1. 1994. Annual Report -
Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University.
ii + 29 pp.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree
phenology
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Highlights of research conducted during 1993-1994 are presented, including:
preliminary results of a 2-year (1992-94) field cold hardiness study of Douglas
fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] in Oregon, USA involving open pollinated progeny of
40 parents at a high and a low elevation; results of a progeny test on the
frequency of second flushing of Douglas fir near Orleans, France; and variation
in stable carbon isotope ratios (a measure of water use efficiency) among
varieties and populations (coastal and Rocky Mountain) of Douglas fir.
2. 1997. PNWTIRC Annual Report
1996-97, Pacific
Northwest Tree
Improvement Research Cooperative. Oregon State University, Oregon, USA. ii + 29 p.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree
phenology
growth
wood
quality
tree
physiology
Abstract: The
report describes highlights for 1996-97, current research (3 projects), student
project updates (3 projects), planned Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] seed
orchards for the new millennium and other planned activities of the PNWTIRC, a
research cooperative operating in the Pacific Northwest area of North America
(USA and Canada). Details are included of publications and finances. Details of
the 3 current research projects and the 3 student projects, which all concern
Douglas fir, are presented as short papers including brief results: (1)
Influence of second flushing on cold hardiness; (2) Seedling drought physiology
study; and (3) Quantitative trait loci influencing cold hardiness; (4) Seedling
cold hardiness; (5) Growth response of saplings to drought; and (6) Measurement
study follow-up: age-age correlations in forking defects.
OSU
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Link
3. 2000. Annual
Report 1999/2000 - Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative. Oregon State University, Oregon, USA. 31 p.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree
physiology
reproduction
Abstract:
Includes highlights of 1998-1999; a note to the cooperative members from Tom
Adams; Introduction; Current research on seedling drought physiology of Douglas
fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii], field drought study - genetics of drought sensitivity
in older trees, early testing revisited, miniaturized orchard study, pollen
contamination study; activities planned for 2000-2001; list of staff
publications and abstracts; and a summary of financial support for the fiscal
year 1999-2000.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU
Link
4. 2001. Common insects and diseases of interior Douglas-fir. British Columbia Ministry of Forests SIL471. 8 p.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: This
field guide provides information on the different pests and diseases of the
interior Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in British Columbia which include:
defoliating insects (Douglas fir tussock moth, spruce budworm and rusty tussock
moth); dwarf mistletoe; foliar diseases (e.g., caused by the Cooley spruce
adelgid); bark beetles; root diseases (Armillaria root disease, blackstain root
disease, laminated root rot and blackstain root disease); wood decay (caused by
bracket or conk fungi); and various abiotic problems (sunscald, drought or
frost). A guideline to control infestations of these given pests is also
included.
OSU
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5. Adams, T., T.
Anekonda and C. Lomas. 1999. Annual Report 1998-99, Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative. 33
p.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
tree
physiology
Abstract: Summaries
are given of research projects on improvement of Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii] in the Pacific Northwest: seedling drought physiology; genetics of
dark respiration and its relationship with drought hardiness; response of
saplings to drought, as measured by growth ring variables; use of
microsatellite marker loci to identify pollen contamination in seed orchards;
and evaluation of miniaturized seed orchard designs.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU
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6. Aitken, S.N. and W.T. Adams. 1996.
Genetics of fall and winter cold hardiness of coastal Douglas-fir in Oregon. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 26(10): 1828-1837.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
genetic
relationships
Abstract: Genetic
variation in autumn cold hardiness was studied in two western Oregon breeding populations of coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii var. menziesii), one on the west slope of the Cascade Mountains and the other in the Coastal Range. On six sampling dates (September, October and November
1992 and January, September and October 1993), shoot cuttings from 40
open-pollinated families in each of two progeny test sites for each breeding
zone were subject to artificial freezing at two test temperatures. Damage in
each shoot was recorded as visible injury to needle, stem and bud tissue
separately. Considerable family variation was found for cold injury scores in
all tissues in early to mid autumn, but differences were often smaller or
nonsignificant in late autumn and midwinter. Individual heritability estimates
for needle cold injury were low (<0.40) and generally decreased in late
autumn and midwinter. Family rankings for autumn cold hardiness, however, are
expected to be relatively consistent over sites and years, although needles
appear to display more family-by-site interaction than stems or buds. Genetic
correlations between tissues in cold injury varied considerably and were
sometimes weak, indicating that the evaluation of a single tissue is probably
not adequate for assessing overall cold hardiness of genotypes. Autumn and
winter cold hardiness seem to be largely under separate genetic control since
genetic correlations between hardiness at these two stages were weak. This
study confirms earlier results in Washington breeding populations and shows that coastal Douglas fir
families can be effectively ranked for autumn cold hardiness by conducting
artificial freeze tests on cut shoots in mid-autumn (October) and scoring
damage to stems and at least one other tissue.
OSU Link
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7. Aitken, S.N. and W.T. Adams.
1997. Spring cold hardiness under strong genetic control in Oregon populations of Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 27(11): 1773-1780.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
tree
phenology
tree
physiology
genetic
relationships
Abstract: Genetic
variation in spring cold hardiness of shoots prior to bud break was studied in
two Oregon breeding populations of Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii, one on the west slope of the Cascade Mountains and the other in the Coast Range. In March and April 1993, and April 1994, shoot cuttings
from 40 open-pollinated families in each of two progeny test sites in each
breeding zone were subjected to artificial freezing. Visible cold damage to
needle, stem, and bud tissues was recorded. Date of bud burst (all sites), and
injury resulting from a 1992 natural frost event (one site), were also
recorded. Spring cold injury varied widely among families. Individual
heritabilities for spring cold injury scores averaged 0.76 in the Coastal zone
and 0.42 in the Cascade zone. Genetic correlations among tissues, sites,
sampling dates, and years, and between April cold injury and date of bud burst
were high, in most cases over 0.80. Correlations were also strong between
natural frost damage in 1992 and artificial cold injury scores in 1993.
Artificial freeze testing stem tissues of cut shoots sampled in April from a single
test site should effectively rank families in this region for spring cold
hardiness.
OSU
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8. Aitken, S.N., W.T. Adams, N.
Schermann and L.H. Fuchigami. 1996. Family variation for fall cold hardiness in
two Washington populations of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Forest-Ecology-and-Management 80(1/3): 187-195.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
tree
phenology
genetic
relationships
Abstract: In
order to assess the genetics of autumn (fall) cold hardiness in coastal Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), shoot cuttings were collected in
October from saplings (9-year-old trees) of open-pollinated families in two
progeny tests in each of two breeding zones in Washington, one in the Coast
range (80 families) and one on the west slope of the Cascade Mountains (89
families). Samples from over 5500 trees were subjected to artificial freezing
and visually evaluated for needle, stem and bud tissue injury. The extent to
which cold injury is genetically related to tree height and shoot phenology
(timing of bud burst and bud set) was also evaluated. Significant family
variation was found for all cold hardiness traits; however, individual
heritability estimates were relatively low (ranging from 0.09 to 0.22).
Significant family-by-test site interaction was detected for needle injury in the
Cascade breeding zone, but not in the coastal zone. Genetic correlations (rA)
among needle, stem and bud tissues for cold damage were weak (0.16<less or
=>rA<less or =>0.58) indicating that genes controlling autumn cold
hardening are somewhat different for different tissues. Timing of bud burst and
bud set were only weakly correlated with cold injury (rA<less or =>0.49).
Thus, bud phenology is a poor predictor of autumn cold hardiness in this
species. There was no consistent relationship between tree height and cold
injury in the coastal zone. In the Cascade zone, taller trees appeared to be
more susceptible to cold injury, but the association was weak (mean rA=0.38,
range 0.20-0.72).
OSU
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9. Anekonda, T.S., M.C. Lomas, W.T.
Adams, K.L. Kavanagh and S.N. Aitken. 2002. Genetic variation in drought
hardiness of coastal Douglas-fir seedlings from British Columbia. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 32(10): 1701-1716.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand
health
genetic
relationships
tree
physiology
Abstract: Genetic
variation in drought hardiness traits and their genetic correlations with
growth potential and recovery traits were investigated in 39 full-sib families
of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) from southwestern
British
Columbia, Canada. Seedlings of these families were grown in raised nursery
beds and subjected to three moisture regimes each in the second (well-watered
or control, mild, and moderate drought) and third (control, severe drought, and
recovery from second-year moderate drought) seasons. Traits assessed included
drought hardiness (foliage damage, cavitation of xylem tracheids, xylem
hydraulic conductivity, and height and diameter growth increment) in the
drought treatments, growth potential (total height and diameter) in the control
treatment, and height and diameter growth increments in the recovery treatment.
Xylem cavitation in the growth ring produced in a particular year was nearly
three times greater under the moderate drought and four times greater under the
severe drought than in the control treatment. Xylem hydraulic conductivity of
seedlings in the severe drought treatment was 40% lower than conductivity of
seedlings under the control treatment. Mean foliage damage in seedlings
subjected to severe drought (third season) was much greater (33%) than in
seedlings subjected to mild or moderate drought (second season). Families
differed significantly in most drought hardiness traits, with individual tree
heritabilities averaging 0.19. Thus, much potential exists for identifying
drought-hardy families at the seedling stage and using this information for
deployment or breeding purposes. In addition, most hardiness traits were strongly
intercorrelated (genetic correlations often exceeded |0.80|) indicating that
these traits are controlled largely by the same set of genes and that selection
for hardiness based on one trait will increase hardiness as reflected in the
other traits as well. Genetic correlations were only moderate (0.49) between
hardiness traits measured in different years, perhaps due to the large
difference in severity of the drought applied in the two seasons. Although
injury to seedlings, as reflected in foliage damage and xylem cavitation, was
relatively low under the moderate drought of the second season, it did result
in reduced growth increment the following (recovery) year. Growth potential
under favourable moisture regimes was nearly uncorrelated with drought
hardiness, suggesting that drought hardiness could be improved in this
southwestern British Columbia breeding population without negatively impacting growth
potential in favourable moisture conditions.
OSU
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10. Antonelli, A.L. and R.L.
Campbell. 1991. Cooley spruce gall aphid. College of
Agriculture and Home Economics, Washington State University.
Extension Bulletin EB0966: 2 p.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: Notes
are provided on the biology, injuriousness and chemical control (carbaryl and
endosulfan are suggested) of Adelges cooleyi [Gilletteella cooleyi] on certain
coniferous trees [including Picea sitchensis, P. engelmannii, P. pungens and
Pseudotsuga menziesii] in Washington State.
OSU
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Non-OSU
Link
11. Axelrood, P.E., W.K. Chapman,
K.A. Seifert, D.B. Trotter and G. Shrimpton. 1998. Cylindrocarpon and Fusarium
root colonization of Douglas-fir seedlings from British Columbia reforestation sites. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28:1198-1206.
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: Poor
performance of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations established in
1987 has occurred in southwestern British Columbia. Affected sites were planted with 1-yr-old container stock
that exhibited some root dieback in the nursery. A study was initiated in 1991
to assess Cylindrocarpon and Fusarium root infection in planted and naturally
regenerating (natural) Douglas fir seedlings from 7 affected plantations.
Percentages of seedlings harbouring Cylindrocarpon spp. and percentage root
colonization were significantly greater for planted seedlings than natural
seedlings. A significant linear trend in Cylindrocarpon root colonization was
observed for planted seedlings with colonization levels being highest for roots
closest to the remnants of the root plug and decreasing at distances greater
than 10 cm from that region. This trend in Cylindrocarpon colonization was not
observed for natural seedlings. Cylindrocarpon destructans var. destructans
[Nectria radicola var., radicola] and C. cylindroides var. cylindroides were
the only species isolated from planted and natural conifer seedlings. For most
sites, percentage of seedlings harbouring Fusarium spp. and percentage Fusarium
root colonization were less than for Cylindrocarpon. Recovery of Fusarium spp.
from seedlings and root colonization levels were not significantly different
for planted and natural seedlings from all sites.
OSU
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12. Axelrood, P.E., M. Neumann, D.
Trotter, R. Radley, G. Shrimpton and J. Dennis. 1995. Seedborne Fusarium on
Douglas-fir: pathogenicity and seed stratification method to decrease Fusarium
contamination. New-Forests 9(1): 35-51.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: Twelve
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlots from coastal British Columbia were assayed for seedborne Fusarium; all of the seedlots
were contaminated. The percentage of non-stratified seeds from individual
seedlots harbouring Fusarium ranged from 0.3 to 95.4. Sixty-seven percent of
the seedlots had Fusarium on less than 2% of the seeds. Post-stratification
seedborne Fusarium levels were significantly less for running water imbibition
compared with standing water imbibition. However, seedling growth at a
container nursery was not consistently different for stratified seed imbibed
initially in standing or running water. Fusarium disease symptoms were not
observed in the nursery environment. The species of Fusarium isolated from seed
were F. acuminatum [Gibberella acuminata], F. avenaceum [G. avenacea], F.
lateritium [G. baccata], F. moniliforme [G. fujikuroi], F. oxysporum, F. poae
and F. sambucinum [G. pulicaris]. Twelve Fusarium isolates, comprising 6
species, were assessed for pathogenicity. Disease symptoms were observed after
4 weeks incubation and Fusarium isolates ranged in virulence from low to high.
Fusarium oxysporum isolates were the most pathogenic.
OSU
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13. Axelrood, P.E. and R. Radley.
1991. Biological control of Fusarium on Douglas-fir seedlings. Bulletin-SROP
14(8): 85-87.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: A
bacterial culture collection was established from the rhizosphere and
rhizoplane of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings collected from
nursery and forest locations in British Columbia, Canada. Of the 2000 strains screened, 350 inhibited growth of at
least 1 conifer seedling root pathogen (Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon or Pythium) in
in vitro antibiosis assays. A total of 96 strains were screened for Fusarium
disease control in biological control assays. One strain that inhibited all 3
pathogens in vitro was able to significantly reduce the incidence of disease
caused by Fusarium on P. menziesii seedlings. Another strain that tested
negative in in vitro antibiosis assays also reduced the disease incidence by a
similar amount. This paper was presented at the Second international workshop
on plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria - progress and prospects, held in Interlaken, Switzerland, Oct. 14-19, 1990.
14. Bloomberg, W.J. 1988. Modeling
control strategies for laminated root rot in managed Douglas-fir stands: model
development. Phytopathology 78(4): 403-409.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
mechanical preparation
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: A model
of laminated root rot caused by Phellinus [Inonotus] weirii was developed to
assess potential control strategies in managed Pseudotsuga menziesii stands.
The model mimicked key processes in disease initiation and development
quantified as functions of time and space. These processes were horizontal and
vertical tree root distribution, root contact with inoculum and among root
systems, spread of mycelium through root systems, root decay, reduction of
diam. growth in infected trees, tree mortality and persistence of inoculum in
roots of stumps and killed trees. The processes were expressed as mathematical
functions which were integrated in a computer program to calculate spread of
the disease and stand-growth loss and mortality. Data for quantification of
functions were obtained by experiments and from the literature. Simulated
control practices included infected stump removal, sanitation fellings and
mixed planting of Douglas fir and resistant species. Accuracy of the model was
tested by comparing calculated disease spread and mortality with the following
data: (1) spread and damage in two 60-yr-old, 1-ha stands in Oregon, (2)
results from a statistically based model for spread and damage that had
performed satisfactorily, and (3) observed spread and damage behaviour in
stands of different ages and growth rates. Results from the model compared
favourably with all of the above situations.
OSU
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15. Bloomberg, W.J. and G. Reynolds.
1988. Equipment trials for uprooting root-rot-infected stumps.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 3(3): 80-82.
Keywords: site preparation
mechanical preparation
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Residual roots from Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock
(Tsuga heterophylla) were measured following stump-root extraction one yr after
harvesting a 55-yr-old, 314 stems/ha, 47% Douglas fir, 17% maple (Acer
macrophyllum), 16% red cedar (Thuja plicata), 6% western hemlock stand with 20%
infection by Phellinus weirii in the Cowichan valley, Vancouver Island, Canada.
Extraction was by a Caterpillar D8H with brush-clearing blade, a 180-hp backhoe
or a 115-hp backhoe. All 3 machines recovered more than 90% of root vol. The
small backhoe left significantly greater numbers and lengths of root residues
per msuperscript 3 soil, though the vol. of residues was greatest for the
Caterpillar. An earlier study suggested that a root density of
32 roots/msuperscript 3 was needed to produce one root contact; as the
least efficient treatment by the Caterpillar left 23.2 roots/msuperscript 3 in
the ground, it is suggested that this would provide insufficient contacts with
a new tree crop to transmit infection.
OSU
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Non-OSU Link
16. Brandeis, T.J., M. Newton and
E.C. Cole. 2002. Biotic injuries on conifer seedlings planted in forest
understory environments. New Forests 24:1-14.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
thinning
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract: The
effects of partial overstorey retention, understorey vegetation management, and
protective Vexar(R) tubing on the frequency and severity of biotic injuries in
a two-storied stand underplanted with western redcedar (Thuja plicata),
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), and western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were investigated. The most prevalent source of
damage was browsing by black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionis columbiana); deer
browsed over 74% of Douglas-fir and over 36% of western redcedar seedlings one
or more times over the four years of this study. Neither the spatial pattern of
thinning (even or uneven) nor the density of residual overstorey affected
browsing frequency. Spraying subplots may have slightly increased browsing frequency,
but the resulting reduction of the adjacent understorey vegetation increased
the volume of all seedlings by 13%, whether or not they were browsed. Vexar(R)
tubing did not substantially affect seedling survival, browsing damage
frequency, or fourth-year volume. Greater levels of overstorey retention
reduced frequency of second flushing. Chafing by deer and girdling by rodents
and other small mammals began once seedlings surpassed 1 m in height.
Essentially all grand fir seedlings exhibited a foliar fungus infection.
OSU Link
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17. Campbell, D.L. and J. Evans. 1988. Recent approaches to controlling
mountain beavers (Aplodontia rufa) in Pacific Northwest forests. In Proceedings: Thirteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Monterey, California. pp. 183-187.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: Investigations
by the Denver Wildlife Research Center into ways of managing mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa)
populations are described. Methods were developed for alleviating mountain
beaver damage to conifer trees being grown for timber in the Pacific Northwest. Studies initiated in 1986 indicated that aversive
conditioning with Big Game Repellent Powder (BGR-P) dusted on culled Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings placed in burrows significantly reduced
mountain beaver damage to planted seedlings treated with BGR-P and to untreated
seedlings. Trials also showed that strychnine-sword fern (Polystichum munitum)
baits prepared with a 4.9% (active) strychnine paste concentrate were very
effective and selective for mountain beaver control. Other topics discussed are
the results of several probes with toxic baits and phosphine gas, trials with a
drug (reserpine) and a wetting agent to induce hypothermia, and destruction of
underground nests to prevent reinvasion.
OSU
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18. Campbell, S.J. and P.B. Hamm.
1989. Susceptibility of Pacific Northwest conifers to Phytophthora root rot. Tree Planters' Notes
40(1): 15-18.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: One-yr-old
bare-rooted seedlings of 11 conifer species were inoculated with (a)
Phytophthora cactorum, (b) P. cryptogea, (c) P. drechsleri, (d) P. megasperma
or (e) P. pseudotsugae. Development of above-ground symptoms and root disease
was followed for 10 wk. Isolates of (a), (b) and (e) caused the most overall
mortality and isolates of (d) the least. Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, P.
monticola, Larix occidentalis, Libocedrus decurrens, Picea sitchensis and P.
engelmannii showed tolerance to the root disease, Abies grandis and Pseudotsuga
menziesii showed intermediate susceptibility and A. magnifica and Tsuga
mertensiana were quite susceptible. Results are discussed in relation to
management of conifer nurseries in the Pacific Northwest.
