatively low discharge. A sediment budget for this channel evolution was developed.

In view of the spatially and temporally limited nature of the drawdown experiment, it is not possible to say with any degree of certainty the extent to which this pattern of channel evolution will be replicated under a full dam decommissioning scenario. In order to develop useful sediment management information for such an occurrence a series of Froude-scaled physical model experiments are proposed, in which a number of different dam removal and reservoir drawdown scenarios could be investigated under different discharge regimes. The results of a small sand box study are presented that provide a qualitative insight of how the Lake Mills system may respond.

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