REFERENCES
Agee JK. 1993. Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
Bailey JD. 1996. Effects of stand density reduction on structural development in western Oregon Douglas-fir forests--a reconstruction study. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University.
Benda LE. 1994. Stochastic geomorphology in a humid mountain landscape. Ph.D. Dissertation. Seattle, WA: University of Washington.
Beschta RL. 1978. Long-term patterns of sediment production following road construction and logging in the Oregon Coast Range. Water Resources Research 14:1011-6
Bilby RE, Fransen BR, Bisson PA. 1996. Incorporation of nitrogen and carbon from spawning coho salmon into the trophic system of small streams: evidence from stable isotopes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53(1):164-73
Bisson PA, Reeves GH, Bilby RE, Naiman RJ. 1997. Watershed management and pacific salmon: desired future conditions. IN: Stouder DJ, Bisson PA, Naiman RJ, editors. Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall. p 145-78.
Bolsinger CL, Waddell KL. 1993. Area of old-growth forests in California, Oregon, and Washington. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-197.
Bormann BT, Cunningham PG, Brookes MH, Manning VW, Collopy MW. 1994. Adaptive Ecosystem Management in the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-341.
Bormann BT, Martin JR, Wagner FH, Wood G, Alegria J, Cunningham PG, Brookes MH, Friesema P, Berg J, and Henshaw J. 1999. Adaptive management. In: Johnson, NC, Malk, AJ, Sexton, W, and Szaro, R (eds.). Ecological Stewardship: A common reference for ecosystem management. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Carey AB, Curtis RO. 1996. Conservation of biodiversity: a useful paradigm for forest ecosystem management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24(4):610-20.
Carey AB, Elliot C, Lippke BR, Sessions J, Chambers CJ, Oliver CD, Franklin JF, Raphael MG. 1996. Washington Forest Landscape Management Project--A pragmatic, ecological approach to small-landscape management. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Natural Resources. Washington Forest Landscape Management Project Report #2.
Christensen NL, Bartuska AM, Brown JH, Carpenter S, D'Antonio C, Francis R, Franklin JF, MacMahon JA, Noss RF, Parsons DJ and others. 1996. The report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management. Ecological Applications 6(3):665-91
Cissel JH, Swanson FJ, McKee WA, Burditt AL. 1994. Using the Past to Plan the Future in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Forestry 92(8):30-1, 46
Cissel J. 1995. Research and Learning Assessment for the Central Cascades Adaptive Management Area. Blue River, OR: Cascade Center for Ecosystem Management.
Connell JH. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199: 1302-1310.
Cooperrider AY. 1996. Science as a model for ecosystem management--panacea or problem? Ecological Applications 6(3):736-7
COPE (Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhancement Study). 1994. COPE Program Bibliography: fiscal years 1987 through 1994. Corvallis, OR: College of Forestry, Oregon State University. On file with Steve Hobbs, Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
Cortner HJ, Shannon MA, Wallace MG, Burke S, Moote MA. 1996. Institutional barriers and incentives for ecosystem management: a problem analysis. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-354.
Curtis RO, Marshall DD. 1993. Douglas-fir rotations--time for reappraisal? Western Journal of Applied Forestry 8(3): 81-85
Curtis RO, Carey AB. 1996. Timber supply in the Pacific Northwest: managing for economic and ecological values in Douglas-fir forests. Journal of Forestry 94(9):4-7, 35-7
Drew TJ, Flewelling JW. 1979. Stand density management: an alternative approach and its application to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations. Forest Science 25(3):518-32
Eilers JM, Bernert JA, Gubala CP, Whiting MC, Engstrom DR, Charles DF. 1996. Recent paleolimnology of Devils Lake, Oregon. Northwest Science 70(Special Issue No. 2):13-27
FEMAT (Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team). 1993. Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecological, Economic, and Social Assessment. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1993-793-071.
Franklin JF, Cromack KJr, Denison W, Maser C, Sedell J, Swanson F, Juday G. 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report PNW-118.
Franklin JF, Dyrness CT. 1973. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-8.