OSU Link
Non-OSU
Link
19. Carroll, G.C. 1988. Facultative fungal egg-parasites as agents of gypsy moth mortality.
Northwest-Environmental-Journal 4(2): 345-346.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: Research
on entomogenous fungi attacking the forest pest Lymantria dispar in Oregon is summarized. The pathogenicity of 20 fungi was tested
against eggs in the laboratory and Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces farinosus,
Spicaria coccospora and Verticillium lecanii were shown to be consistently
pathogenic. Preliminary studies showed that some of these fungi can invade and
persist in bark of Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] and oak [Quercus spp.],
and subsequently infect egg masses on the bark.
OSU
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20. Chanway, C.P. 1997. Inoculation
of tree roots with plant growth promoting soil bacteria: an emerging technology
for reforestation. Forest-Science 43(1): 99-112.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Results
from studies performed with beneficial asymbiotic tree root associated bacteria
are reviewed in this article in relation to the possible uses of such
microorganisms for artificial forest regeneration. The review includes sections
on plant growth promoting bacteria for pine (Pinus spp.), spruce (Picea spp.),
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Seedling
root systems are colonized heavily by asymbiotic soil bacteria, many of which
have the potential to influence plant growth significantly. A heterogeneous
group of these microorganisms is well known for their ability to colonize roots
and stimulate growth of agricultural plant species, sometimes doubling seedling
biomass accumulation only a few weeks after inoculation, but more usually
resulting in less spectacular biomass gains (e.g., 15%-30% greater than
uninoculated controls within a growing season). Plant growth promoting soil
bacteria may exert such effects through a variety of mechanisms, and include
microorganisms that stimulate seedling emergence or infection by symbiotic
fungi and bacteria. Other plant beneficial soil bacteria possess biological
control activity or are capable of transforming plants genetically. Inoculation
of tree seedlings with such bacterial before outplanting would be an
inexpensive, environmentally benign, and easily applied nursery treatment, but
comparatively little work has been performed with these microorganisms in
forestry. Recent results with various tree species, however, indicate that
seedling performance can be significantly enhanced through bacterial
inoculation of root systems: pine and spruce biomass increased 32%-49% 1 yr
after inoculation and outplanting at a reforestation site. In addition,
infection by desired species of ectomycorrhizal fungi can also be enhanced by
inoculation with certain strains of root colonizing bacteria.
OSU
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21. Chastagner, G.A., R.S. Byther,
J.D. MacDonald and E. Michaels. 1984. Impact of Swiss needle cast on
postharvest hydration and needle retention of Douglas-fir Christmas trees.
Plant-Disease 68(3): 192-195.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract: Healthy
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Christmas trees were compared with those
infected by Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii for needle loss and dehydration after
cutting. The presence of infected needles increased the rate of dehydration (as
measured by changes in xylem water potential) of cut trees placed in water or
left dry. Fungicide applications 1 yr before harvest significantly improved
retention of 1-yr-old needles on trees displayed either wet or dry, whereas
applications during the year of harvest made no difference in retention of
either current-season or 1-yr-old needles.
OSU
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22. Colangeli, A.M., L. McAuley and
J.N. Owens. 1990. Seasonal occurrence of potential ice-nucleating bacteria on
Douglas fir foliage and seed cones. New-Forests 4(1): 55-61.
Keywords: seed orchard management
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
reproduction
Abstract: Plant
frost damage can involve interactions between certain surface bacteria and low
temperatures. The bacteria contain glycoproteins, which can nucleate ice above
-5 degrees C, thus making the plants on which they live more susceptible to
freezing. Preliminary studies to determine if bacteria were present on Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and whether they exhibited ice-nucleating
properties, are reported. Total bacteria and fluorescent Pseudomonas
populations were monitored on buds, conelets and foliage of five trees in a
Douglas fir seed orchard on Vancouver Island, Canada, in April 1986 and between October 1986 and May 1987, over
periods that spanned two pollination seasons. Seasonal variation in bacterial
numbers was observed, with highest numbers occurring in late winter and early
spring. Bacterial populations active in ice nucleation were found. Bacterial
numbers during pollination were higher in 1986 than in 1987. Conelet abortion
at pollination was also higher in 1986 (55%) than in 1987 (11%). A relation may
exist between bacterial populations and conelet abortion at pollination.
OSU
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23. Colangeli, A.M., J.N. Owens and
S.J. Morris. 1989. Factors affecting cone and seed production in Douglas fir. BC Ministry of Forests FRDA-Report 057. 19
p.
Keywords: seed orchard management
tree/stand protection
reproduction
Abstract: Reduced
seed yield in 1986 on 4 Pseudotsuga menziesii trees in a British Columbia seed orchard was associated with inadequate pollination,
low pollen vigour or viability, embryo abortion, and early ovule abortion. A
study of bacterial populations suggested that there may be a causal
relationship between this factor and conelet abortion.
OSU Link
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Link
24. Copes, D.L. 1999. Breeding graft-compatible Douglas-fir rootstocks (Pseudotsuga
menziesii (MIRB.) FRANCO). Silvae-Genetica 48(3/4): 188-193.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree
grafting
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
phenology
tree/stand
health
genetic
relationships
Abstract: A study
encompassing 24 years was conducted to determine if a breeding programme could
produce highly graft-compatible rootstocks for P. menziesii. A total of 27
trees of apparent high graft compatibility were selected and crossed to produce
226 control-pollinated families. Seedlings were grown, field planted and
grafted with test scions. Graft unions from field tests were evaluated
anatomically for internal symptoms of incompatibility. Average compatibility of
progeny from the 226 crosses was 90.6%, compared with 65% in native
populations. Breeding values were calculated for each parent by the best linear
prediction (BLP) procedure. Average compatibility resulting from crossing among
the top 10 parents was estimated by breeding values as 95.4%. Field-test
results of progeny from 34 crosses among the 10 most compatible parents showed
96% compatibility. In addition to field-tests for graft compatibility, nursery
tests of seedlings from 124 crosses were evaluated for second-year vegetative
bud flush and seedling height. It was possible, while maintaining adequately
high levels of graft compatibility, to breed both for resistance to spring
frost damage and for increased seedling height.
OSU
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25. DeYoe, D.R., H.R. Holbo and K.
Waddell. 1986. Seedling protection from heat stress between lifting and
planting. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 1(4): 124-126.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: Seven
protective treatments were evaluated for preventing overheating of 2+0 Douglas
fir seedlings in Kraft paper bags. Trials were conducted in May 1982 at Corvallis, Oregon on 3 clear days with max. air
temp. of 78 degrees F and a hazy day with max. temp. 66 degrees . Seedlings were
returned to cold storage (35 degrees ) overnight. Seedling temp. differed
significantly between treatments. Unprotected seedlings (paper bag only) in
full sun reached 89 degrees after 7 h. Green canvas caused increased heating
rates and higher temp. (104 degrees after 7 h). A
white sheet and a crinkled foil wrap performed no better than a paper bag
alone. Canvas painted off-white reduced max. temp. to 80 degrees . Heavy shading (2% of full sun) and Mylar
with white surface towards the sun were the most effective materials for
preventing overheating (max. temp. 59-60 degrees ).
Mylar with the silver surface facing the sun was less effective (max. temp. 71 degrees ).
OSU
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26. Donald, D.G.M. and D.G. Simpson.
1985. Shallow conditioning and late fertilizer application effects on the
quality of conifer nursery stock in British Columbia. B.C.-Ministry-of-Forests Research-Note
99. viii + 36 p.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree morphology
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: Eight
trials on 2+0 stock of Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, P. sitchensis, Pinus
contorta and Pseudotsuga menziesii (var. glauca and var. menziesii) in 4
nurseries were conducted to compare the effects of shallow conditioning (undercutting
and wrenching at 10 cm deep) with those of the standard conditioning regime
(undercutting and wrenching at 20 cm) on nursery performance, storage and field
performance. The application of a complete NPK fertilizer 50 days before
lifting was also evaluated. Shallow conditioning and late fertilizer
application improved the root growth capacity at lifting, but could not replace
cold exposure for hardening Pseudotsuga menziesii. Shallow conditioning had
little effect on survival after planting and reduced initial ht. increment of
all species. Application of fertilizer just before lifting improved the early
growth of the trees without adversely affecting survival. Planting
seedlings some 5 cm deeper than they stood in the nursery improved
establishment.
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27. Dosskey, M.G., L. Boersma and
R.G. Linderman. 1993. Effect of phosphorus fertilization on water stress in
Douglas fir seedlings during soil drying. Plant-and-Soil 150(1): 33-39.
Keywords: fertilization
tree/stand protection
growth
tree physiology
photosynthesis
Abstract: A growth
chamber experiment was conducted to determine if P fertilizing to enhance the P
nutrition of otherwise N and P deficient Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
seedlings reduces water stress in the seedlings during drought periods.
Seedlings were grown in pasteurized mineral soil under well watered conditions
and fertilized periodically with a small amount of nutrient solution containing
P at three levels: 0, 20, or 50 mg/litre. By age 6 months, leaf nutrient
analysis indicated that N and P were deficient in control (0 mg P/litre)
seedlings. The highest level of P fertilizer, which doubled leaf P
concentration, did not affect plant biomass, suggesting that N deficiency was
limiting growth. When these seedlings were subjected to drought, there was no
effect of P fertilizing on leaf water potential or osmotic potential.
Furthermore, P fertilized seedlings had lower stomatal conductance and net
photosynthesis rate. These results indicate that enhanced P nutrition, in the
presence of N deficiency, does not reduce water stress in Douglas fir seedlings
during drought periods.
OSU
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28. Drew, A.P. 1983. Optimizing growth and development of 2-0 Douglas-fir seedlings by
altering light intensity. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(3):
425-428.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
Abstract:
Seedlings were grown outdoors in Michigan in pots under 71% of full light the first growing season
and full light the second. Another group of seedlings was given full light
continuously for 2 yr. At the end of the 1st year, seedlings given initial
shade had grown larger in total wt. (root + shoot) than those grown under full
light. With removal of shading, the larger plants began to allocate increased
dry matter to root development relative to their shoots. By the end of 2 yr,
shoot/root ratios for the 2 groups were no different, yet the plants shaded in
their 1st year were significantly heavier (dry wt.) By proper use of shading
during development, larger 2+0 planting stock with good root development may be
produced. Such stock, grown without the use of costly fertilizer, may be better
suited to regeneration of droughty sites in the Pacific Northwest USA than the
usual 2+0 planting stock, nursery grown under full light.
OSU
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29. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1991a.
Influence of container nursery regimes on drought resistance of seedlings
following planting. I. Survival and growth. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
21(5): 555-565.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree/stand health
Abstract: In a 2
year study, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)
and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings, grown in Styroblock containers in a
container nursery from February to July 1988, were exposed to three
temperatures and three levels of drought stress applied factorially during 18
July to 29 September 1988. Mean temperatures of 13, 16 and 20 degrees C were
imposed in growth chambers, in a cooled plastic house, and in an ambient
plastic house, respectively. Control, medium and severe levels of drought
stress were imposed in a series of eight cycles, resulting in mean xylem
pressure potentials of -0.32, -0.50 and -0.99 MPa, respectively. Seedlings were
kept in the ambient plastic house until January 1989, when they were lifted and
cold-stored until transplanting to covered 0.5-m deep sand beds, which provided
hygric, mesic, and xeric conditions for testing all species and treatments. At
the end of nursery growth, an increase in nursery temperature increased height
and height : diameter ratio in all species and
shoot:root dry weight ratio in Douglas fir and lodgepole pine. Increase in
temperature also increased the number of seedlings with large well-formed buds
in white spruce, but reduced the number in Douglas fir. Drought stress reduced
height and dry weight in all species and bud length in lodgepole pine. After 9
weeks in sand beds, low nursery temperature increased survival (19% for
lodgepole pine and white spruce grown in the xeric bed), except for Douglas fir
grown in the xeric bed. Nursery drought stress also increased survival (16% for
Douglas fir and lodgepole pine in the xeric bed), but had little effect on
white spruce. Low temperature and drought stress treatments that increased
survival also reduced height and dry weight of lodgepole pine and white spruce
after one growing season in sand beds. Survival showed significant negative
correlations with height, dry weight and height:diameter
and shoot : root weight ratios. Low nursery temperature continued to affect
growth 16 weeks after planting, increasing relative growth rate and allometric
ratio (K) of Douglas fir and reducing K of white spruce.
OSU
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30. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1991b.
Influence of container nursery regimes on drought resistance of seedlings
following planting. II. Stomatal conductance, specific leaf area, and root
growth capacity. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 21(5): 566-572.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract: Seedlings
of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and
white spruce (Picea glauca) were grown in a container nursery from February to
July 1988 and then exposed to three temperatures and three levels of drought
stress applied factorially during mid-July to October 1988. Seedlings were
retained in a shelter house until January 1989, when they were cold-stored
until early May. Measurements of stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E),
and specific leaf area (SLA)
were made at the end of the treatment period in September 1988 and again after
growth the following year at the end of June. Root growth capacity (RGC) was
tested in early May 1989. Results were considered in conjunction with
performance of other samples of the same plants that had been planted in sand
beds in April 1989, where irrigation was regulated to provide three levels of
moisture stress. Low temperature (13 degrees C) generally reduced gs and E,
which were adjusted for xylem pressure potential, and SLA, in all species by
the time nursery treatment was completed at the end of September. No effect of
nursery temperature treatment on gs or E could be detected when new needles
were measured in June and July (after 9 to 12 weeks of growth), but SLA
of lodgepole pine increased with nursery temperature treatment, and SLA
of white spruce decreased with treatment. RGC was higher for the 13 degrees C
treatment than for the 16 and 20 degrees C treatments. Survival of outplanted
seedlings was mainly inversely related to nursery temperature. Low nursery
temperature reduced gs, E, and SLA
and increased RGC. SLA
of planted lodgepole pine increased with level of nursery drought treatment,
and severe nursery drought increased gs under stress, when measured in June. No
other effects of drought were detected, although drought treatment was
effective in increasing survival of planted seedlings. It is suggested that
other mechanisms, such as osmotic adjustment, were responsible for the results
observed.
OSU
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31. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1992b. Changes
in drought resistance and rootgrowth capacity of container seedlings in
response to nursery drought, nitrogen, and potassium treatments.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(5):740-749.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
Abstract: Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and white spruce
(Picea glauca) seedlings, each represented by two seed lots, were grown in
Styroblock containers in a greenhouse and plastic shelter house from February
1989 to January 1990. The seedlings were exposed to two N treatments (20 and
200 mg/litre) and three K treatments (5, 25 and 100 mg/litre) arranged
factorially within three drought treatments. After winter storage, seedlings
from a complete set of treatments were planted into hygric, mesic and xeric
sand beds during 12-14 March. Increasing nursery drought stress increased
survival of Douglas fir and lodgepole pine after planting,
and high N treatment level increased survival of lodgepole pine and white
spruce. Under xeric conditions, combined nursery drought and high N treatments
increased survival of lodgepole pine by 33%, indicating the importance of
nursery cultural regime for stock quality. Increase in nursery drought stress
did not decrease seedling size by much; increase in N increased seedling size
one season after planting. A positive relation between shoot
: root ratio and survival in lodgepole pine and white spruce indicated
that increase in N increased both shoot growth and drought resistance over the
N range investigated. Only Douglas fir showed an interaction between drought
and N treatment and a small response in both survival and dry weight to K
application. Root growth capacity, measured at the time of planting, showed an
approximate doubling in all species due to high N treatment, and was also
increased in white spruce by drought stress. Survival and root growth capacity
were poorly correlated, but dry-weight growth in sand beds was well correlated with
root growth capacity. Shoot dry weight and percentage N in shoots measured
after nursery growth were correlated with root growth
capacity. Manipulation of root growth capacity by changing nursery treatment
was possible without altering resistance to drought stress after planting.
OSU
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32. El Kassaby, Y.A., D.G.W.
Edwards and C. Cook.
1990a. Impact of crop management practices on seed yield in a Douglas-fir seed
orchard. Silvae-Genetica 39(5-6): 226-230.
Keywords: seed orchard management
tree/stand protection
reproduction
tree/stand health
Abstract: The
impact of two crop-management practices, supplemental mass pollination (SMP)
and overhead cooling, on seed yield in a 13-yr-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) seed orchard was studied in Saanichton, British Columbia. A 2x2
factorial trial of SMP/no SMP and cooling/no cooling was applied. There were no
significant differences in potential seed yield per cone, average number of
successful fertilizations, and average number of filled seeds per cone between
cooling or SMP treatments or combinations. Results indicated that
within-orchard pollen cloud was not a factor limiting seed yield. Average
number of seeds infested by the Douglas fir seed wasp (Megastigmus
spermotrophus) larvae was significantly (P<0.05) less when cooling was
applied, indicating that the treatment was effective in disrupting the
synchrony between the presence of ovipositing females and developing cones.
OSU
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33. Entry, J.A., K. Cromack, Jr.,
R.G. Kelsey and N.E. Martin. 1991. Response of Douglas-fir to infection by
Armillaria ostoyae after thinning or thinning plus fertilization.
Phytopathology 81(6): 682-689.
Keywords: thinning
fertilization
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract: Second-growth
stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were thinned to a 5- x 5-m
spacing (TT); additional plots were thinned and fertilized once with 360 kg of
N (as urea)/ha (TF). An unthinned, unfertilized stand (UT) served as a control.
Ten years after treatment, trees were inoculated with 2 isolates of A. ostoyae.
Trees receiving the TF and TT treatments produced greater diameter growth, leaf
area, and wood production/msuperscript 2 leaf area per year than did those
under the UT treatment. Rates of infection by A. ostoyae were highest in trees
that received the TF and lowest in trees that received the TT treatment. Concn
of sugar, starch and cellulose in root bark tissue were highest in trees
receiving the TF treatment and lowest in trees receiving TT treatment. Concn of
lignin, phenolics and protein-precipitable tannins were highest in root bark
from TT trees and lowest in root bark from TF trees. Biochemical parameters of
root bark tissue were regressed with incidence of infection; coefficients of
determination (rsuperscript 2) ranged from 0.07 (starch) to 0.57 (phenolic
compounds). Ratios of the energetic costs of phenolic and of lignin degradation
to the energy available from sugars (Epd:Eas and
Eld:Eas) were correlated with incidence of infection (rsuperscript 2 = 0.77 and
0.70, respectively). It is concluded that thinning combined with fertilization
may predispose P. menziesii trees to infection by A. ostoyae by lowering concn
of defensive compounds in root bark and increasing the energy available to the
fungus to degrade them.
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34. Erickson, R.D. 1995. Douglas-fir tussock moth. In Forest Pest Leaflet 09. Pacific-Forestry-Centre,-Canadian-Forest-Service.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: The
recognition, biology, host plants, injuriousness, distribution and control of
the lymantriid Orgyia pseudotsugata, especially on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii), in British Columbia are discussed. Natural controls, such as parasitoids,
predators and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, normally control endemic
populations, and a list is provided of 3 species of parasitic Diptera and 17
Hymenoptera that have been reared from the lymantriid in British Columbia.
OSU
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35. Fashler, A.M.K. and Y.A.
El-Kassaby. 1987. The effect of water spray cooling
treatment on reproductive phenology in a Douglas-fir seed orchard.
Silvae-Genetica 36(5-6): 245-249.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
seed
orchard management
tree/stand
protection
genetic
relationships
reproduction
tree/stand
health
Abstract: The
effectiveness of reproductive bud cooling on genetic efficiency in a Douglas
fir seed orchard in British Columbia, Canada, was tested by comparing the reproductive bud phenology in
3 cooled and 3 uncooled years. The cooling system was found to affect 2 major
elements affecting seed orchard genetic efficiency, namely pollen contamination
levels and panmictic equilibrium, as well as insect infestation, frost damage,
seed yield and management effectiveness. Based on these results, a permanent
irrigation/cooling system is recommended for Douglas
fir seed orchards.
OSU
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36. Ferris, R.L. and H.A. Woensdregt.
1983. Western false hemlock looper in British Columbia. In Pest-Leaflet. Pacific-Forest-Research-Centre, Canada.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: The
infestation history, hosts, distribution, appearance, life history, damage and
control of Nepytia freemani are described.
