

Gallery system of the fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis, on inner bark of white fir. George Struble of the Berkeley FIL studied this beetle in the Sierras of California. The horizontal tunnel is made by a female after entering at what is now the middle. She began tunneling to the left, laying eggs in niches above and below the tunnel; those laid first have the longest larval mines. He found that the beetle could infest trees without killing them, which made it impractical to control by direct means. Photo no. 8409-d, WFIWC archives (Furniss and Wickman 1998, Fig. 6)
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