Fujimori T. 1971. Primary productivity of a young Tsuga heterophylla stand and some speculations about biomass of forest communities on the Oregon Coast. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Research Paper PNW-123.
Fujimori T, Kawanabe S, Saito H, Grier CC, Shidei T. 1976. Biomass and primary production in forests of three major vegetation zones of the northwestern United States. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society 58(10):360-73
Gholz HL. 1982. Environmental limits on aboveground net primary production, leaf area, and biomass in vegetation zones of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology 63: 469-81
Gray AN, Spies TA. 1997. Microsite controls on tree seedling establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps. Ecology 78(8):2458-73
Greene SE. 1972. Neskowin Crest Research Natural Area. (1982) Supplement #13 to: Franklin JF, Hall FC, Dyrness CT, Maser C. Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and Educators. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Greene SE, Blinn T. 1991. Research Publications of the Cascade Head Experimental Forest and Scenic Research Area, Oregon Coast Range, 1934 to 1990. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-268.
Greene SE, Blinn T, Franklin JF. 1986. Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: Past and Current Research and Related Literature. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-197.
Greene SE, Emmingham WH. 1986. Early lessons from commercial thinning in a 30-year-old Sitka spruce-western hemlock forest. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. Research Note PNW-448.
Greene SE, Scofield LR. 1972. The Butte Research Natural Area. (1990) Supplement #26 to: Franklin JF, Hall FC, Dyrness CT, Maser C. Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and Educators. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Gregory SV. 1997. Riparian management in the 21st century. IN: Kohm KA, Franklin JF, editors. Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century. Washington D.C.: Island Press. p 69-85.
Gregory SV, Swanson FJ, McKee AW, Cummins KW. 1991. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones. BioScience 41(8):540-51
Grumbine RE. 1994. What is ecosystem management? Conservation Biology 8:27-38
Hall JD, Brown GW, Lantz RL. 1987. The Alsea Watershed Study: a retrospective. Salo EO, Cundy TW, editors. Streamside management : forestry and fishery interactions . Seattle, WA : College of Forest Resources, University of Washington. p 399-416.
Hansen AJ, Garman SL, Weigand JF, Urban DL, McComb WC, Raphael MG. 1995. Alternative silvicultural regimes in the Pacific Northwest: simulations of ecological and economic effects. Ecological Applications 5(3): 535-554.
Hansen AJ, Spies TA, Swanson FJ, Ohmann JL. 1991. Conserving biodiversity in managed forests: lessons from natural forests. BioScience 41(6): 382-392.
Happe PJ, Jenkins KJ, Starkey EE, Sharrow SH. 1990. Nutritional quality and tannin astringency of browse in clear-cuts and old-growth forests. Journal of Wildlife Management 54: 557-566.
Harris LD. 1984. The Fragmented Forest. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Hawk GM. 1972. Little Sink Research Natural Area. (1974) Supplement #4 to: Franklin JF, Hall FC, Dyrness CT, Maser C. Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and Educators. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Hemstrom MA, Logan SE. 1986. Plant Association and Management Guide, Siuslaw National Forest. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. R6-Ecol-220-1986a.
Henderson JA. 1994. The ecological consequences of long-rotation forestry. IN: Weigand JF, Haynes RW, Mikowski JL, editors. High Quality Forestry Workshop: The Idea of Long RotationsVolume Special Paper. Seattle, WA: Center for International Trade in Forest Products, University of Washington. 15. p 4-26.
Hershey K. 1995. Characteristics of Forests at Spotted Owl Nest Sites in the Pacific Northwest. M.S. Thesis. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 86 pp .
Holling CS, ed. 1978. Adaptive environmental assessment and management. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Hoyer GE, Swanzy JD. 1986. Growth and yield of western hemlock in the Pacific Northwest following thinning near the time of initial crown closure. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. Research Paper PNW-365.
Impara PC. 1997. Spatial and temporal patterns of fire in the forests of the central Oregon Coast Range. Ph.D. Dissertation. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 354 pp.