OSU Link
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Link
37. Filip, G.M. and L.M. Ganio. 2004.
Early thinning in mixed-species plantations of Douglas-fir, hemlock, and true
fir affected by Armillaria root disease in Westcentral Oregon and Washington: 20 year results. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry
19(1): 25-33.
Keywords: thinning
precommercial thinning
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract: Four 10-
to 20-year-old plantations were treated to determine the effects of
precommercial thinning on tree growth and mortality caused by Armillaria root
disease in the Cascade
Range of western Oregon and Washington, USA. One plantation was Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
and noble fir (Abies procera), one Douglas-fir and western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla), one Douglas-fir alone, and one Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica
var. shastensis) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). After 20 years,
differences in crop tree mortality between thinned and unthinned plots were not
significant (P=0.9768). Quadratic mean diameter growth of crop trees, however,
was significantly (P=0.0053) greater in thinned than in unthinned plots. Crop
tree basal area/ac growth was significantly (P=0.0008) greater in thinned
plots. There were no significant (P=0.6647) differences in basal area/ac growth
of all trees between thinned and unthinned plots. Apparently, from a
root-disease perspective, precommercial thinning does not affect incidence of
crop-tree mortality after 20 years, but individual and per acre tree growth of
crop trees increase significantly.
OSU
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38. Filip, G.M. and D.J. Goheen.
1995. Precommercial thinning in Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, and Abies stands affected
by armillaria root disease: 10-year results.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 25(5): 817-823.
Keywords: thinning
precommercial thinning
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract: Four
10- to 20-year-old stands were pre-commercially thinned to determine the effects
of thinning on tree growth and mortality caused by armillaria root disease
(Armillaria ostoyae) in the Cascade Range of western Oregon and Washington,
USA: one stand of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) and noble
fir (Abies procera), one of Douglas fir and western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla), one of Douglas fir alone, and one of Shasta red fir (Abies
magnifica var. shastensis) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). After 10
years, differences in crop-tree mortality between thinned and unthinned plots
were not significant in any of the four stands. Tree radial growth was
significantly increased by thinning in 6 of 15 plots. Crop-tree basal area (per
hectare) growth was significantly greater in thinned plots. Basal area (per
hectare) growth of all trees was significantly greater in unthinned plots.
Apparently, from a root-disease perspective, pre-commercial thinning does not
affect the incidence of crop-tree mortality after 10 years, but tree growth
increases significantly.
OSU
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39. Fraser, R.G., J.D. Beale and R.J.
Nevill. 1995. Reduction of Phellinus weirii inoculum in Douglas-fir stumps by
the fumigant Telone II-B. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 25(1): 63-68.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Two
dosages of Telone II-B (1,3-dichloropropene) at 3.4
and 6.7 mL/kg of stump and root biomass were tested to determine the efficacy
in reducing Phellinus weirii inoculum in infected Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii), stumps. After 21 months, both doses of Telone II-B proved equally
effective and significantly reduced residual P. weirii mycelium in infected
roots. Fumigation reduced residual endotrophic P. weirii in the large-diameter
root classes nearest the stump, but survival of the fungus was less affected
with increasing distance from the stump and in the smaller root diameter
classes. Treated stumps also had significantly fewer roots with ectotrophic
mycelium than untreated stumps. Four weeks after application, soil samples
taken near treated stumps revealed no evidence of the fumigant. These findings
suggest that application of Telone II-B could be used as an effective control
measure for P. weirii.
OSU
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40. Gourley, M., M. Vomocil and M.
Newton. 1990. Forest weeding reduces the effect of deer-browsing on Douglas
fir. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 36(2-4): 177-185.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract: In
January and February 1981, three-year-old bare-root Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) transplants were established in four clear-felled locations in the Oregon Coast Range where browsing by black tail deer (Odocoileus hemionus
columbiana) was expected. Protection was provided against browsing by 5
physical (rigid protection tube 7.5x75 cm; protective netting, paper budcaps;
leather guard 20x5 cm; and 'Remae' budcaps) and one chemical ('Deer Away')
treatment, each of which was tested with and without complete wood control with
glyphosate. After five years, none of the protective treatments provided any
growth advantages; some even caused growth losses. In contrast, weed control,
with or without additional protective measures, consistently improved growth.
By the 5th year, weeded trees averaged twice the biomass of unweeded trees,
regardless of browsing. Average tree size was largest in the treatment with no
weed competition and with no barriers to prevent browsing. Advantages of
weeding were greatest on the poorest site. Weed control, in conjunction with
the large size of transplants, appeared to prevent most loss due to damage from
moderate deer-browsing.
OSU
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41. Haase, D.L. and R. Rose. 1993.
Soil moisture stress induces transplant shock in stored and unstored 2+0
Douglas-fir seedlings of varying root volumes. Forest-Science 39(2): 275-294.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
Abstract:
Transplant stock was induced by applying a range of soil water contents (6, 12,
18 or 24%) to unstored and cold-stored 2-yr-old (2 + 0) bareroot Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings graded by root volume. Moisture stress had
the greatest influence on morphological characteristics that express transplant
shock. Seedling terminal shoot growth, stem diameter growth, and needle length
increased with increased soil moisture content. In addition, number of needles
per centimeter on the terminal shoot greatly increased with increasing drought
stress. Under high drought stress, seedlings with relatively high root volumes
tended to exhibit reduced early growth, but later showed significantly
increased overall growth regardless of soil water content. In every case,
seedlings grown in the driest soil had the lowest dry weight components. Similarly,
seedlings with the smallest initial root volumes had the lowest dry weights,
and those with the largest root volumes had the greatest dry weights. The
results indicate that drought stress is a cause of transplant shock, and that
increased seedling root volume may enable seedlings to avoid shock following
outplanting to a specific site.
OSU
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42. Haase, D.L. and R. Rose. 1994.
Effects of soil water content and initial root volume on the nutrient status of
2+0 Douglas-fir seedlings. New-Forests 8(3): 265-277.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
growth
tree morphology
Abstract:
Two-year-old bareroot Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from a NW
Oregon provenance were graded on the basis of four root-volume categories - 5
to 8, 9 to 10, 11 to 13, and 14 to 20 cmsuperscript 3 - and transplanted into
pots and subjected to one of four moisture-stress treatments (6, 12, 18, and
24% soil water content) for 16 weeks. Macronutrient concentrations and contents
of both old (i.e. nursery-grown) and new (i.e. grown during moisture stress
treatment) foliar tissue were determined. A reduction in soil water content
resulted in high concn of phosphorus, potassium, and particularly nitrogen in
both old and new foliar tissue. This was attributed to reduced growth,
translocation, metabolic activity, and nutrient requirement in response to
moisture stress. Seedlings with relatively greater root volumes exhibited
higher nutrient concn and contents, as well as increased growth. Thus,
increased total root biomass per unit of soil area with increasing seedling
root volume may have resulted in greater nutrient use, supply, uptake, and
storage. It is suggested that relations between initial root volume and water
stress can be applied to nursery cultural practices in order to increase
seedling adaptation to a specific stress.
OSU
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43. Hadfield, J.S. 1988. Integrated pest management of a western spruce budworm outbreak in
the Pacific Northwest.
Northwest-Environmental-Journal 4(2): 301-312.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
economics
Abstract: The
integrated pest management of the tortricid Choristoneura occidentalis on
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and true fir (Abies spp.) in the Northwest USA is described. Details of the population dynamics and
impact of this pest are given. The integrated pest management programme
involves the following steps: monitoring the pest-food plant system to measure
populations and damage; evaluating the effects of the outbreak; developing
alternative strategies for managing the outbreak; evaluating the economic and
environmental consequences of these strategies; selecting a strategy; and
monitoring the implemented strategy.
OSU
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44. Hadfield, J.S. and P.T. Flanagan.
2000. Dwarf mistletoe pruning may induce Douglas-fir beetle attacks.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 15(1): 34-36.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: Fresh attacks
by Douglas fir beetles (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) to Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) trees growing in a camp site in Wenatchee National Forest, central
Washington, USA, were found following pruning to remove dwarf mistletoe
(Arceuthobium douglasii) infections. All Douglas fir trees with a diameter at
breast height (dbh) of at least 12.7 cm were examined. Beetle attacks were
found on 41% of pruned trees and 5% of unpruned trees. Among pruned trees, both
the average number of branches pruned and the average dbh were greater in trees
attacked by Douglas fir beetles than in unattacked trees.
OSU
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45. Haglund, W.A., K.W. Russell and
R.C. Holland. 1981. Moss control in container-grown conifer seedlings.
Tree-Planters' Notes 32(3): 27-29.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: Seedlings
grown in styroblock containers were sprayed with 8 surfactants, or combinations
of surfactant and the fungicide captan. Phytotoxicity and moss control were
recorded 7 and 14 days after treatment and trees were measured after 30-60
days. The least phytotoxic surfactant was X77; this had no significant effect
on ht., stem diam. and total wt. of Pseudotsuga
menziesii or Tsuga heterophylla seedlings. Almost complete moss control was
achieved with 40-80 lb captan and 2.5-10 gal X77 in 100 gal water applied to
Abies procera seedlings; treatment with the highest concn. (80 lb captan and 10
gal X77) was only phytotoxic when the seedlings already had foliar injury. In Tsuga heterophylla treatment with captan and X77 at various
concn. caused tree injury only at 80-90 degrees
F, but not at 60-65 degrees F.
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Link
46. Haight, R.G. 1993a. The economics of Douglas-fir and red alder management with
stochastic price trends. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 23(8):
1695-1703.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
prescribed fire
release treatments
chemical release
thinning
precommercial thinning
commercial thinning
tree/stand protection
economics
Abstract: A
financial analysis of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and red alder (Alnus rubra)
management was conducted using yield projections from the Stand Projection
Simulator for the Pacific Northwest region of the United Sates. The analysis included
uncertainty in the price trends and stocking levels of both species following
reforestation. Results from a case study in which Douglas fir price is likely
to increase faster than red alder price show that (i) on more productive sites,
greater regeneration investment is justified to increase the likelihood of
Douglas fir establishment, (ii) on less productive sites, low-cost regeneration
options that produce mixed-species stands have expected present values close to
or greater than a high-cost Douglas fir regeneration effort, (iii) optimal
precommercial removal of red alder depends on mid-rotation prices and
regeneration success, and in many cases growing a mixed-species stand to
maturity produces the highest economic return, and (iv) commercial thinning of
Douglas fir increases the expected present value of the most intensive
regeneration option by up to 10%. The low-cost regeneration options have
relatively high expected returns because of low initial investments and the
presence of two species that may have high values in the future. The
sensitivity of these results to changes in the probability distributions of
regeneration success and price trends is discussed.
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47. Haight, R.G. 1993b. Technology change and the economics of silvicultural investment.
Rocky-Mountain-Forest-and-Range-Experiment-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service General-Technical-Report RM-GTR-232. ii + 18 p.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
prescribed fire
release treatments
chemical release
tree/stand protection
thinning
commercial thinning
precommercial thinning
yield
economics
Abstract: Financial
analyses of intensive and low-cost reforestation options are conducted for
loblolly pine (Pinus contorta) stands with broadleaved competition in the
Southern USA, and Douglas fir with red alder (Pseudotsuga menziesii with Alnus
rubra) in the Pacific Northwest. Results show that the expected present values
(EPVs) of low-cost options that result in mixtures of conifers and broadleaves
are superior in some situations to the EPVs of the intensive options.
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Link
48. Hamm, P.B., S.J. Cooley and E.M. Hansen. 1984. Response of
Phytophthora spp. to metalaxyl in forest tree nurseries in the Pacific
Northwest. Plant-Disease 68(8): 671-673.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: In
tests on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) at 2 commercial forest tree
nurseries in Ore., 1 application of Subdue (metalaxyl) suppressed root rot.
Of 3 P. spp. isolated from treated seedlings (P. megasperma, P. drechsleri and
P. pseudotsugae), only P. pseudotsugae decreased in isolation frequency because
of the fungicide. Survival of P. spp. in infected seedlings remained high after
treatment. At 1 nursery, 10 months after the first application, P. spp. were
isolated from 92% of the seedlings across fungicide treatments, whereas at the
2nd isolation frequencies from seedlings were 77, 70, 29 and 13%, respectively,
after 0, 1, 2 and 3 applications. P. was recovered from previously healthy
seedlings 8 wk after they were transplanted into naturally infested,
metalaxyl-treated soil.
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49. Hansen, E.M., J.K. Stone, B.R.
Capitano, P. Rosso, W. Sutton, L. Winton, A. Kanaskie and M.G. McWilliams.
2000. Incidence and impact of Swiss needle cast in forest plantations of
Douglas-fir in coastal Oregon. Plant-Disease 84(7): 773-778.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract: An
epidemic of Swiss needle cast, caused by the ascomycete Phaeocryptopus
gaeumannii, is causing defoliation and growth reductions in Douglas-fir forest
plantations along the Oregon Coast. The area of symptomatic plantations has been monitored
annually since 1996 by aerial survey; in spring 1999, 119,500 ha were affected.
Pathogen and symptom development have also been monitored on nine permanent
plots in stands of differing disease severity. Infection levels and symptom
severity are greatest in low elevation plantations close to the coast. In areas
of severe disease, trees retain only current year needles. Defoliation is
proportional to the number of stomata occluded by pseudothecia of the fungus,
with needles being shed when about 50% of stomata are occupied, regardless of
needle age. Fungus sporulation and premature needle abscission are greatest on
the upper branches of trees. Annual application of fungicides increases needle
retention significantly. Tree height and diameter growth and total tree volume
are reduced by disease, and tree volume is significantly correlated with needle
retention on our plot trees. The epidemic continues to be most severe in
Douglas-fir plantations established on sites where Sitka spruce and western hemlock or red
alder predominated in earlier times.
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50. Harper, P.A. and A.S. Harestad.
1986. Vole damage to coniferous trees on Texada Island. Forestry-Chronicle 62(5): 429-432.
Keywords: thinning
precommercial thinning
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract:
Microtus townsendii injured trees by removal of bark and cambium from stems,
branches and roots of Douglas fir, western hemlock and, rarely, Pinus monticola
on Texada Island, British Columbia. Damage occurred more frequently in precommercially
thinned stands <40 yr old than in unspaced stands. Trees with d.b.h.
<less or =>19 cm were damaged by voles, but there was no selection by
diam. or age class. No trees of ht. >16 m were damaged. For trees <16 m,
damage increased as ht. decreased. There were n.s.d.
in growth rates of trees damaged by voles when comparing the 2-yr av. before
spacing and vole damage with the av. after these events. Stands should continue
to be monitored to evaluate long-term effects of vole damage. On the basis of
these results, control of voles is not recommended.
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51. Hedlin, A.F., J. Weatherston,
D.S. Ruth and G.E. Miller. 1983. Chemical lure for male Douglas-fir cone moth,
Barbara colfaxiana (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Environmental-Entomology
12(6): 1751-1753.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
stand conditions
Abstract: Field
trapping in British Columbia indicated that males of Barbara colfaxiana
(Kearfott), the larvae of which feed in the cones of Pseudotsuga menziesii and
damage the seeds, were attracted to mixtures of (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol and
(Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate. Most blends of these compounds were attractive to some
extent, but blends containing 15 to 50% acetate were the most consistently
attractive.
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52. Helgerson, O.T. 1990a. Effects of
alternate types of microsite shade on survival of planted Douglas-fir in
southwest Oregon. New-Forests 3(4): 327-332.
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: Five-yr
survival of 2+0 bare root Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was
increased by 3 types of shading: cardboard shadecards placed S. or E. of
seedlings; and bottomless styrofoam cups inverted
around seedling base, on 2 S.-facing sites. On the drier site, seedlings
survived well without shading (89% unshaded, 98% shaded), but on the wetter
site, where seedlings were more stressed, shading was more beneficial (62%
unshaded, 89% shaded). Shading did not affect growth. Seedlings grew more in 5
yr on the drier than the wetter site, possibly because of better handling and
planting practices, less browsing by deer, and better weed control.
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53. Helgerson, O.T., S.D. Tesch, S.D. Hobbs and D.H. McNabb. 1992. Effects of stocktype, shading, and
species on reforestation of a droughty site in southwest Oregon. Northwest-Science 66(2): 57-61.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: On hot,
dry sites, shading may differentially increase survival of planted Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) according to seedling size, and Douglas fir may differ
from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in early survival and growth. The
survival and growth of Douglas fir seedlings (1+0 container-grown plugs and 2+0
bare-rooted seedlings, unshaded or shaded with cardboard shadecards at
planting) and unshaded 2+0 bare-rooted ponderosa pine were compared on a
droughty south facing clear felling in Oregon. The site was clear felled and
burned in 1982 and the seedlings were planted in 1983. Shading did not
significantly increase survival of plugs, possibly because of a wetter than
normal first summer, nor did shading affect growth of either Douglas fir stocktype 5 yr after planting. Bare-rooted Douglas fir
remained significantly larger than plugs, but relative growth rates for the
initially smaller plugs were significantly greater for diameter and volume.
Survival and growth of ponderosa pine tended to be better than those of Douglas
fir. It was concluded that both species appeared to be suitable for reforestation
after clear felling on sites subject to drought.
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54. Hermann, R.K. and D.P. Lavender.
1999. Douglas-fir planted forests. New-Forests 17(1/3): 53-70.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery
operations
planting
operations
site
preparation
release
treatments
fertilization
thinning
pruning
tree/stand
protection
growth
yield
Abstract: A
combination of superior wood quality and high productivity has made Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) one of the premier timber trees in the world. As such,
it is grown as a plantation species in several countries in Europe and South America,
and in New Zealand and Australia, as well as throughout its extensive natural range in western
North America. Decades of experience with the silviculture of young
stands have demonstrated that practices such as planting, the use of
genetically improved seedlings, precommercial and commercial thinning, and
fertilizing may dramatically increase the yield of industrial products over
that of natural forests. Further, such silviculture is compatible with the
production of desired amenities. Vigorous implementation of such practices
wherever Douglas fir is cultivated will increase the world's timber resources,
and be an effective strategy for reducing the pressure, occasioned by the
world's rapidly increasing population, to harvest the fragile tropical and
boreal forests.
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55. Hessburg, P.F., D.J. Goheen and
H. Koester. 2001. Association of black stain root disease with roads, skid
trails, and precommercial thinning in Southwest Oregon. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 16(3): 127-135.
Keywords: thinning
precommercial thinning
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: The
incidence and severity of black stain root disease (BSRD), caused by
Leptographium wageneri, were evaluated in a two-stage
sample of 500 precommercial-aged Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
plantations on 5 Resource Areas of the Medford District, Bureau of Land
Management in Oregon, USA. Black stain was widely distributed throughout the western
half of the District. Nearly 19% of the susceptible-aged (10- to 30-year-old)
plantations were infected with black stain, but mortality losses were low. In
both the extensive and intensive surveys, BSRD was more often distributed in
precommercially thinned than unthinned plantations. Black stain occurred with
significantly greater frequency adjacent to roads and major skid trails than in
the main body of plantations. Roadside strips displayed significantly more
injured trees and recent soil disturbance than the main body of plantations.
BSRD incidence was high in comparison with other root diseases, but there was
minimal impact to precommercial stand management. Low disease severity is
somewhat unique among managed forests within this area of known high BSRD
hazard. The lack of widespread damage from BSRD was associated with a lack of
extensive tractor yarding and an apparent lack of precommercial thinning. Forest managers within high BSRD hazard areas can maintain low
mortality levels by minimizing site disturbance and tree injury associated with
timber harvesting, road building, and road maintenance activities and by timing
precommercial thinning to avoid vector insect emergence and flight periods.
Increased disturbance and injury to precommercial-aged stands will likely
result in increased disease.
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56. Hildebrand, D.M., J.K. Stone,
R.L. James and S.J. Frankel. 2004. Alternatives to preplant soil fumigation for
Western forest nurseries. Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service General-Technical-Report
PNW-GTR-608. ii
+ 27 p.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: Field
trials were conducted at six bare-root forest tree (Pinus ponderosa,
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta and Abies magnifica var. shastensis)
nurseries in the Western United States: Bend Pine Nursery in Bend and J.
Herbert Stone Nursery in Central Point (Oregon), Coeur d'Alene Nursery and
Lucky Peak Nursery in Idaho, and Humboldt Nursery near McKinleyville and
Placerville Nursery near Camino (California). These field experiments compared
cultural treatments including timing and depth of sowing; bare fallow (with and
without periodic tilling); organic amendments including sawdust, composts, and
cover crops; mulches including pine needles, sawdust, and rice straw; and
fumigation with methyl bromide/chloropicrin or dazomet. Measured effects
included population levels of potential soil-borne pathogens (species of
Fusarium and Pythium), disease incidence, seedbed density, and sizes of conifer
seedlings. Several non-fumigation treatments resulted in production of
seedlings with densities and sizes similar to or better than those produced in
beds treated with chemical fumigation. Results varied within the nurseries
depending on conifer species, field history, and disease presence. Beneficial
cultural practices included: (1) incorporation of slowly decomposing organic
soil amendments, e.g., aged sawdust with additional nitrogen provided later to
seedlings; (2) bare fallowing with periodic tilling, and bare fallowing without
periodic tilling plus supplemental weed control; and (3) sowing of conifer seed
earlier and more shallow than sown conventionally, and covering seed with a
nonsoil mulch such as aged sawdust or hydromulch.
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57. Hulme, M.A. and G.E. Miller.
1988. Potential for control of Barbara colfaxiana (Kearfott): (Lepidoptera:
Olethreutidae) using Trichogramma sp. Colloques de l'INRA (43): 483-488.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
stand conditions
Abstract: The efficacy
of Trichogramma minutum for the control of the tortricid Barbara colfaxiana on
Pseudotsuga menziesii was assessed. T. minutum was obtained from the tortricid
Choristoneura fumiferana in Ontario and reared through over 30 laboratory generations in eggs
of the gelechiid Sitotroga cerealella. B. colfaxiana eggs were readily
parasitized at 25 degrees C. About 3 million parasitized eggs glued to 100
cards were suspended throughout 19 trees (height 4 to 8 m) in British Columbia. Daytime shade temperatures during the following week
peaked at 15-20 degrees C. After 1 day, 6% of the parasitoids had emerged.
After 5 days, 54% of sampled parasitized S. cerealella eggs had emergence
holes, but eggs on half the cards had been eaten by formicids. Of the B. colfaxiana
eggs sampled, 2-4% were parasitized by T. minutum,
regardless of whether samples were on the same branch as the cards or on remote
branches. It is concluded that T. minutum can parasitize B. colfaxiana in the
field and that Trichogramma species which are adapted to B. colfaxiana at
temperatures of 15-20 degrees C are needed.
58. Humphreys, N. 1995. Douglas-fir
beetle in British Columbia. In Forest-Pest-Leaflet 14. Pacific-Forestry-Centre,-Canadian-Forest-Service.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: Notes
are provided on the recognition, detection, biology, injuriousness and control
of the scolytid Dendroctonus pseudotsugae on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) (and occasionally western larch (Larix occidentalis)) in British Columbia. The damage caused is described under the headings gallery
system; effect on the tree; host susceptibility and attack pattern; association
with root disease (including Armillaria ostoyae, Phaeolus schweinitzii and
Phellinus weirii); and defoliation (by Choristoneura occidentalis and Orgyia
pseudotsugata). Control of D. pseudotsugae is discussed under the headings
preventive measures (including log and slash disposal, general logging
practices), remedial measures (which include the use of trap trees and
pheromones) and brood destruction (by burning and similar measures).
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59. Ingham, E.R. and W.G. Thies. 1997. Changes in rhizosphere
microflora and microfauna 10 years following Douglas-fir live tree injection
with chloropicrin or methylisothiocyanate. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
27(5): 724-731.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
soil properties
Abstract:
Pseudotsuga menziesii trees in a stand near Apiary, Oregon,
were injected in 1981 (age 47 years) with chloropicrin or methylisothiocyanate
(MITC) in an effort to control laminated root rot caused by Phellinus weirii.
Soil samples were collected in 1991 from around structural roots 0.5, 1 and 2 m
from the base of injected or non-injected trees. The activity of fungi and
bacteria, total fungal and bacterial biomass, the number of protozoa
(flagellates, ciliates, and amoebae), and the number and types of nematodes
were evaluated. Active fungal biomass was reduced by both chemicals as compared
with non-injected trees 10 years after application. Both active and total
bacterial biomass were also significantly lower around
roots of chloropicrin- and MITC-treated trees, as were flagellate numbers. The
number of bacterial-feeding nematodes was decreased around roots of
chloropicrin-treated trees, while other nematode-feeding groups were not changed.
The number of root-feeding, bacterial-feeding and
fungal-feeding nematodes were significantly greater around MITC-treated
roots, while predatory nematode numbers were lower, than around control roots.
Reduced bacterial and fungal biomass around MITC-treated trees may be the
result, therefore, of increased feeding by nematodes, and thus MITC-treated
trees may benefit from more rapid nutrient-cycling rates but may suffer more
pest damage from root-feeding nematodes as a result of the chemical application.
Since many organism groups were reduced around roots of chloropicrin- and
MITC-treated trees, this suggested possible impacts related to reductions in
nutrient cycling rates and production of plant-available N around these trees.
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60. Jermstad, K.D., D.L. Bassoni, N.C. Wheeler, T.S. Anekonda, S.N.
Aitken, W.T. Adams and D.B. Neale. 2001b. Mapping of
quantitative trait loci controlling adaptive traits in coastal Douglas-fir.
II. Spring and fall cold-hardiness. Theoretical-and-Applied-Genetics 102(8):
1152-1158.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand protection
genetic relationships
tree physiology
tree phenology
Abstract:
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting fall and spring cold
hardiness (cold resistance) were identified in a three-generation outbred
pedigree of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga meniziesii var. menziesii
[Pseudotsuga menziesii]) in a field experiment conducted in Washington and
Oregon, USA, during 1996-97. Eleven QTLs controlling fall cold hardiness were
detected on four linkage groups, and 15 QTLs controlling spring cold hardiness
were detected on four linkage groups. Only one linkage group contained QTLs for
both spring and fall cold hardiness, and these QTLs tended to map in close
proximity to one another. Several QTLs were associated with hardiness in all
three shoot tissues assayed in the spring, supporting previous reports that
there is synchronization of plant tissues during de-acclimatization. For fall
cold hardiness, co-location of QTLs was not observed for the different tissues
assayed, which was consistent with previous reports of less synchronization of
hardening in the fall. In several cases, QTLs for spring or fall cold hardiness
mapped to the same location as QTLs controlling spring bud flush. QTL
estimations, relative magnitudes of heritabilities, and genetic correlations
based on clonal data in this single full-sib family, supports conclusions about
the genetic control and relationships among cold hardiness traits observed in
population samples of Douglas-fir in previous studies.
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61. Johnson, D.R., G.P. Markin, R.C. Reardon and W.K. Randall. 1984.
Injecting Metasystox-R at three spacing intervals to improve seed yield in
Douglas-fir. Journal-of-Economic-Entomology 77(5): 1320-1322.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
reproduction
Abstract:
Injecting oxydemeton-methyl into Douglas
firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii) using the Mauget Inject-A-Cide technique at 3
spacing intervals in studies in western Oregon
in 1982 significantly reduced populations of Contarinia oregonensis and
increased filled seed yield when compared with untreated controls. Injectors
were placed at intervals of 5, 10 or 15 cm of circumference at breast height
and delivered 0.1 g a.i./cm of circumference. The
results did not differ among the treatments.
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Link
62. Johnson, G.R. 2002. Genetic variation in tolerance of Douglas fir
to Swiss needle cast as assessed by symptom expression. Silvae-Genetica
51(2/3): 80-86.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
genetic relationships
Abstract:
The incidence of Swiss needle cast (caused by Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii) on Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) has increased significantly in recent years on the Oregon
coast. Genetic variation in symptoms of disease infection, as measured by
foliage traits, was assessed in two series of progeny trials to determine
whether these "crown health" indicators were under genetic control
and correlated with tolerance (tolerance being continued growth in the presence
of high disease pressure). Foliage traits generally had lower heritabilities
than growth traits and were usually correlated with diameter growth. Foliage
traits of crown density and colour appeared to be reasonable indicators of
disease tolerance. In the absence of basal area data, assessing crown density
and colour can help screen for families that show tolerance to the disease.
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63. Kamm, J.A., P.D. Morgan, D.L. Overhulser, L.M. McDonough, M.
Triebwasser and L.N. Kline. 1983. Management practices for cranberry girdler
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Douglas-fir nursery stock.
Journal-of-Economic-Entomology 76(4): 923-926.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zell.), a known pest of grasses and
cranberries, was shown in field-plot studies in Oregon and Washington State in
1980-81 to be a pest of seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) grown
in nurseries. The pyralid was capable of reproduction in nursery beds where
feeding larvae partially or completely girdled the taproot of seedlings.
Pheromone-trap collections indicated that grasslands bordering nurseries and
not nursery beds were the primary source of adults. In addition to Douglas fir,
several species of true fir were damaged by larvae, but no feeding damage was
observed on pine, cedar, hemlock or spruce. Insecticides applied to control
adults and larvae effectively reduced the incidence of damage. It was suggested
that, when possible, a pest management programme should include grasslands
bordering the nursery, control of weeds and the use of a non-food-plant cover
crop in the nursery.
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64. Kastner, W.W., Jr., S.M. Dutton and D.M. Roche. 2001. Effects of
Swiss needle cast on three Douglas-fir seed sources on a low-elevation site in
the northern Oregon
Coast Range:
results after five growing seasons. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 16(1):
31-34.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) seedlings grown from
three seed sources were evaluated for 5 years for their relative tolerance to
Swiss needle cast (caused by the ascomycete Phaeoxryptopus gaeumannii), on a
high-disease-hazard site located approximately 3 miles northeast of Tillamook,
Oregon, USA.
The seed sources were: (1) seed collected from trees showing an apparent degree
of tolerance to Swiss needle cast in natural stands in the coastal fog belt,
(2) open-pollinated seed orchard seed collected from random single-pair crosses
of parent trees in natural stands outside of the coastal fog belt, but west of
the Oregon Coast Range summit, whose progeny demonstrated an apparent degree of
disease tolerance in coastal Douglas-fir progeny test sites, and (3) standard
reforestation seed purchased from a commercial vendor. There were no
significant differences among seed sources in basal diameter and total height
for all five growing seasons. Needle retention varied among seed sources over
the 5-year period, but current-year needle retention did not vary significantly
after the fifth growing season, and retention of 1- and 2-year-old needles was
relatively low for all seed sources. The intense disease pressure on this site
may have overwhelmed expression of disease tolerance among seed sources. We do
not recommend planting Douglas-fir on such high-hazard sites.
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65. Kimball, B.A., G.R. Johnson, D.L. Nolte and D.L. Griffin. 1999. An
examination of the genetic control of Douglas-fir vascular tissue
phytochemicals: implications for black bear foraging. Forest-Ecology-and-Management
123(2/3): 245-251.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand protection
growth
tree physiology
genetic relationships
Abstract:
Silvicultural practices can influence black bear (Ursus americanus) foraging
preferences for Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) cambial-zone vascular
tissues, but little is known about the role of genetics. To study the impact of
genetic selection, vascular tissue samples were collected from Douglas fir
trees in 6 half-sib families from 5 different sites in north central Oregon.
Four replications of 3-tree non-contiguous plots were sampled at each site to
examine inter-and intra-site variation. Tree growth was measured as tree
diameter at breast height, and the absolute concentrations of 26 different
terpenoids were determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection
from ethyl acetate extracts. The simple carbohydrates fructose, glucose, and
sucrose, and the phenolic glycoside coniferin were quantified using anion-exchange
chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Cluster analysis was used to
reduce the number of variables used in analyses of variance. Results for the
families studied here indicate that tree growth and some terpenoids were under
some level of genetic control. Furthermore, allocation of constitutive
terpenoids in vascular tissues was not at the expense of tree growth. The
sugars present in vascular tissue were affected by environment (site) and
genetics (family) and their interaction.
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66. Kimball, B.A., D.L. Nolte, D.L. Griffin, S.M. Dutton and S.
Ferguson. 1998a. Impacts of live canopy pruning on the
chemical constituents of Douglas-fir vascular tissues: implications for black bear
tree selection. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 109(1/3): 51-56.
Keywords: pruning
tree/stand protection
growth
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
The impact of live canopy pruning (removal of all live and dead whorls
between the ground and 5 m height, resulting in removal of ~40% of the live
canopy) on the carbohydrate and terpene content of vascular tissue was
investigated in the lower bole of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) on 4
sites in NW Oregon. Cambial zone vascular tissue samples were collected from
pruned and unpruned trees in the lower bole and within the live canopy. Current
year's radial growth was estimated from the mass of vascular tissue removed
from the 800 cmsuperscript 2 area sampled from each tree. Chemical analyses
were conducted to determine the concentration of carbohydrates and terpenes in
the samples. Results indicated that 2 yr following treatment, pruning resulted
in reduced growth and decreased carbohydrate content of the vascular tissue.
Pruning had no effect on the terpene concentration of the vascular tissue. The
impact of pruning on the foraging selection of black bears (Ursus americanus)
was evaluated by surveying bear damaged trees in a 50 acre stand of pruned and
unpruned timber. Odds ratios indicate that black bears were 4 times more likely
to forage unpruned than pruned Douglas fir. Tree selection may be explained in
part by the higher availability of carbohydrates in the unpruned tree with
respect to the pruned tree.
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67. Kimball, B.A., E.C. Turnblom, D.L. Nolte, D.L. Griffin and R.M.
Engeman. 1998b. Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on sugars and
terpenes in Douglas-fir vascular tissues: implications for black bear foraging.
Forest-Science 44(4): 599-602.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Analyses of vascular tissue samples from Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
trees collected in test plots in W. Washington
and NW Oregon, USA,
showed that both thinning and N fertilizer application caused the sugar
concentration of vascular tissues in the lower bole to increase. However, these
treatments had no effect on the concentrations of hydrocarbon monoterpenes,
oxygenated monoterpenes or sesquiterpenes. These results may explain the
observations that black bears (Ursus americanus) prefer to forage in thinned
and fertilized stands, as the bears maximize sugar intake and minimize terpene
intake while foraging.
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68. Knowe,
S.A.
and W.I. Stein. 1995. Predicting the effects of site preparation and protection
on development of young Douglas-fir plantations.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 25(9): 1538-1547.
Keywords: site
preparation
release treatments
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
Diameter prediction models based on the Weibull distribution function and
stand-table projection models based on changes in relative diameter were
developed for 2- to 10-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations
in Oregon.
Both modelling approaches incorporated the effects of site preparation, animal
protection, and competing vegetation. The diameter distribution approach is
appropriate when information on initial diameters is not available. The stand-table
projection approach may be applied when tree diameters in a plantation are
measured two or more growing seasons after planting. At young ages, the
stand-table approach provided more accurate representation of observed diameter
distributions than the diameter distribution approach. At age 10 the two
methods provided comparable diameter distributions. The equations derived for
predicting survival, height growth of dominant trees, height-diameter
relationships, and the development of woody vegetation over time will
facilitate the study and comparison of stand structure and dynamics after
various site-preparation and animal protection treatments.
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69. Koerber, T.W. and G.P. Markin. 1984. Metasystox-RReg. injections increase seed yield of Douglas-fir in California,
Oregon,
and Washington.
In Proceedings of the cone and seed insects working party conference,
Working Party S20701, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. Ed.
H. Yates, III. pp. 137-146.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
reproduction
Abstract:
Injections of 1.5 g for each 15 cm of tree girth reduced seed damage caused by
Contarinia oregonensis and Barbara colfaxiana, but not that by Megastigmus
spermatrophus [M. spermotrophus]. On sites with insect populations high enough
to cause substantial seed losses, treatment increased seed yield per cone by
38-162%.
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70. Lindsey, G.D. and J. Evans. 1983. Evaluation of zinc phosphide for
control of pocket gophers on Christmas tree plantations. Tree-Planters' Notes
34(2): 11-14.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
In laboratory tests, pocket gophers (Thomomys and Geomys spp.) were
offered 5 kinds of treated bait, including 1% Zn phosphide in oats, 0.75% Zn
phosphide in fresh carrots, and 0.5% strychnine in rolled oats (3 mixtures).
The carrot bait was found to be as effective for killing gophers as the
strychnine mixtures. Plots in a 4-yr-old Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus
monticola plantation in Washington,
with occupied T. mazama burrows, were baited with the carrot or one of the
strychnine mixtures in Nov. 1981. Both baits produced only a 63% reduction in
gopher activity, possibly because of the availability of abundant alternative
vegetative food. It was estimated that tree mortality due to root pruning by
gophers was >10% on this site. It is recommended that the carrot/Zn sulphide
bait be registered for special local needs where safety to wildlife and
domestic animals is important.
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71. Litvak,
M.E.,
J.V.H. Constable and R.K. Monson. 2002. Supply and demand processes as controls
over needle monoterpene synthesis and concentration in Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco]. Oecologia 132(3): 382-391.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract:
We measured the relative control that resource availability (as a
supply-side control) and wounding (as a demand-side control) exert on patterns
of monoterpene synthesis and concentration in Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] needles. While supply-side controls should alter monoterpene
production due to changes in the availability of substrate (carbohydrates),
demand-side controls alter the need for a defensive product. We examined these
relationships by measuring constitutive (preformed) and wound-induced rates of
monoterpene synthesis and pool sizes in trees grown under ambient and elevated
(ambient +200 micro mol mol-1) CO2, ambient and elevated (ambient +4 degrees C)
temperature, and in trees grown under four levels of nitrogen fertilization (0,
50, 100 and 200 micro g g-1 N by weight). Monoterpene pool size decreased at
elevated CO2, increased at elevated temperature and
did not change in response to nitrogen fertilization. Overall, we did not find
that foliar nitrogen, carbon balance, or rate of monoterpene synthesis alone
were consistent predictors of monoterpene concentration in current-year Douglas
fir needles. In addition, despite a wound-induced decrease in monoterpene pool
size, we found no evidence for induction of monoterpene synthesis in response
to wounding. The influence of either resource availability or wounding on rates
of monoterpene synthesis or accumulation cannot be explained by traditional
supply-side or demand-side controls. We conclude that monoterpene synthesis in
first-year Douglas fir needles is controlled by fairly conservative genetic
mechanisms and is influenced more by past selection than by current resource
state.
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72. Livingston,
N.J.
and T.A. Black. 1987b. Water stress and survival of three species of conifer
seedlings planted on a high elevation south-facing clear-cut.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(9): 1115-1123.
Keywords: planting
operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Container-grown seedlings (1+0) of Douglas fir, western hemlock and
Abies amabilis were planted in spring 1981 and 1982 at 1150 m alt. on a 30
degrees S.-facing slope on Mt.
Arrowsmith,
Vancouver Island,
British Columbia.
Treatments at planting included inclining seedlings to the SW
(thus shading the root collar with the foliage) and provision of shade cards
and/or irrigation. Control seedlings received no treatment. Seasonal and
diurnal courses of twig xylem water potential, turgor potential and osmotic
potential were measured and the relation between transpiration and soil water
potential was determined. Seedling survival was recorded in April 1982-84.
Douglas fir seedlings showed a high degree of drought tolerance by considerable
osmotic adjustment that enabled seedlings to maintain turgor throughout the
growing season. Douglas fir seedlings thus survived severe drought and
maintained daily transpiration rates that were never less than 50% of those of
irrigated seedlings. Transpiration rates were reduced, however, on days of high
vapour pressure deficits because of stomatal closure. Western hemlock and,
especially, A amabilis lacked both stress avoidance
and stress tolerance mechanisms and consequently suffered high mortality. In
April 1984, untreated Douglas fir seedlings had 72-82% survival, while treated
seedlings had 81-95% survival. Shade cards and/or irrigation increased survival
of western hemlock and A. amabilis, but not to the rates shown by Douglas fir.