Kline TC Jr, Goering JJ, Mathisen OA, Poe PH, Parker PL. 1990. Recycling of elements transported upstream by runs of Pacific salmon: 1. delta super(15)N and delta super(13)C evidence in Sashin Creek, southeastern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47(1):136-44
Kostow K. 1997. The status of salmon and steelhead in Oregon. IN: Stouder DJ, Bisson PA, Naiman RJ, editors. Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall. p 145-78.
Lawrence RL, Daniels SE. 1996. Public Involvement in Natural Resource Decision Making: goals, methodology, and evaluation. Corvallis, OR: Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Papers in Forest Policy 3.
Lee KN. 1993. Compass and Gyroscope. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
Leonard CJW. 1997. Social Assessment of the Northern Coast Range Adaptive Management Area. Corvallis, OR: USDA Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest.
McComb WC, Spies TA, Emmingham WH. 1993. Douglas-fir forests: Managing for timber and mature-forest habitat. Journal of Forestry 91(12): 31-42
Morris WG. 1934. Forest fires in western Oregon and western Washington. Oregon Historical Quarterly 35(4): 311-339
Morrison PH, Swanson FJ. 1990. Fire history and pattern in a Cascade Range landscape. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-254.
Naiman RJ, Bisson PA, Lee RG, Turner MG. 1997. Approaches to management at the watershed scale. IN: Kohm KA, Franklin JF, editors. Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century. Washington D.C.: Island Press. p 239-53.
Nehlsen W, Williams JE, Lichatowich JA. 1991. Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries 16(2):4-21
Neitlich PN, McCune B. 1997. Hotspots of epiphytic lichen diversity in two young managed forests. Conservation Biology 11(1):172-82
Newton M, Cole EC. 1987. A sustained-yield scheme for old-growth Douglas-fir. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 2(1): 22-25
Niemi E, Whitelaw E. 1997. Assessing economic tradeoffs in forest management. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-403.
Nierenberg TR. 1996. Characterization of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range. M.S. Thesis. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University.
Noss RF. 1983. A regional landscape approach to maintain diversity. BioScience 33(11):700-6
Noss RF. 1993. A conservation plan for the Oregon Coast Range: some preliminary suggestions. Natural Areas Journal 13(4):276-90
Old-growth definition task group. 1986. Interim definitions for old-growth Douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest and California. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. Research Note PNW-447.
Oliver CD. 1981. Forest development in North America following major disturbances. Forest Ecology and Management 3: 153-168
Oliver CD. 1992. Achieving and maintaining biodiversity and economic productivity. Journal of Forestry 90(9):20-5
Peck JE. 1996. Moss Harvesting Monitoring Plan: Hebo District, Siuslaw National Forest. Corvallis, ORReport on file at Hebo Ranger District, Hebo, OR.
Peterson DL, Waring RH. 1994. Overview of the Oregon Transect Ecosystem Research Project. Ecological Applications 4:211-25
Poage NJ. 1995. Comparison of stand development of a deciduous-dominated riparian forest and a coniferous-dominated riparian forest in the Oregon Coast Range. M.S. Thesis. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 134 pp.
Reeves GH, Benda LE, Burnett KM, Bisson PA, Sedell JR. 1995. A disturbance-based ecosystem approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolutionarily significant units of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17:334-49
Reeves GH, Sedell JR. 1992. An ecosystem apporach to the conservation and management of freshwater habitat for anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. Transactions of the 57th North American Wildlife & Natural Resources Conference :408-15
Ripple WJ. 1994. Historic spatial patterns of old forests in western Oregon. Journal of Forestry 92(11): 45-49
Schrader BA. 1998. Structural development of late successional forests in the Oregon Coast Range: abundance, dispersal, and growth of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) regeneration. Ph.D. dissertation. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 175 pp .
Sedell JR, Beschta RL. 1991. Bringing back the "bio" in bioengineering. American Fisheries Society Symposium 10:160-75
Shindler B, Cheek KA. 1997. Monitoring and evaluating citizen and agency interactions: a framework developed for adaptive management. Corvallis, OR: Department of Forest Resources, Oregon State University. 66 pp.