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73. Maher, T.F. 1990. Damage appraisal and pheromone
trapping studies for the black army cutworm in British Columbia. B.C. Ministry of Forests FRDA-Report
117. iv + 41 p.
Keywords: planting
operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract:
Actebia fennica [Dissimactebia fennica] have damaged Picea spp., Pinus
contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix occidentalis and Populus tremuloides in
recently planted stands in British
Columbia.
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74. Manter, D.K. and K.L. Kavanagh. 2003. Stomatal regulation in
Douglas fir following a fungal-mediated chronic reduction in leaf area. Trees:
Structure and Function 17(6): 485-491.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree
physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Pathogens can cause chronic premature needle abscission in coniferous
species. To assess the potential impacts on tree productivity, stomatal regulation
was investigated in Douglas fir with chronic stomatal occlusion and defoliation
from varying levels of the Swiss needle cast (SNC) fungus, Phaeocryptopus
gaeumannii. Levels of SNC disease and subsequent defoliation were manipulated
by choosing six sites with varying levels of disease and by foliar applications
of fungicides on six trees per site. Diurnal measurements of leaf water
potential ( Psi leaf), stomatal conductance (gs) and
vapor pressure deficit (D) were made on six fungicide treated and six control
trees per site. In addition, leaf specific hydraulic conductance was calculated
on a single branch (KL_B) from three trees per treatment per site. Stomatal
conductance at D=1 kPa (gsref) was negatively correlated with fungal
colonization (number of fruiting bodies present in needle stomata) and
positively correlated with KL_B. Despite reduced needle retention in diseased
trees, KL declined due to a reduction in sapwood area and permeability (i.e.,
increasing presence of latewood in functional sapwood). In general, stomatal
sensitivity to D for all foliage was consistent with stomatal regulation based
on a simple hydraulic model [gs=KL( Psi soil- Psi
leaf)/D], which assumes strict stomatal regulation of Psi leaf. However, when
fungal presence reduced maximum gs below the potential maximum supported by
hydraulic architecture, stomatal sensitivity was lower than expected based on
the theoretical relationship: d gs/dln D=0.6.gsref. The results indicate that
losses in productivity associated with physical blockage of stomata and
defoliation are compounded by additional losses in KL and a reduction in gs in
remaining functional stomata.
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75. Mason, R.R. and B.E. Wickman. 1991. Integrated pest management of
the Douglas-fir tussock moth. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 39(1-4): 119-130.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
growth
Abstract:
The Douglas-fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata) is one of the most
destructive forest defoliators of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand
fir (Abies grandis) and white fir (A. concolor) in western North
America. An outline is given of current
pest-management programmes used in Oregon,
which emphasize the annual monitoring of insects in forests with outbreak
histories to determine early changes in population numbers and to predict
trends. When outbreaks develop, several environmentally safe chemical and
microbial insecticides are effective in reducing larval numbers and preventing
serious defoliation. Computer models predicting growth loss, tree mortality,
and top-kill during outbreaks are available as aids to making management
decisions. Silvicultural practices favouring seral nonhost species on high-risk
sites may be the best prescription for reducing the effect of tussock moth
outbreaks.
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76. Massicotte, H.B., L.E. Tackaberry, E.R. Ingham and W.G. Thies.
1998. Ectomycorrhizae establishment on Douglas-fir seedlings following
chloropicrin treatment to control laminated-root rot disease: assessment 4 and
5 years after outplanting. Applied-Soil-Ecology 10(1/2): 117-125.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Laminated-root rot, caused by Phellinus weirii, is a serious disease
affecting Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] and other commercially important
species of conifers in northwestern North America.
The effect of chloropicrin (used to control Phellinus weirii) on nontarget
organisms, including ectomycorrhizae, is uncertain. A study was carried out to
examine ectomycorrhizal development on Douglas
firs after the application of chloropicrin. The study was carried out in Matlock,
Washington, USA,
4.5 and 5.5 years following chloropicrin application. In areas around stumps
treated with 20% and 100% of the labelled dosage and in areas around non-treated
stumps, chloropicrin did not adversely affect the formation of ectomycorrhizae
on young Douglas fir seedlings by naturally occurring fungi. No significant effect on the abundance or type of mycorrhizas were
detected. In this study chloropicrin did not affect these mycorrhizal
associations, for at least 5 years following application.
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77. McClain, K.M. and D.P. Lavender. 1988. Tissue water relations and
survival of conditioned conifer seedlings during drought stress. In
Proceedings: 10th North American Forest Biology Workshop, 'Physiology and
genetics of reforestation', University
of British Columbia,
Vancouver,
British Columbia,
July 10-22, 1988. Eds. J.
Worrall, J. Loo-Dinkins and D.P. Lester. pp. 177-185.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 23-week-old
seedlings were subjected to an 8-week drought stress period on two soil types
(sandy clay loam and loamy sand) in protected cold frames in a nursery in
Oregon in July-August 1984. Before transplanting, treatments consisting of
daily or weekly irrigations, combined with 0 or 100 p.p.m. KCl, were applied to
the seedlings for 6 weeks. The results showed that weekly irrigated (stress
conditioned) seedlings maintained higher water potentials than daily irrigated
(non-stress conditioned) seedlings. Decreases in water potential were more
rapid for seedlings grown on sand than for seedlings grown on loam. By the end
of the assessment period, relative water contents of Douglas fir on sand and
loam were 88.3% and 91.5%, respectively, and 72.7% and 81.8%, respectively, for
jack pine. Turgor pressures were maintained at higher levels in Douglas fir
than in jack pine on both soil types. On sand, mortality in both species was
dependent on conditioning treatment, indicating that stress conditioning
enhanced seedling drought resistance during a period of rapidly increasing soil
water deficit. KCl treatment was not implicated in response to drought, but
increased mortality of jack pine on sandy clay loam.
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78. McKay, H.M. 1994. Frost hardiness and
cold-storage tolerance of the root system of Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Larix kaempferi and Pinus sylvestris bare-root seedlings.
Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 9(3): 203-213.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
During the winter of 1990-91, fine roots of 2-year-old, undercut and wrenched Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Larix kaempferi [L. leptolepis], Pinus sylvestris, and Picea
sitchensis (Alaskan, Queen Charlotte Islands and Oregon provenances) were
tested using electrolyte leakage for frost hardiness and tolerance to storage
at +1 degrees C for 30 and 90 days as excised roots. Pseudotsuga menziesii and
Pinus sylvestris showed only minor changes in root frost hardiness with a
maximum of -4 degrees C and -7 degrees C respectively. Larix leptolepis and
Picea sitchensis developed much greater root frost hardiness; L. leptolepis had
a maximum hardiness of -12 degrees C while Picea sitchensis (Queen
Charlotte Islands) reached -13 degrees C during the
winter. The root frost hardiness of Picea sitchensis increased with the
provenance's latitude. There were clear species and provenance differences in
the level of long-term cold-storage tolerance attained, increasing in the order
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus sylvestris and Picea sitchensis (Oregon),
L. leptolepis, Picea sitchensis (Queen Charlotte
Islands), and Picea sitchensis (Alaskan). In spite of
highly significant correlations between root electrolyte leakage after
cold-storage and frosting tests, root frost hardiness did not accurately
indicate all aspects of long-term cold tolerance and has limitations as a means
of determining safe cold-storage dates.Tr.
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79. Miller, G.E. 1983a. Evaluation of the effectiveness of cold-water
misting of trees in seed orchards for control of Douglas-fir cone gall midge
(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Journal-of-Economic-Entomology 76(4): 916-919.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
tree phenology
Abstract:
The effectiveness of misting trees with cold water in delaying
reproductive bud burst of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and consequently
controlling Contarinia oregonensis Foote was evaluated in tests in seed
orchards in British
Columbia in 1978-80. The
misting treatment reduced the amount of damage to the same degree as was
achieved with sprays of dimethoate when a 10-day delay in seed-cone bud burst
coincided with the earliest 'flowering' trees being the most heavily attacked.
Gall midge damage was not reduced to an acceptable level with less than a
10-day delay or when later-flowering trees were the most heavily attacked. It
was not possible to determine the likely effectiveness of cold-water misting
before bud burst in a given year, because the period of bud-burst delay varied
with weather and because synchrony between presence of adult midges and
susceptible host-tree stage was not consistent.
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80. Miller, G.E. 1983b. When is controlling cone and seed insects in
Douglas-fir seed orchards justified? Forestry-Chronicle 59(6): 304-307.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree/stand protection
economics
reproduction
Abstract:
Two seed orchards in British
Columbia were sprayed with
dimethoate in 1981, and the costs of estimating crop size and insect
infestation and of dimethoate application were recorded. The cost/tree was
$2.31 or $3.68 (including sprayer rental). Benefit/cost ratios were calculated
and plotted against number of cones/tree and varying increases in yield (3-24
filled seeds/cone) due to protection. The number of cones a tree must bear and the
increased yield/cone required to cover the cost of one dimethoate application
are given in graphs for seed values of $150-1000/kg.
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81. Miller, G.E. 1986. Damage prediction for Contarinia oregonensis
Foote (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Douglas-fir seed orchards.
Canadian-Entomologist 118(12): 1297-1306.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
reproduction
Abstract:
Damage to Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in British
Columbia at cone harvest by
Contarinia oregonensis was positively correlated with the number of
egg-infested scales per conelet in the spring. Reducing the average number of
galled seeds per cone by 1.5 increased the average number of filled seeds per
cone by 1.0 in insecticide trials. Optimum sample sizes for estimating average
densities of egg-infested scales were calculated to be 1 conelet/tree and 150 trees/orchard. The mean crowding variable was linearly
related to average density, so a sequential sampling technique relative to a
critical density was developed for determining the need for control measures.
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82. Miller, J.C. and K.J. West. 1987. Efficacy of Bacillus
thuringiensis and diflubenzuron on Douglas-fir and oak for gypsy moth control
in Oregon.
Journal-of-Arboriculture 13(10): 240-242.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
stand conditions
Abstract:
In studies at Corvallis,
20 trees of each of Quercus garryana and Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii]
were sprayed from the ground on 6 May 1986 until foliage
dripped. Foliage was collected 1 day before spraying and 1-64 days after
spraying and bioassayed with 2nd instar larvae of gypsy moth [Lymantria
dispar]. Larval mortality was n.s.d. between tree species or between
insecticides. Both B. thuringiensis and diflubenzuron caused high larval
mortality and were effective for at least 64 days at the doses applied.
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83. Moldenke, A.F., R.E. Berry, J.C. Miller, R.G. Kelsey, J.G. Wernz
and S. Venkateswaran. 1992. Carbaryl susceptibility and detoxication enzymes in
gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): influence of host plant.
Journal-of-Economic-Entomology 85(5): 1628-1635.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
stand conditions
Abstract:
Toxicity of carbaryl and levels of detoxifying enzymes were determined
in larvae of Lymantria dispar reared from hatching on either white alder (Alnus
rhombifolia) or Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Foliar chemistry was also
examined. Larvae were treated topically with carbaryl 2 days into the 3rd or
5th instar and LD50s were established based on survival 48 h after treatment.
Surviving 3rd-instar larvae were fed on their original diet until death or
pupation and sublethal effects were assessed. Levels of detoxifying enzymes
were determined in larvae of the same age and rearing group. Larvae reared on
Douglas fir were significantly more tolerant of carbaryl. Sublethal effects
were found only in larvae fed Douglas fir, in which mortality after 48 h and
time to pupation were significantly greater in treated larvae than in controls.
Levels of detoxification enzymes were generally higher in tissues of larvae
raised on Douglas fir, but significantly higher in only a few instances.
Nitrogen and phenolic contents were higher in alder than in Douglas fir.
Terpenes were abundant in Douglas fir foliage but were not detected in alder.
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84. Moldenke, A.F., R.E. Berry, J.C. Miller and J.G. Wernz. 1997.
Toxicity of acephate to larvae of gypsy moth as a function of host plant and
bioassay method. Entomologia-Experimentalis-et-Applicata 84(2): 157-163.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
stand conditions
Abstract:
The toxicity of acephate to 3rd-instar larvae of Lymantria dispar was examined
under different conditions of administration method, availability of food to
larvae during bioassay, host plant, and activity of detoxifying enzymes. Larvae
that had been fed field-collected foliage of white alder (Alnus rhombifolia)
were less susceptible 48 h after treatment with topically applied acephate if
they were allowed to continue feeding on foliage during the bioassay period
(LD50 = 60.6 micro g/g larva) than if they were not (LD50 = 13.5 micro g/g
larva). All surviving larvae were replaced on their original food plant after
the 48-h bioassay; of these, 14.4% of the larvae not fed during treatment died
before pupation, compared with 1.3% of the larvae fed alder during treatment.
The LD50 obtained for topically treated larvae reared and treated on Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (51.1 micro g/g larva) was
comparable to that obtained for larvae fed alder (60.0 micro g/g larva)
throughout treatment. Larvae treated orally with acephate, however, were
slightly more susceptible when reared on Douglas fir (LC50 = 20.3 ppm) than
when reared on alder (LC50 = 27.0 ppm). Post-treatment mortality in orally
treated larvae was 10.3% in those fed alder and 9.5% in those fed Douglas fir.
Higher cytochrome P-450 activities in larvae reared on Douglas fir apparently
did not enhance tolerance to acephate. Both sexes of orally treated larvae took
significantly longer to pupate than did controls on both foliage types, as did
topically treated males fed Douglas fir. Pupal weight generally was slightly,
but not always significantly, higher in treated than untreated larvae under all
dietary and treatment regimes.
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85. Moldenke, A.F., R.E. Berry, J.C. Miller, J.G. Wernz and X.H. Li.
1994. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki to gypsy moth,
Lymantria dispar, fed with alder or Douglas-fir.
Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology 64(2): 143-145.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
stand conditions
Abstract:
The response of larvae of Lymantria dispar, reared on either Alnus rhombifolia
or Pseudotsuga menziesii following collection of egg masses from the field in Maryland
in 1990, to treatment via an artificial diet with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
kurstaki (Javelin, 5% a.i.) was evaluated in the laboratory. Mortality was
independent of dose in both food plant treatments, but was significantly
greater for larvae fed the treated P. menziesii diet. Sub-lethal effects and
the role of food plant constituents with respect to susceptibility to this
biological control agent are also briefly discussed.
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86. Morrison, D. 1984. Evaluation of impact - Advances in control. In
Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Root and Butt Rots of
Forest Trees, International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO)
Working Party S2.06.01., Melbourne, Australia, August 25-31, 1983. Ed. G.A.
Kile. pp. 359-397.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
stand conditions
Abstract:
Five papers
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87. Morrison, D.J. and A.L.S. Johnson. 1999a. Annosus root disease in
pre-commercially thinned stands in coastal British
Columbia. Canadian-Forest-Service
Technology Transfer Note 20, Pacific-Forestry-Centre, Victoria, BC.
Keywords: thinning
precommercial thinning
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
An outline is given of the strategic importance of Heterobasidion annosum,
detection and recognition, damage to roots, factors affecting infection and
colonization of stumps and management implications for spacing in juvenile
stands. The relative susceptibilities of different species were: Abies
amabilis>Picea sitchensis>Tsuga heterophylla>Pseudotsuga menziesii.
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88. Morrison, D.J. and A.L.S. Johnson. 1999b. Incidence of
Heterobasidion annosum in precommercial thinning stumps in coastal British
Columbia. European-Journal-of-Forest-Pathology
29(1): 1-16.
Keywords: thinning
precommercial thinning
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Coniferous stumps in 83 stands in coastal British
Columbia, Canada,
were sampled 3-5 years after precommercial thinning between 1981 and 1986. The
percentage of stumps and surface area colonized by H. annosum were determined
for 25 stumps of each species, in each 5-cm diameter class present in each
stand. There were significant differences among species in the percentages of
stumps and surface area colonized, with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
having the lowest values, amabilis fir (Abies amabilis) and Sitka
spruce (Picea sitchensis) the highest and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
being intermediate. For each species, both the percentage of stumps and surface
area colonized increased with increasing diameter. In stumps that were grafted
to an adjacent tree, there was decreased incidence of H. annosum for
Douglas-fir and Sitka
spruce and increased incidence for western hemlock and amabilis fir. There were
trends in the percentage of stumps and area colonized for season of thinning
and biogeoclimatic subzones, with the values for most species decreasing as the
amount of precipitation increased. It is suggested that the increase in
inoculum can be minimized by thinning trees when less than 15 years old, by
cutting only trees less than 10 cm in diameter and by thinning during low risk
seasons.
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89. Morrison, D.J., M.D. Larock and A.J. Waters. 1986. Stump infection
by Fomes annosus in spaced stands in the Prince Rupert Forest Region of British
Columbia. Pacific-Forestry-Centre, Canadian-Forest-Service
Information-Report BC-X-285. 12 p.
Keywords: thinning
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Discs 3-5 cm thick were collected after removal of the top 5-10 cm
from stumps left by thinning 1-8 yr previously of 12- to 37-yr-old stands of 5
coniferous species, and the occurrence and area of surface colonization with F.
annosus [Heterobasidion annosum] were measured. Based on the % of stumps with
more than 10% of their area colonized, susceptibility decreased in the sequence
Abies amabilis, Picea sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii;
Pinus contorta was unaffected. Fewer stumps were colonized in a T.
heterophylla/A. amabilis stand thinned in winter than in an adjacent stand
thinned in late spring: the difference was attributed to effects on spore
populations of low temp. and heavy precipitation.
There was a significant correlation between % stump area colonized and % root
vol. colonized by H. annosum for A. amabilis and T. heterophylla. H. annosum
had spread from colonized roots on some excavated stumps to or into adjacent
roots of reserved trees.
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90. Nelson, E.E., M.G. McWilliams and W.G. Thies. 1994. Mortality and
growth of urea-fertilized Douglas-fir on a Phellinus weirii-infested site in Oregon.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 9(2): 52-56.
Keywords: planting
operations
fertilization
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
soil properties
Abstract:
Twelve plots were established in 1972 in an 11-yr-old Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation infected with Phellinus weirii, the cause of
laminated root rot. All plots were thinned and either interplanted with red
alder (Alnus rubra) or fertilized at 5- to 10-yr intervals with urea to
determine the effect of nitrogen on tree growth and mortality caused by P.
weirii, or left untreated. Interplanted alder, however, failed to survive.
Mortality was assessed at intervals of 2 to 3 yr. Plots were inventoried (100%
cruise) in 1978 and 1990. Growth over 12 yr appeared better on fertilized than
nonfertilized plots, but the difference was not significant. Mortality caused
by the preferential feeding of black bears [Ursus americanus] on the inner bark
of fertilized trees reduced the overall gain. Mortality caused by laminated
root rot did not differ significantly among treatments. Three months after the
initial application of urea at 448 kg N/ha, soil sampled to a depth of 30 cm
was higher in ammonium and nitrate forms of nitrogen on fertilized than
nonfertilized plots, but increases were not significant. Numbers of soil
bacteria were directly correlated with soil ammonium content (P = 0.1092).
Numbers of aerobic actinomycetes were inversely correlated with soil nitrate
content (P = 0.0398).
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91. O'-Neill, G.A., W.T. Adams and S.N. Aitken. 2001. Quantitative
genetics of spring and fall cold hardiness in seedlings from two Oregon
populations of coastal Douglas-fir. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 149(1/3):
305-318.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
genetic relationships
Abstract:
Genetics of autumn and spring cold hardiness were investigated in two
western Oregon (USA) breeding populations (Coast and Cascade
mountains) of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii). Seedlings from 40 open-pollinated families from each population
were grown in raised nursery beds and subjected to two soil moisture regimes
(well-watered and mild drought) to evaluate the influence of summer drought on
ranking of families for cold hardiness. Artificial freeze testing (AFT) of
detached shoots, followed by visual scoring of injury, was used to evaluate
needle, stem and bud cold hardiness on three dates in the autumn (September,
October and November) after the second growing season, and once in the
following spring (March). The Cascade population suffered significantly less
cold injury than the Coast population in autumn AFT. However, in spring AFT the
Cascade population was less cold hardy, although population differences were
seldom significant. Families within both breeding zones varied significantly in
cold hardiness, with mean estimates of individual heritabilities greater in
spring (hi2=0.57) than autumn (hi2=0.37), greater in the Coast (hi2=0.52) than
in the Cascade (hi2=0.42) population, and greater in the wet (hi2=0.54) than in
the dry moisture regime (hi2=0.40) (autumn means based on October tests). A
single test date seems adequate to assess autumn cold hardiness, because
estimated genetic correlations for cold injury between autumn test dates were
strong (rA=0.80). Genetic correlations between spring and autumn cold injury,
however, were moderately negative (rB=-0.66 and -0.21,
Coast and Cascade, respectively), indicating that cold hardiness needs to be
managed as two traits (i.e. autumn and spring cold hardiness). Selection for
cold hardiness based on a single shoot tissue is expected to increase cold
hardiness in the other tissues as well, because genetic correlations between
tissues in cold injury were moderately-to-strongly positive in both autumn (rB=0.67) and spring (rB=0.84). Seedlings grown under summer
drought incurred significantly less cold injury in the autumn than those that
were well-watered; nevertheless, strong genetic correlations in autumn cold
injury between moisture regimes (rB=0.91) indicate that summer moisture
conditions had little influence on family rankings for autumn cold hardiness.
Correlations of injury resulting from a natural frost event in November of the
first year with injury from AFT in the autumn of the second year (rA=0.72 and
0.78 for needle and bud injury, respectively) confirmed that AFT reliably
predicts cold hardiness to natural frost events.
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92. O'-Neill, G.A., S.N. Aitken and W.T. Adams. 2000. Genetic
selection for cold hardiness in coastal Douglas-fir seedlings and saplings.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 30(11): 1799-1807.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
genetic relationships
tree phenology
Abstract:
Genetic control of cold hardiness in two-year-old seedlings in a
nursery in Oregon, USA, was compared with that in 7-year-old field saplings,
for 40 open-pollinated families in each of two low-altitude breeding
populations (Coast and Cascade) of coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
var. menziesii) from western Oregon. The field trials were also in the Coast
and Cascade breeding zones of Oregon
(7 and 6 sites, respectively). In addition, the efficacy of bud phenology
traits as predictors of cold hardiness at the two stages was explored. Autumn
and spring cold hardiness were assessed using
artificial freeze testing. Similar genetic control of cold hardiness in
seedlings and saplings is suggested by strong type-B genetic correlations (rB)
between the two ages for autumn and spring cold injury traits (rB<more or
=>0.78) and by similar trends in individual tree heritability estimates
(hi2), e.g., hi2 was greater in spring (mean 0.73) than in autumn (mean 0.36)
and greater in the Coast population (0.69) than in the Cascade population
(0.40) at both ages. Strong responses to direct selection are expected for
spring cold hardiness at both ages and for autumn cold hardiness in seedlings, even
under mild selection intensities. Similar heritabilities in seedlings and
saplings, and strong genetic correlations between ages for cold-hardiness
traits, ensure that selection at one age will produce similar gains at the
other age. Type-A genetic correlations (rA) between autumn and spring cold
hardiness were near zero in the Cascade population (0.08 and -0.14 at ages 2
and 7, respectively) but were moderate and negative in the Coast population
(-0.54 and -0.36, respectively). Bud-burst timing appears to be a suitable
surrogate to artificial freeze testing for assessing spring cold hardiness in
both seedlings and saplings, as is bud set timing for assessing fall cold
hardiness in seedlings, but bud set timing is a poor predictor of fall cold
hardiness in saplings.
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93. Otvos, I.S., J.C. Cunningham and R.I. Alfaro. 1987. Aerial
application of nuclear polyhedrosis virus against Douglas-fir tussock moth,
Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae); II. Impact 1 and 2 years after application. Canadian-Entomologist
119(7-8): 707-715.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
Following aerial application of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Orgyia
pseudotsugata against this lymantriid on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in
British
Columbia in 1982, the impact
of treatment was studied in 1983 and 1984. The virus appeared to have spread
from treated plots to adjoining areas in 1982, effectively reducing lymantriid
populations. This observation suggests the spraying of alternate swaths to
reduce the amount of microbial pesticide used. A naturally occurring viral
epizootic reduced lymantriid populations in 2 of 3 check plots in 1983, but
severe tree mortality occurred in 2 of these plots, with 60 and 62% of sample
trees dead in 1984. The corresponding tree mortality in 2 of 4 treated plots
was 4 and 7%.
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94. Otvos, I.S. and R.F. Shepherd. 1991. Integration of early virus
treatment with a pheromone detection system to control Douglas-fir tussock
moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), populations at
pre-outbreak levels. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 39(1-4): 143-151.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
The development and integration of a pheromone monitoring system with
a nuclear polyhedrosis virus treatment is described. Stands of Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) in British Columbia susceptible to tussock-moth
outbreaks are defined by overlying maps of past outbreaks, forest and habitat
types, and climatic zones. Pheromone-baited traps are placed and monitored
annually at permanent locations in susceptible areas. Measuring annual trends
of moth density indicates time and location of the next outbreak. Trap-catch
data provide an early warning of impending outbreaks, confirmed by ground
reconnaissance. Insect density and defoliation are predicted from egg-mass and
larval sampling. The virus can then be applied from the air or from the ground
into threatened stands to initiate an epizootic to prevent development of an
outbreak and to minimize tree damage. The virus appears to spread, and field
tests with reduced dosages indicate that the small amount of virus applied can
still greatly reduce larval populations and prevent tree mortality, at
considerably reduced cost.
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95. Overhulser, D.L., J.D. Walstad and R.P. Bowers. 1980. Twig weevil
damage to Douglas-fir seedlings and a field test of Dursban for control.
Tree-Planters' Notes 31(2): 17-20.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
Damage categories are described for young platations in Oregon
mostly 2+1 seedlings, planted in 1975-76 and surveyed in 1977 after attack by
Cylindrocopturus furnissi in 1976. A test using Dursban 4E (chlorpyrifos) spray
at 0-4% a.i., applied in July 1977, showed n.s.d. in % damaged trees between
treated and control areas after 4 months, but this may have been due to a
natural decline in weevil numbers. Spraying with 2% a.i. Dursban in Aug. 1977
significantly reduced the numbers of weevils present.
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96. Owston, P.W., W.G. Thies and W. Fender. 1986. Field performance of
Douglas-fir seedlings after treatment with fungicides.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(6): 1369-1371.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Douglas fir seedlings grown in containers with pasteurized or
unpasteurized potting mixture, and treated in the nursery with benomyl, captan,
fenaminosulf or ethazol [etridiazole], or left untreated (control) were planted
out in the Cascade Range,
western Oregon.
The seedlings from all treatments appeared to be in similar condition at the
time of planting, except for variations in ht. After 7 yr, seedlings grown in
pasteurized potting mixture had better survival than those grown in
unpasteurized mixture. Benomyl-treated seedlings in pasteurized potting mixture
had significantly better survival than control seedlings in pasteurized mixture
and seedlings treated with ethazol and grown in unpasteurized potting mixture
had significantly lower survival than control seedlings in unpasteurized
mixture. Ht. differences after 7 yr were n.s.d. between treatments. Benomyl,
captan and ethazol appeared to have no detrimental effect on the development of
mycorrhizas after planting non-mycorrhizal seedlings. There were insufficient
seedlings to determine the effects of fenaminosulf on mycorrhizas.
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97. Parke, J.L., R.G. Linderman and C.H. Black. 1983a. The role of ectomycorrhizas in drought tolerance of Douglas-fir
seedlings. New-Phytologist 95(1): 83-95.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
photosynthesis
tree physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings were watered daily or conditioned to cyclic
drying and re-wetting of the soil. Net photosynthesis rates of mycorrhizal and
non-mycorrhizal seedlings watered daily were similar but drought-stressed
mycorrhizal seedlings fixed CO2 at a rate 10 times that of non-mycorrhizal
ones. Total leaf water potentials of mycorrhizal plants were lower than those
of non-mycorrhizal plants but they recovered more rapidly. Non-mycorrhizal
seedlings and those inoculated with 4 ectomycorrhizal fungi were allowed to
dry, then re-watered and compared for their ability to tolerate and recover
from drought. Those inoculated with Rhizopogon vinicolor were the least
affected by drought. Net photosynthetic rate of R.-inoculated seedlings 24 h
after re-watering was 7 times greater than that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings. The
transpiration rate of R.-inoculated seedlings was low before desiccation,
declined rapidly during the drought period and, after re-watering, quickly
resumed a rate higher than that for other treatments.
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98. Peterson, M.J. and J.R. Sutherland. 1990. Controlling gray mold on
container-grown Douglas-fir by modified styroblocks and under-bench, forced air
ventilation. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 5(3): 75-79.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract:
The control of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was investigated in Vancouver,
Canada.
Incidence of mould on seedlings sown in June 1988 and assessed January 1989 was
reduced in 3 treatments of modified styroblocks (vertical holes, allowing air
movement from below): vented with heated, forced air; vented with unheated,
forced air; and vented with unheated, unforced air. Overall, mould occurred on
25% of 7-month-old seedlings in vented styroblocks, compared with >75%
incidence in unmodified styroblocks. No significant differences in seedling
height or root collar diameter among treatments were observed. Use of
ventilated styroblocks is recommended, to reduce both losses from grey mould
and fungicide usage in nurseries.
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99. Peterson, M.J. and S.E. Tuller. 1987. Die-back of container-grown
Douglas-fir seedlings: associated microclimate. B.C. Ministry
of Forests FRDA-Report 035. vii + 43 p.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Microclimate associated with needle-tip dieback of Pseudotsuga
menziesii seedlings in containers was studied in 2 greenhouses in British
Columbia. The effects of 2
kinds of grit cover on soil temperature were also examined.
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100. Petruncio, M., D. Briggs and R.J. Barbour. 1997. Predicting
pruned branch stub occlusion in young, coastal Douglas-fir.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 27(7): 1074-1082.
Keywords: pruning
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
wood quality
Abstract:
This study examined occlusion of 335 pruned branches from 38 coastal Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees sampled from 13 stands (5 in British
Columbia, 8 in Oregon)
that were pruned between age 9 and 22 years. Regression models were developed
for predicting number of years to occlude,
the width of the occlusion region, and radius-over-occlusion which is the
distance from the stem pith to the onset of clear wood production. Study
results indicate that years
to occlude is a function of stem size, stub length, stem growth rate, live or
dead branch condition, and whether pruning produced smooth or nonsmooth cuts.
Distance to occlude is a function of stem size, stub diameter, stem growth
rate, live or dead branch condition, and whether pruning produced smooth or
nonsmooth cuts. Radius-over-occlusion is a function of stem size, stub length,
stub diameter, stem growth rate, and whether pruning produced smooth or
nonsmooth cuts.
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101. Randall, W. and G.R. Johnson. 1998. The impact of environment and
nursery on survival and early growth of Douglas-fir, noble fir, and white pine
- a case study. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 13(4): 137-143.
Keywords: nursery
operations
planting operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Survival and third-year height were examined on 2383 reforestation
units in Cascade Range of western Oregon,
USA, from 1983
to 1994, to determine which factors affect reforestation success. The three
species examined made up 92% of the total trees planted in the region. Survival
of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) varied by as much as 20% from year to
year. The most significant factor affecting reforestation success was the
nursery that provided the seedlings. Nursery affected both survival and height
of Douglas fir and height for noble fir (Abies procera) and white pine (Pinus
monticola). No nursery was best for all species. Other factors that were
important for all three species were the administrative unit where the
seedlings were planted, initial plant height, aspect, and length of storage
prior to planting. Other significant factors that were important for Douglas
fir were seed origin, planting month, protection, stock type, and aspect. For
noble fir, other important factors were planting month and stock type; for
white pine, the other important factor was slope. Altitude of the seed source
and the planting unit affected Douglas fir survival and height but did not
affect the other two species. This supports the smaller altitudinal bands for
Douglas fir compared with noble fir and white pine.
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102. Rappaport, N.G. and D.L. Wood. 1994. Pityophthorus
orarius Bright (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in a northern California
douglas-fir seed orchard: effect of clone, tree vigor, and cone crop on rate of
attack. Canadian-Entomologist 126(5): 1111-1118.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
The geographic range of Pityophthorus orarius was extended beyond the
original provenance of southern British Columbia
to northern California. A survey
of 457 Pseudotsuga menziesii trees in 1985 revealed that those with heavy cone
crops were more likely to be infested by P. orarius than were those with a
light crop. Furthermore, attack rates differed among clones. A 2nd survey in
1987 confirmed the importance of clone and cone crop in attack rate. In this survey,
stressed trees were attacked at a higher rate than unstressed trees. The
distribution of P. orarius appeared clumped in both surveys, possibly because
of semiochemicals or oviposition behaviour.
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103. Reddy, M.S., L.M. Funk, D.C. Covert, D.N. He
and E.A. Pedersen. 1997. Microbial inoculants for sustainable forests.
Journal-of-Sustainable-Forestry 5(1/2): 293-306.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
A bacterial culture collection of 500 strains was assessed for
biological control of fungal root pathogens and/or plant growth promotion of
conifer seedlings. Seven of these strains showed significant suppressive
effects on various soil-borne fungal pathogens. On Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii], two strains, Burkholderia cepacia RAL3 and Pseudomonas fluorescens
64-3, reduced disease caused by Fusarium by 7-42% in repeated growth room
assays. The same strains significantly increased the percentage of healthy
white spruce [Picea glauca] seedlings inoculated with Fusarium and Pythium in a
conifer nursery, increased the survival of bare-root white spruce seedlings
planted on a reforestation site in Saskatchewan by 19-23%, and increased new
root growth and dry weight of Engelmann spruce [Picea engelmannii] seedlings
planted in Prince George, British Columbia, and white spruce at 4 sites in
Saskatchewan and British Columbia. Strain RAL3 in commercial formulation
maintained a viable population of about log 8-9 cfu/ml for over a year when
stored at 5 degrees C. Strain survival on seed varied with conifer species. No
decreases in bacterial populations were observed on seeds of jack pine [Pinus
banksiana] or Douglas fir after 37 to 44 days storage at 5 degrees C, but
decreases were observed on seeds of white spruce and Scots pine [Pinus sylvestris].
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104. Riley, C.M., C.J. Wiesner, D.W. Scott, J. Weatherby and R.G.
Downer. 1992. Evaluating the field efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner
against the western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). In Pesticide
formulations and application systems: 11th volume. Eds. L.E. Bode and
D.G. Chasin, ASTM, Philadelphia,
USA.
pp. 271-290.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
stand conditions
tree/stand health
Abstract:
A detailed assessment of spray deposition and efficacy of 2
formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis was carried out as part of a control
programme against Choristoneura occidentalis on Pseudotsuga menziesii and Abies
grandis in Oregon
in 1988. An analysis of covariance model that was used to examine the
relationship between deposit density and field efficacy (larval mortality and
defoliation) could not be justified, and the relationships between variables
were investigated using chi-squared analysis. This paper was presented at a
conference on pesticide formulations and application systems, held in San
Antonio, USA,
on 14-15 November 1991.
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105. Ritchie, G.A. 1986. Relationships among bud
dormancy status, cold hardiness, and stress resistance in 2+0 Douglas-fir.
New-Forests 1(1): 29-42.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
tree phenology
carbon allocation
Abstract:
Seedlings were lifted from a western Washington
nursery on six dates spanning the 1980-81 lifting season. On each date samples
of seedlings were subjected to the following treatment: tumbling for 5 min,
desiccation of roots for 30 min at 30 degrees C and 2.1 kPa vapour deficit,
exposure of shoots to temp. of -10 degrees C, -15 degrees C or -20 degrees C
for 2 h, and unstressed control. On two lift dates sub-samples of seedlings
were placed into -1 degrees C storage and held for 2 months before the above
treatments were administered. Bud dormancy status was determined, using a bud
break test, on seedlings from each lift date before and after storage. After
one growing season in the field, percent survival, vigour, height growth and
shoot and root weight were determined on stressed and unstressed seedlings.
Survival and vigour were less affected by treatments than were height and weight.
Severity of stress was in the order -20 degrees C>-15 degrees
C>desiccation> handling>-10 degrees C. Degree of cold injury was
directly related to seedling dormancy status whether dormancy status had been
attained in the nursery from natural chilling or in frozen storage. Seedlings
in a mid-range of dormancy release (between deep rest and quiescence) were most
resistant to all imposed stresses.
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106. Ross, D.W. and G.E. Daterman. 1994. Reduction of Douglas-fir
beetle infestation of high-risk stands by antiaggregation and aggregation pheromones.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 24(11): 2184-2190.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
A combination of antiaggregation and aggregation pheromones were tested for
protecting stands of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) at high risk for
infestation by Douglas fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) at a site in
Oregon. The antiaggregation pheromone, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH), was
applied in a bubble capsule formulation to the perimeter of 1 ha circular plots
at a rate of 60 g/plot. Treated plots also had three or four clusters of four
Lindgren funnel traps baited with frontalin, seudenol,
1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol, and ethanol located outside of the plot, but within
160 m of the boundary. Mean (+SD) accumulated catches in all traps per plot
were 73 658 + 19 721 Douglas fir beetles and 12 892 + 2513 Thanasimus
undatulus, a predator of the Douglas fir beetle. The mean percentage of Douglas
fir trees with a diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) <more or =>20 cm that
were mass attacked was reduced by 80% within the treated plots compared with
the untreated plots. However, there was an 8-fold increase in the percentage of
trees mass attacked in the area outside the treated plots in the vicinity of
the funnel traps. The net effect of the treatment was to concentrate mass
attacked trees within a limited area outside of the protected stand. The
results indicated that Douglas fir beetle antiaggregation and aggregation
pheromones can be used effectively to reduce the probability of infestation in
small, high value stands.
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107. Ross, D.W., G.E. Daterman and K.E. Gibson. 2002. Elution rate and
spacing of antiaggregation pheromone dispensers for protecting live trees from
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).
Journal-of-Economic-Entomology 95(4): 778-781.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
The antiaggregation pheromone 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH) is
highly effective in preventing the infestation of high-risk trees by
Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. A large portion of the cost of
an MCH treatment is related to the time applicators spend walking through an area
dispersing the formulated pheromone. Application of fewer MCH dispensers
eluting at a higher rate than those currently registered for operational use
could potentially reduce treatment costs. Two higher elution rates, 6 and 18
mg/d per dispenser, were compared with the current standard of 2 mg/d per
dispenser and an untreated control on 1-ha circular plots. Dispensers were
spaced 5, 15, and 44 m apart around the plot perimeters eluting 2, 6, and 18
mg/d, respectively. The nominal dose of MCH was 144 mg ha-1 d-1 on all plots.
Percentages of Douglas-fir trees <more or =>20 cm diameter at breast
height mass attacked by Douglas-fir beetle were significantly lower on plots
treated with dispensers eluting 2 and 6 mg/d and spaced 5 and 15 m apart, respectively,
compared with the untreated control. Infestation rate on plots treated with
dispensers eluting 18 mg/d and spaced 44 m apart was not significantly
different from the control. Douglas-fir beetle abundance and host tree
availability were similar on all plots. These results indicate that MCH
dispensers eluting 6 mg/d (three times the current standard rate) and spaced 15
m apart (three times existing standard distance) can effectively prevent
Douglas-fir beetle infestations.
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108. Ross, D.W., K.E. Gibson, R.W. Thier and A.S. Munson. 1996.