Society of American Foresters. 1993. Sustaining long-term forest health and productivity. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters.
Seattle Audubon Society v. Lyons. 1994. 871 F. Supp. 1291,1317-18 and 1323-24 W.D. Wash. 1994
Spies TA, Franklin JF. 1988. Old-growth and forest dynamics in the Douglas-fir region of western Oregon and Washington. Natural Areas Journal 8(3): 190-201
Stankey GH, Shindler B. 1997. Adaptive Management Areas: achieving the promise, avoiding the peril. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-394.
Swanson FJ, Fredriksen RL, McCorison FM. 1982. Material transfer in a western Oregon forested watershed Edmonds RL, editor. Analysis of Forest Ecosystems in the Western United StatesVolume US/IBP Synthesis Series 14. Stroudsburg, PA: Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co. p 233-66.
Swanson FJ, Jones JA, Wallin DO, Cissell JH. 1993. Eastside Ecosystem Health Assessment--Volume II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. Natural variability--implications for ecosystem management. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Swanson FJ, Benda LE, Duncan SH, Grant GE, Megahan WF, Reid LM, Ziemer RR. 1987. Mass failures and other processes of seidment production in Pacific Northwest forest landscapes. IN: Salo EO, Cundy TW, editors. Streamside Management: Forestry and Fisheries Interactions, Proceedings of a SymposiumVolume Contribution 57. Seattle, WA: Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington. p 9-38.
Tappeiner JC, Huffman D, Marshall D, Spies TA, Bailey JD. 1997. Density, ages and growth rates in old-growth and young-growth forests in coastal Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27:638-48
Teensma PDA, Rienstra JT, Yeiter MA. 1991. Preliminary reconstruction and analysis of change in forest stand age classes of the Oregon Coast Range from 1850 to 1940. Portland, OR: USDI Bureau of Land Management Oregon State Office. T/N OR-9.
Thomas TB, Lehmkuhl JF, Raphael MG, DeBell DS. 1993. Sites for retrospective studies: opportunities for research in western Washington and Oregon. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-312.
USDA Forest Service. 1992. Interim old growth definitions for the western hemlock series in western Oregon and Washington. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Region 6.
USDA Forest Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management. 1994. Pilot Watershed Analysis for the Nestucca River. Salem, OR: USDI Bureau of Land Management, Salem District. BLM/OR/WA/PT-95/005+1792.
USDA Forest Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management. 1994. Record of Decision for amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management planning documents within the range of the northern spotted owl and Standards and Guidelines for management of habitat for late-successional and old-growth forest related species within the range of the northern spotted owl. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management.
USDA Forest Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management. 1995. Assessment Report: Federal Lands in and Adjacent to Oregon Coast Province. Corvallis, OR: USDA Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest.
USDA Forest Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management. 1997. Late-Successional Reserve Assessment for Oregon's Northern Coast Range Adaptive Management Area. Corvallis, OR: USDA Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest.
Walters C. 1997. Challenges in adaptive management of riparian and coastal ecosystems. Conservation Ecology [Online]. 1(2):1. Available from the Internet. URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol1/iss2/art1.
Weigand JF, Haynes RW, Mikowski JL. 1994. Compilers. High Quality Forestry Workshop : the idea of long rotations, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Center for International Trade in Forest Products.
Wilson MV, Hibbs DE, Alverson ER. 1991. Native plants, native ecosystems, and native landscapes. Kalmiopsis :13-7
Wimberly MC, Spies TA, Long CJ, Whitlock C. submitted. Variability in the amount of old forests in the Oregon Coast Range: historic patterns and their implications for forest management
Worona MA, Whitlock C. 1995. Late Quaternary vegetation and climate history near Little Lake, central Coast Range, Oregon. Geological Society of America Bulletin 107(7):867-76
Return to top of page Return to Home
Footnotes
1. Including the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act, National Forest Management Act, Federal Land Policy and Management Act, Endangered Species Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act (NWFP 1994 ROD-5).