Optimal dose of an antiaggregation pheromone (3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one) for
protecting live Douglas-fir from attack by Dendroctonus pseudotsugae
(Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Journal-of-Economic-Entomology 89(5): 1204-1207.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
The Dendroctonus pseudotsugae antiaggregation pheromone,
3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH), was applied to stands of Douglas fir,
Pseudotsuga menziesii in Oregon,
Montana,
Idaho
and Utah,
at high risk for infestation to determine the lowest effective dose for
protecting live trees. MCH was applied at rates of 50, 100, and 150 bubble
capsules per hectare (20, 40, and 60 g/ha, resp.) in 1994, and 15, 30, and 50
bubble capsules per hectare (6, 12, and 20 g/ha, resp.) in 1995. Mean release
rates throughout the beetle flight periods in 1994 and 1995 were 1.63 and 1.23
milligrams per capsule per day, resp. For both years, catches of Douglas fir
beetles in pheromone-baited traps located at the plot centers were
significantly lower on all MCH-treated plots compared with untreated plots, but
there were no differences among the 3 doses of MCH. In contrast, MCH had no
effect on the numbers of 3 predators (Thanasimus undatulus, Enoclerus sphegeus
and Temnochila chlorodia [Temnoscheila chlorodia]) collected in the traps
during either year. In 1994, the percentage of Douglas fir <more or =>20
cm diameter at breast height (dbh) that were mass attacked was significantly
lower on MCH-treated plots compared with the untreated control, and all 3 doses
were equally effective. In 1995, there were no significant differences in the
percentage of mass-attacked trees among the treatments. These results
demonstrate that MCH applied at rates as low as 20 g/ha (50 bubble capsules per
hectare) can reduce the probability that high-risk Douglas fir will become
infested.
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109. Rosso, P. and E. Hansen. 1998. Tree vigour and the susceptibility
of Douglas fir to Armillaria root disease. European-Journal-of-Forest-Pathology
28(1): 43-52.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
pruning
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
carbon allocation
Abstract:
The effects of thinning, fertilization and pruning on the vigour of
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and its susceptibility to Armillaria root
disease were investigated in Oregon,
USA.
Tree vigour was defined as the relative capacity for tree growth, expressed as
the above-ground biomass increment per unit of photosynthetic tissue, or growth
efficiency (GE). It has been hypothesized that trees with higher GE can better
resist pathogen attack, and that GE can be used as a predictor of tree
susceptibility to disease. In a previous study, four P. menziesii plantations
were thinned, fertilized and pruned in all combinations, and the effects of these
treatments on tree vigour were measured after 10 years. Root disease was not a
factor in the initial study design, and mortality was ignored until 8 years
after the treatments were applied. The results of an earlier study were
utilized and the correlation between Armillaria root disease incidence and the
effects of earlier stand treatments on tree growth was investigated. A. ostoyae
[A. obscura] was the primary cause of mortality in the study area. The disease
incidence of infected subplots ranged from 2 to 20%. A. obscura incidence was
the highest at medium tree density (6.1%), slightly lower on the low density
(5.6%) and lowest on the unthinned plots (3.8%). There were no significant
correlations between disease incidence and previous tree growth. The vigour of
trees that became symptomatic or died by 1993 was not significantly different
from the vigour of trees that remained asymptomatic in 1983-85. On these sites,
in areas of infection, A. obscura was causing mortality of the largest, fastest
growing trees, as well as less vigorous trees. It is concluded that Armillaria
continues to cause mortality, regardless of the growth efficiency or growth
rate of the host.
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110. Roth, B.E. and M. Newton. 1996a. Role of Lammas
growth in recovery of Douglas-fir seedlings from deer browsing, as influenced
by weed control, fertilization, and seed source.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 26(6): 936-944.
Keywords: planting
operations
release treatments
chemical release
fertilization
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract:
This study examined the effects of weed control, nitrogen fertilizer,
and seed source on Lammas growth (second flushing) in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) seedlings on 3 sites in the Oregon
Coast
Range.
It also assessed the occurrence of deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus)
browsing as related to these silvicultural treatments and examined the role of
Lammas growth in seedling recovery and escape from deer browsing. Seedlings
(averaging 54 cm tall, 6 mm diameter at 15 cm above ground) were planted in February
1992, and measured at the time of planting and in autumn 1992 and 1993.
Complete weed control with hexazinone (annual applications + spot treatments as
necessary) significantly increased the occurrence of Lammas growth. Nitrogen
fertilizer (220 kg/ha urea) decreased Lammas growth significantly, at least in
part by favouring weed growth. Lammas growth was not influenced by seed source
(genetically improved from a seed orchard or local wild stock). The increased
Lammas growth associated with weed control mediated the effects of deer
browsing. Although multiple-year browsing occurred more commonly on weeded than
unweeded seedlings, after two growing seasons weeded seedlings that were
repeatedly browsed were twice as large as unbrowsed, unweeded seedlings. On one
site, stock of wild origin was more heavily browsed than that from a seed
orchard.
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111. Sandquist, R.E., D.L. Overhulser and J.D. Stein. 1993. Aerial
applications of esfenvalerate to suppress Contarinia oregonensis (Diptera:
Cecidomyiidae) and Megastigmus spermotrophus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) in
Douglas-fir seed orchards. Journal-of-Economic-Entomology 86(2): 470-474.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree/stand protection
stand conditions
Abstract:
Aerial application of esfenvalerate significantly reduced populations
of Contarinia oregonensis and Megastigmus spermotrophus in mature seed orchards
of Pseudotsuga menziesii in Oregon.
Populations of Oligonychus ununguis increased significantly in treated areas.
The results demonstrated that aerial applications can be made under conditions
in the Pacific Northwest and can
reduce insect damage levels with between 10 to 20-times less insecticide than when high-volume orchard sprayers
are used.
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112. Schowalter, T.D. 1984. Dispersal
of cone and seed insects to an isolated Douglas-fir tree in western Oregon. Canadian-Entomologist 116(10):
1437-1438.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
An isolated 10-year-old Douglas fir tree (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Oregon
began to produce seed cones in 1983, and the 43 mature cones it produced were
removed and dissected. Contarinia oregonensis and Megastigmus spermotrophus
were present in 30% of the cones, and undeveloped seeds accounted for 93% of
3059 seeds examined. Of the potentially viable seed (7%), C. oregonensis fused
56% to galled scales, and M. spermotrophus consumed 21%. Ernobius punctulatus
and Leptoglossus occidentalis caused seed losses of 8 and 3%, respectively, of
the potentially viable seed. These results indicate that C. oregonensis and M.
spermotrophus are capable of dispersing to new resources over distances of at
least 85 m. They are discussed in relation to the establishment of buffer zones
around seed orchards.
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113. Schowalter, T.D. 1987. Abundance and distribution of Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) in
two conifer nurseries in western Oregon.
Environmental-Entomology 16(3): 687-690.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Seasonal patterns of abundance and distribution of Lygus hesperus were observed at 2 conifer
nurseries in western Oregon
during 1985. Abundance differed significantly among conifer seedling types (age
class-species combinations) and sampling dates. Highest densities were observed
in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) seedlings
germinated during 1985, in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings
germinated in 1984 and in late July samples. Significant interaction between
seedling type and sample date reflected a shift in L. hesperus occurrence among seedling types during the
growing season, especially from 1984 Douglas fir seedlings early in the season
to 1985 seedlings later in the season. This shift coincided with the dispersal
of the first L. hesperus
generation and with pruning of the 1984 seedlings for height control. The
results indicate that L. hesperus
abundance and distribution in conifer nurseries result from L. hesperus
phenology in combination with seasonal changes in the spatial pattern of
available resources. The implications for nursery management are discussed.
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114. Schowalter, T.D. 1988. Tree breeding and insects: effect of
insects on the genetic diversity of Douglas-fir.
Northwest-Environmental-Journal 4(2): 346-347.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
reproduction
genetic relationships
Abstract:
Two studies on the effects of insects on Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii] seed and seedling production in Oregon
are summarized. In the first study, seed losses due to Douglas fir cone gall
midge [Cecidomyiidae] and Douglas fir seed chalcid [Megastigmus spermotrophus]
were studied. It is suggested that resistance to these pests may be a heritable
trait and that tree position within a stand can modify genetically-controlled
susceptibility to insect attack. The second study indicated that
genetically-controlled susceptibility of seedlings to attack by lygus bug
[Lygus sp.] could be modified by their proximity to alternative food plants.
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115. Schowalter, T.D. and M.I. Harverty. 1989. Influence of host
genotype on Douglas-fir seed losses to Contarinia oregonensis (Diptera:
Cecidomyiidae) and Megastigmus spermotrophus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) in Western
Oregon. Environmental-Entomology 18(1): 94-97.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
seed orchard management
tree/stand protection
genetic relationships
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Seed losses due to the cecidomyiid Contarinia oregonensis and the chalcid
Megastigmus spermotrophus were measured in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) clonal seed orchard and in a Douglas-fir progeny plantation in
western Oregon.
Seed losses due to both insects differed significantly among clones and among
the progeny of selected parental crosses. Seed loss differed more than 3 times
between least-infested and most-infested clones or progeny. Seed losses in the
progeny plantation indicated that resistance to these 2 insects is a heritable
trait, with greater resistance showing a tendency to dominate over lesser
resistance. Insect responses to host genotype may be modified by factors
associated with the position of the tree within the stand. Implications of
these results for tree improvement programmes and seed orchard management are
discussed.
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116. Schowalter, T.D., M.I. Haverty, S.A. Dombrosky and J. Sexton.
1986. Response of Douglas-fir cone gall midge and Douglas-fir seed chalcid to
host plant genotype. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Cone and Seed Insects
Working Party, Station de Zoologie Forestiere, Olivet, France, September 3-5,
1986. Ed. A. Roques. pp. 217-223.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
seed orchard management
tree/stand protection
genetic relationships
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Seed losses due to 2 species of insects were measured from cones of 51
parental crosses (or families, distinct combinations of 6X11 parents) in a
12-year-old progeny plantation of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in
western Oregon.
In 1983 and 1984, seed losses due to Contarinia oregonensis were significantly
different among host families. During 1984, 4 of 5 families with the highest
midge damage (x=79%) shared a common parent and 4 of 5 families with the lowest
midge damage (43%) shared a common parent. This indicates that resistance or
susceptibility to the cecidomyiid is probably heritable. Losses due to
Megastigmus spermotrophus were measured only in 1984 and were also
significantly different among host families. Insect responses to host genotype appeared
to be influenced by the position of the tree within the plantation, by the size
of the cone crop and, in the case of M. spermotrophus, by prior activity of C.
oregonensis.
117. Schowalter, T.D., M.I. Haverty and T.W. Koerber. 1985. Cone and
seed insects in Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, seed
orchards in the western United
States:
distribution and relative impact. Canadian-Entomologist 117(10): 1223-1230.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Cones of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were collected from 17
seed orchards in California,
Oregon
and Washington
in the autumn of 1983; they were dissected, and seed losses were ascribed to
Contarinia oregonensis, Megastigmus spermotrophus, Barbara colfaxiana and
Dioryctria abietivorella. There appeared to be great differences between
orchards, but overall C. oregonensis and M. spermotrophus collectively
destroyed about 70% of the filled seed. Physiographic province significantly
explained variation in damage by all insect species between orchards. In
general, damage by all species increased from northern provinces
to southern mountainous provinces. Damage by C. oregonensis and B. colfaxiana
appeared to be related to land use management factors also.
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118. Schowalter, T.D. and J.D. Stein. 1987. Influence of Douglas-fir
seedling provenance and proximity to insect population sources on
susceptibility to Lygus hesperus
(Heteroptera: Miridae) in a forest nursery in western Oregon.
Environmental-Entomology 16(4): 984-986.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
The effect of Lygus hesperus
feeding on seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) was measured in
seedlings representing 2 elevation zones, for each of 2 seed zones, and each of
2 seedling age classes in a forest nursery in Oregon
during 1984. Damage frequency and height reduction both indicated significant
effects of seed source. Examination of seedling distance from the nursery's
west boundary with a lucerne field (a major source of L. hesperus in the nursery) indicated a significant
effect of proximity to alternative hosts. These results suggest that seedling
susceptibility to damage by L. hesperus
is a function of seedling condition and location within the vegetation matrix.
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119. Sexton, J.M. and T.D. Schowalter. 1991. Physical barriers to
reduce damage by Lepesoma lecontei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to conelets in a
Douglas-fir seed orchard in western Oregon.
Journal-of-Economic-Entomology 84(1): 212-214.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Damage to Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) conelets in Oregon
by Lepesoma lecontei was significantly reduced by the application of a sticky
barrier around the bole of the seed orchard trees. Early conelet injury was
reduced from 25% in controls to 6% in sticky barrier treatments. No significant
protection was observed in a test of a metal baffle placed around the bole.
Significant treatment effects on cone survival could not be detected. Sticky barriers
are a low-cost control that is highly pest specific and need be applied only to
those trees producing a crop in a particular year.
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120. Shepherd, R.F. 1994. Management
strategies for forest insect defoliators in British
Columbia. Forest-Ecology-and-Management
68(2/3): 303-324.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
A synthesis is presented of outbreak characteristics of common
defoliating insects in forests (mainly Pseudotsuga menziesii) in British
Columbia. Two types of
outbreak are identified: fast-cycling and sustained outbreaks. Species with
fast-cycling outbreaks rise quickly to visible defoliation levels, cause
significant growth loss, tree deformation and mortality, and disappear just as
quickly. Fast-cycle species noted include the Douglas fir tussock moth (Orgyia
pseudotsugata), western blackheaded budworm (Acleris gloverana), black army
cutworm (Actebia fennica [Ochropleura fennica]), western hemlock looper
(Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa), false hemlock looper (Nepytia freemani),
greenstriped forest looper (Melanolophia imitata), and the saddleback looper
(Ectropis crepuscularia). The effect of such outbreaks is closely related to
the severity of defoliation during the first year; consequently, the objective
of managing these species should be to reduce populations before defoliation
occurs, i.e. to prevent the outbreak. To accomplish this objective,
identification of susceptible habitats and monitoring with sensitive pheromone
traps in areas of expected outbreaks are necessary to detect upwelling
populations. Species with sustained outbreaks (typified by the various species
of spruce budworms (Choristoneura spp.), e.g., the western spruce budworm, C.
occidentalis, the 2-year cycle budworm, C. biennis, and C. orae) cause
significant growth losses only after defoliation continues for a number of
years. Tree mortality usually is not important except where regeneration is
being nurtured under a selective or shelterwood silvicultural system. Impact
can be significant over the life of a stand because of the length and frequency
of outbreaks, but treatments effective for only 1 year usually cannot be
justified except where it is important to retain a full crown. Long-term
cultural methods appear to be the preferred management system and, of these,
utilizing non-host species or resistant or phenologically asynchronous host
species may be the best option. Again, determining the location of expected
outbreaks is an important component of a management system and, at present,
identifying stands by frequency of outbreak within zones of climatic
suitability would be useful in selecting treatment areas.
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121. Shepherd, R.F., T.G. Gray, R.J. Chorney and G.E. Daterman. 1985. Pest
management of Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (Lepidoptera:
Lymantriidae): monitoring endemic populations with pheromone traps to detect
incipient outbreaks. Canadian-Entomologist 117(7): 839-848.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
The numbers of adults of Orgyia pseudotsugata caught in sticky
delta-shaped pheromone traps baited with different concentrations of synthetic
lures were compared with egg-mass densities and subsequent tree defoliation
throughout a population cycle in British
Columbia. A lure containing
0.01% pheromone by weight in the form of a 3 x 5-mm poly(vinyl chloride) rod provided more consistent
catches than pheromone concentrations of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.1 or 1.0%. Trap
saturation occurred when over 40 moths per trap were caught. To achieve a
standard error of 30%, 6 traps were required at each site. There was a poor
correlation between numbers of moths
caught and egg-mass density or defoliation estimates in the following
generation, but a threshold density was found that provides a warning of an
incipient outbreak. Ground surveys for egg-masses are recommended to confirm
suspected infestations after continuous increases in moth catches for 2-3 years
or if an average of 25 moths or more per trap has been caught.
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122. Shepherd, R.F., I.S. Otvos and R.J. Chorney. 1984a. Pest
management of Douglas-fir tussock moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): a
sequential sampling method to determine egg mass density. Canadian-Entomologist
116(7): 1041-1049.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
A sequential egg-mass sample system for Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunn.)
was designed, based on visual
scanning of the lower branches of Douglas
firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in British
Columbia. A branch was
removed from each quadrant from the upper, middle and lower crown level, and
from the lowest whorl of a total of 59 non-defoliated trees in 10 areas. No
consistent trend in egg-mass density per branch could be found between crown
levels, so the lower whorl of branches was selected for survey purposes. Sample
stop lines were determined from egg-mass density and variability data collected
on 55 sites, and subsequent defoliation estimates were related to these
densities. The system is designed as an early detection tool to be used only in
non-defoliated stands at the incipient stage of an impending outbreak.
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123. Shepherd, R.F., I.S. Otvos, R.J. Chorney and J.C. Cunningham.
1984b. Pest management of Douglas-fir tussock
moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): prevention of an outbreak through early
treatment with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus by ground and aerial applications.
Canadian-Entomologist 116(11): 1533-1542.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
Two application methods were tested using a nuclear polyhedrosis virus as a
biological control agent at an early stage in an outbreak of Orgyia pseudotsugata
on Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] in British
Columbia in 1981. The virus,
which often leads to the development of an epizootic late in the outbreak
cycle, was propagated in O. leucostigma. Four plots were treated from a
helicopter at a dosage of 2.2 x 1011 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) in an
emitted spray volume of 11.3 litres/ha; 5-8 weeks after spraying, 77-100% of
live larvae were infected. Two plots were treated from the ground at 2.4 x 1010
PIB in 4.5 litres/tree; 8
weeks after treatment 83-85% of live larvae were infected. No egg-masses could
be found in the treated plots in the autumn of 1981, and no larvae were found
on sample trees in 1982 or 1983. The treatment was effective over a range of
initial mean larval densities of 41-206/msuperscript 2 foliage. Populations in
untreated areas nearby increased in 1982. Little foliage protection was
obtained the year of application, due to the lengthy virus incubation period,
but the trees recovered quickly when larval populations disappeared.
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124. Simpson, D.G. 1990. Frost hardiness, root growth capacity, and
field performance relationships in interior spruce, lodgepole pine,
Douglas-fir, and western hemlock seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
20(5): 566-572.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract:
Interior spruce (Picea glauca-P. engelmannii complex), lodgepole pine
(Pinus contorta), interior and coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were grown from seed for 20 wk in
containers in a greenhouse, with 18-h photoperiods. Seedlings were then
acclimatized under natural daylength and temperature conditions at Vernon,
British Columbia, for up to 12 wk (7
September-1 December). To create planting stock batches of varying quality, at
2-wk intervals during the acclimatization period separate samples of seedlings
were taken (1) for immediate measurement of foliage frost hardiness or (2) for
overwinter storage at 2 degrees C (western hemlock and coastal Douglas fir) or
-2 degrees C (interior spruce, lodgepole pine and coastal Douglas fir). After
storage, samples were used either for root growth capacity (RGC) measurement or
for outplanting at various forest sites in British
Columbia. In all species,
frost hardiness and RGC increased with increasing weeks of acclimatization.
Frost hardiness and RGC were correlated with each other in western hemlock,
lodgepole pine and Douglas fir, and with field performance (survival or growth)
in interior spruce, lodgepole pine and Douglas fir.
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125. Stein, J.D. and G.P. Markin. 1986. Evaluation of four chemical
insecticides registered for control of the Douglas-fir cone gall midge,
Contarinia oregonensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and the Douglas-fir seed
chalcid, Megastigmus spermotrophus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), in Douglas-fir
seed orchards. Canadian-Entomologist 118(11): 1185-1191.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree/stand protection
stand conditions
tree/stand health
Abstract:
The control of Contarinia oregonensis and Megastigmus spermotrophus on
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Washington
and Oregon
in 1982 and 1983 depended on the levels of infestation and which of 4
insecticides was used. There was no significant reduction in infestation of
either pest when acephate was applied. Oxydemeton-methyl (by spray or
injection) and dimethoate (in sprays) significantly reduced damage by C.
oregonensis. These three compounds and azinphos-methyl were ineffective against
M. spermotrophus for infestations affecting <10% of extractable seed.
Oxydemeton-methyl injections, azinphos-methyl and dimethoate significantly
reduced the incidence of the chalcid when infestation was high (61%). There was
no statistically significant difference for pairwise comparisons between
compounds that significantly reduced infestation with either pest.
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126. Stein, J.D., R.E. Sandquist, T.W. Koerber and C.L. Frank. 1993. Response
of Douglas-fir cone and seed insects to implants of systemic insecticides in a
northern California
forest and a southern Oregon
seed orchard. Journal-of-Economic-Entomology 86(2): 465-469.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
reproduction
stand conditions
Abstract:
The systemic insecticides acephate, dimethoate and carbofuran were
implanted into Pseudotsuga menziesii at Oakridge,
Oregon
and Willow Creek,
California,
to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing seed and cone insect damage. The
acephate-implant treatment significantly reduced seed damage by Barbara
colfaxiana and Contarinia oregonensis, and significantly increased the
percentage of filled seed by 300% at the California
site. Neither dimethoate nor carbofuran significantly affected any of the seed
or cone insects encountered. Acephate was not effective against Megastigmus
spermotrophus or Leptoglossus occidentalis. The association observed between C.
oregonesis damage and undeveloped seeds suggested that management strategies
that include effective control measures should also include methods to monitor
and reduce seed abortion.
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127. Stein, W.I. 1997. Ten-year
survival and growth of planted Douglas-fir and western redcedar after seven
site-preparation treatments. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 12(3):
74-80.
Keywords: site
preparation
chemical preparation
prescribed fire
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) were planted together after applying seven site-preparation methods
at one cable-logged site in the Oregon Coast Ranges. The treatments, applied
during 1980, were: untreated control; spot clear by cutting; aerial spraying
with glyphosate; broadcast burning; slash and burn; spray with Tordon 101
(picloram + 2,4-D) and burn; and burn and sow grass. Planting was done in early
1991, and vegetation and trees were measured periodically to 1990. Survival and
growth of cedar were markedly less than Douglas fir on this favourable site
where both species were components of the original stand. Repeated browsing
severely impeded the cedar. Site preparation by broadcast burning generally
yielded the best results, but sowing grass after broadcast burning produced
Douglas fir responses similar to those for no site preparation. Where grass was
sown, herbaceous cover was more abundant and taller, salmonberry (Rubus
spectabilis) differed little in density but was slightly taller, and
development of red alder (Alnus rubra) was delayed. Red alder is currently
overtopping conifers in all treatments, and release is needed to ensure
sufficient conifer survival.
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128. Stelzer, M.J. and R.C. Beckwith. 1988. Comparison of two isolates
of Bacillus thuringiensis in a field test on western spruce budworm
(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal-of-Economic-Entomology 81(3): 880-886.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
stand conditions
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Two isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis (Thuricide 32LV [B. thuringiensis
subsp. thuringiensis] and SAN-415 32LV) were compared for efficacy against
Choristoneura occidentalis on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir
(Abies grandis) in Oregon.
The insecticides were applied aerially at 20 and 30 billion International Units
in a spray volume of 7.1 litres/ha. The 30 BIU/ha dosage provided better
population control than 20 BIU/ha dosage with both formulations; however, only
the difference between dosages for the SAN-415 32LV formulation was
significant. Differences in efficacy between the isolates were not significant.
The application of B. thuringiensis improved foliage protection by 15-25%
compared with untreated plots.
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129. Stevenson, J.F., B.J. Hawkins and J.H. Woods. 1999. Spring and
fall cold hardiness in wild and selected seed sources of coastal Douglas-fir.
Silvae-Genetica 48(1): 29-34.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
tree phenology
growth
Abstract:
Breeding for increased growth in coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
could affect the level of cold hardiness of seedlings used for reforestation.
If increased growth is achieved by initiating growth earlier in the spring or
prolonging growth later into autumn, cold hardiness could be reduced during
these seasons. Cold hardiness was measured in top-cross and first generation
seed orchard trees selected for increased growth rates, and wild stand trees on
Vancouver Island
and near Mission,
BC,
throughout one growing season by visual assessment of artificial freeze tests.
Significant differences in freezing damage between genetically selected and
wild stand trees were found during both spring and autumn. In April, LT50 of
top-cross trees was 0.7-2.4 degrees C below that of wild stand trees, while in
October, LT50 of wild stand trees was 1.9-3.4 degrees C below that of top-cross
trees. Mitotic index was investigated as an indicator of dormancy, and a
negative correlation between mitotic index and cold hardiness was found. A
significant difference in mitotic index between the genetic groups was found
once in March when mitotic index in wild stand and seed orchard trees was 1.4%
and mitotic index in top-cross trees was 0.9%. There were no significant
differences in mitotic index at any other times during the year. Date of bud
burst and rates of shoot extension were related to levels of cold hardiness in
the three groups of seedlings. The stage of bud burst in May was significantly
correlated with levels of hardiness found earlier in March and April. Trees
that completed shoot extension earlier in the season were significantly more hardy in autumn. Top-cross trees may extend their
growing season later into the fall, thereby gaining a height advantage over
wild stand seedlings. These top-cross families do not have an increased mid to
late autumn frost damage risk, and in fact may have reduced risk of critical
spring frost damage due to delayed deacclimation.
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130. Sturrock, R.N., E.J. Phillips and R.G. Fraser. 1994. A trial of
push-falling to reduce Phellinus weirii infection of coastal Douglas-fir. B.C. Ministry of Forests FRDA-Report 217.
vi + 22 p.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
economics
tree/stand health
soil properties
Abstract:
In push-falling, whole trees are pushed over by a bucket- and thumb-equipped
excavator then grapple skidded to a landing where root masses are cut off and
stems are bucked into logs. Harvesting of trees and removal of diseased roots
is thus achieved with one stand entry. The productivity and economics of push
felling were evaluated in a second-growth Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
stand in coastal British
Columbia. Results indicated
that costs are comparable to those for conventional harvesting alone and that
push felling can effectively remove infected roots. Before harvest <80% of
the site was undisturbed but disturbed soils occupied 50.6% of the site after
harvest. Changes in total bulk densities were relatively minor.
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131. Sullivan, T.P. and D.S. Sullivan. 1985. Operational direct
seeding of Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine with alternative foods in British
Columbia. B.C.-Ministry-of-Forests Research-Note 97. vi + 16 p.
Keywords: planting
operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
economics
reproduction
Abstract:
Direct sowing of clear-felled areas in temperate coniferous forests of N.
America has often been hampered because of seed
predation by rodents and birds. In trials in British Columbia, seed predation
was considerably reduced when Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seed was
mixed with sunflower seed (7:1 sunflower to Douglas fir) or with sunflower seed
and oat kernals (5:2:1 sunflower/oats/Douglas fir) or when lodgepole pine
(Pinus contorta) seed was mixed with sunflower seed (2:1 sunflower to pine).
The economics of providing alternative food for the predators and operational
considerations are discussed.
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132. Summers, D. and G.E. Miller. 1986. Experience with systemic
insecticides for control of cone and seed insects in Douglas-fir seed orchards
in coastal British
Columbia, Canada.
In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Cone and Seed Insects
Working Party, Station de Zoologie Forestiere, Olivet, France, September 3-5,
1986. Ed. A. Roques. pp. 267-283.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
reproduction
stand conditions
Abstract:
Three systemic insecticides were screened experimentally, and 2 of
them used operationally, against cone and seed insects (especially Contarinia
oregonensis, Megastigmus spermotrophus and Barbara colfaxiana), in seed
orchards of Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] on Vancouver
I., British
Columbia. Dimethoate, as a
foliar spray, controlled the pests and increased the number of filled seeds per
cone, making it the recommended choice. Oxydemeton-methyl, as a foliar spray,
was as effective as dimethoate in controlling the insects but appeared less
effective in increasing the number of filled seeds. Injections of
oxydemeton-methyl were less effective than foliar sprays in controlling insect
damage. Acephate as a foliar spray was inconsistent in the level of pest
control achieved and as an injection gave poor results; its use was also
associated with the development of serious outbreaks of Adelges cooleyi
[Gilletteella cooleyi].
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133. Summers, D. and D.S. Ruth. 1987. Effect of diatomaceous earth, malathion, dimethoate and
permethrin on Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae): a pest of
conifer seed. Journal-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-British-Columbia 84:
33-38.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
stand conditions
Abstract:
Field and laboratory studies were carried out in British
Columbia in 1986 to test the
efficacy of some insecticides against Leptoglossus occidentalis attacking
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The coreids were exposed to diatomaceous
earth [diatomite], and sprays of 0.1 and 1.0% Lagon 2E (dimethoate) and 0.1 and
0.01% Ambush 50 EC (permethrin) in both laboratory and field tests and to 0.1% malathion in the laboratory. In
field tests, permethrin and dimethoate caused significant mortality for 2 weeks
after sprays were applied and permethrin continued to be effective for a 3rd
week. Diatomite was not effective in the field tests or in 1 of 2 laboratory
tests. Malathion, dimethoate and permethrin caused significant mortality in
both laboratory tests.
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134. Tesch,
S.D.,
G.M. Filip, S.A. Fitzgerald and D.D. Marshall. 1994. Silvicultural treatments
for enhancing tree value, vigor, and growth in 70- to 120-year-old stands
dominated by noble fir on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation: a synthesis of
the literature. Forest Research Laboratory, College
of Forestry, Oregon State
University. iii + 21 p.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
pruning
tree/stand protection
growth
yield
tree/stand health
Abstract:
The Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon,
apparently contains some 30 000 acres of naturally regenerated, largely
unmanaged stands of 70- to 120-year-old mixed conifer forest dominated by noble
fir (Abies procera), with Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii], and some Pacific
silver fir [Abies amabilis] and western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla]. The
synthesis focuses on growth and yield, thinning, pruning, fertilizer treatment,
disease, minimizing stand damage during thinning, and insect pests.
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135. Thies, W.G. and C.Y. Li. 1988. Movement of Lauricidin in Douglas-fir stumps infested by Phellinus
weirii. Northwest-Science 62(1): 16-20.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Two concentrations of Lauricidin (monolaurin) in a carrier solution of dimethyl
sulfoxide and EDTA, and the carrier solution alone were applied to holes
drilled in the tops of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stumps infested by
Phellinus weirii. Half of the stumps were evaluated after 4 months and the rest
after 32 months. Lauricidin did not appear to move significantly in the stumps
or roots. Any effect of the treatments on survival of P. weirii occurred near
the treatment application holes and appeared to be caused by the carrier
solution. It was concluded that the formulation of Lauricidin tested in this
study was relatively immobile in wood and for that reason a poor choice as a
chemical for treating stumps to control P. weirii.
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136. Thies, W.G. and E.E. Nelson. 1987a. Reduction of Phellinus weirii
inoculum in Douglas-fir stumps by the fumigants chloropicrin, Vorlex or
methylisothiocyanate. Forest-Science 33(2): 316-329.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Chloropicrin, Vorlex (both liquids) and methyl isothiocyanate (a waxy solid and
an active ingredient in Vorlex) were placed in holes in stumps of Douglas fir,
47 yr old, on a site clear felled near Apiary, Oregon. Stumps with liquids were
unsealed or sealed with a layer of asphalt roofing compound. Stumps of trees
dead when felled were sealed with a plastic covering to reduce loss of fumigant
through decayed or weathered wood. All fumigants at the lowest tested dosage
reduced or eradicated P. [Inonotus] weirii from infested stumps and roots.
There were small, if any, increases in effectiveness as a result of increased
dosage, sealing with asphalt or covering with plastic. Chloropicrin and Vorlex
were more effective than methyl isothiocyanate. Absence of significant effects
may have resulted from large variations within treatments. Assessments of
inoculum survival in untreated stumps were similar with aseptic isolation
techniques and observations of fungal regrowth on cut surfaces of incubated
root discs. Isolations from fumigated stumps indicated greater survival of I.
weirii in roots than shown by fungal regrowth. Viable
I. weirii
was not found in most root discs where fumigant was detected by bioassay.
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137. Thies, W.G. and E.E. Nelson. 1987b. Survival of Douglas-fir
injected with the fumigants chloropicrin, methylisothiocyanate or Vorlex.
Northwest-Science 61(1): 60-64.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
The fumigants were introduced into holes drilled past the centre of trees
uninfected, probably infected or definitely infected with Phellinus [Inonotus]
weirii in a 47-yr-old stand near Apiary, Oregon. Test dosages of chloropicrin
or methyl isothiocyanate (MIT) were applied in Mar. 1982 and of chloropicrin or
Vorlex (containing MIT) in Apr. 1983. Of 120 trees treated with fumigant, 95
trees were still alive in mid-Sep. 1984. After 3 growing seasons, all 45 trees
treated with MIT and 21 of 45 trees treated with chloropicrin were still alive.
After 2 seasons, crown condition was poorer in trees treated with Vorlex than
in untreated trees or those treated with MIT. Attempts were made to isolate I.
weirii from trees that died during the study. The fungus was isolated from all
discs of an untreated tree, but from only 22% of root discs from 25 trees
treated with chloropicrin or Vorlex. Roots have not been examined in trees
still alive.
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138. Thies, W.G. and E.E. Nelson. 1996. Reducing Phellinus weirii
inoculum by applying fumigants to living Douglas-fir.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 26(7): 1158-1165.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
In 1982, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees in the Oregon
Coast Range
were placed in three disease classes based on signs and symptoms of laminated
root rot caused by Phellinus weirii. Eight fumigation treatments and an
untreated check were applied to five replicate trees within each disease class.
The dose applied to each tree was based on the estimated biomass in the
below-ground portion of the bole, large roots, and first 2.4 m of the
above-ground bole. The highest dosages tested were 1.5 g of methylisothiocyanate
(MITC), 6.7 ml of chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane), and 6.7 ml of Vorlex
(v/v 20% MITC, 80% chlorinated C3 hydrocarbons) per kg biomass. In 1991 the
roots of all surviving trees were excavated (roots of other trees were
excavated at time of death), dissected, and sampled for viable Phellinus
weirii. Twenty-four of the 30 trees treated with the two highest dosages of
chloropicrin were killed, presumably by the fumigant. None of 45 trees treated
with MITC and only 3 of 15 trees treated with Vorlex died, as did 3 of 15
untreated check trees. Volume of stained and decayed roots occupied by viable
Phellinus weirii was reduced 78-90% by MITC or Vorlex compared with reductions
of 51-65% by chloropicrin at the two lower, less phytotoxic doses (0.5 or 0.25
times the maximum dose), and 9% for untreated checks.
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139. Thies, W.G., E.E. Nelson and D. Zabowski. 1994. Removal of stumps
from a Phellinus weirii infested site and fertilization affect mortality and
growth of planted Douglas-fir. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 24(2):
234-239.
Keywords: site
preparation
mechanical preparation
fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
soil properties
Abstract:
A field study was established in a 4.9 ha clearcut on the west slope
of the Cascade Range (44 degrees 21'N, 122 degrees 39'W), Oregon, to evaluate
the effects of stump removal (of both infested and non-infested stumps) and
fertilizing with ammonium nitrate on the incidence of laminated root rot
(caused by Phellinus weirii) in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings.
A 2x4 set of factorial treatments of stump removal in combination with nitrogen
fertilizing was applied in August 1980 to 0.04-ha circular plots within the
clearcut. Treatments included stump removal (either all stumps removed or the
plot left undisturbed) and broadcast application of ammonium nitrate (0, 336,
672, or 1345 kg N/ha). Diameter at breast height and height of Douglas fir, planted
as 2+1 bare root seedlings 4 months after treatment (in January 1981), were
recorded 5 and 9 seasons after outplanting. Soil bulk density in the upper 20
cm was measured with a single-probe neutron densimeter. Stump removal reduced
the number of seedlings killed by laminated root rot but had no significant
effect on seedling growth. Stump removal increased soil bulk density only 7% as
measured 9.7 years after treatment. Fertilizer increased the growth in diameter
at breast height, and height growth of the seedlings but had no effect on
mortality. There were no significant interactions between fertilizing and
stumping treatments. Increased total soil N could still be detected on
fertilized, nonstumped plots 9.7 years after treatment.
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140. Thies, W.G. and R.N. Sturrock. 1995. Laminated root rot in Western
North America. Pacific
Northwest Research Station, USDA
Forest Service General Technical
Report GTR-PNW-349. iv
+ 32 pp. p.
Keywords: planting
operations
site preparation
mechanical preparation
fertilization
thinning
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Laminated root rot, caused by Phellinus weirii, is a serious root disease
affecting Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and other commercially important
species of conifers in northwestern North America.
This report gives an overview of the disease as it occurs in the Pacific
Northwest in Canada
and the USA.
Information on recognizing crown symptoms and signs of the disease is presented.
The disease cycle of laminated root rot, from initiation to intensification and
distribution within infected stands, is described. Finally, disease management
strategies during stand development and at stand regeneration are discussed.
Features on the nomenclature of the fungus and on its management by
silvicultural and mechanical approaches also are included.
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141. Wass, E.F. and R.B. Smith. 1997. Impacts of stump uprooting on a
gravelly sandy loam soil and planted Douglas-fir seedlings in south-coastal British
Columbia. Pacific-Forestry-Centre,-Canadian-Forest-Service
Information-Report BC-X-368. vi
+ 15 p.
Keywords: site
preparation
mechanical preparation
tree/stand protection
soil properties
stand conditions
growth
Abstract:
Studies to determine levels and impacts of soil disturbance caused during
root-disease control by stump removal were initiated on a cutover on southern Vancouver
Island immediately prior to the control operation and
the establishment of a plantation of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Soil
surface condition was assessed on the stumped area. Soil disturbance was
measured at 699 planting spots. Vegetation development was assessed at 10% of
the spots. Of all planting spots, 180 were undisturbed soil, 277 deposits and
242 gouges. The soil, a gravelly sandy loam, increased naturally in soil
density with depth from 1.05 t/msuperscript
3 at the surface to over 1.60 t/msuperscript 3 at depths more
than 40 cm. Disturbance did not significantly increase soil density. Unlike
previous studies of this nature, ease of soil penetrability was increased by
the stump uprooting disturbance and vegetation development was not greatly
dissimilar between disturbed and undisturbed soil. The relatively low soil
impacts were attributed to the ability of the excavator to pile stumps without
pushing topsoil, and the low site sensitivity to compaction. These low impacts
on soil and reduced vegetative competition on disturbed soil resulted in tree
growth rates which were significantly greater after 10 years on deposits (12%
in height and 18% in diameter) and gouges (6% in height and 8% in diameter)
than on undisturbed soil.
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143. White, T.L. 1987. Drought tolerance of
southwestern Oregon Douglas-fir. Forest-Science 33(2): 283-293.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand protection
tree phenology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Seedlings of 2 open-pollinated families from each of 36 seed sources were
tested for their ability to survive simulated drought in a growth room,
greenhouse and cold frame. Generally, seedlings of sources from higher alt.
and, to a lesser extent, drier sites were more drought
tolerant. Seedlings from drought-tolerant sources tended to have earlier bud
set, smaller initial ht. and less winter injury (needle mortality). The main
selective force leading to earlier bud set and smaller ht. growth appeared to
be the colder temp. regime at higher alt. Seedlings
from higher alt. entered dormancy sooner and were better able to survive
drought.
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144. Wilson, J. 2004. Vulnerability to wind damage in managed
landscapes of the coastal Pacific Northwest.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 191(1/3): 341-351.
Keywords: planting
operations
thinning
tree/stand protection
computer modeling
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Managed forested landscapes in the coastal Pacific
Northwest follow a pattern of transition from
dominance by naturally regenerated second growth to dominance by planted
stands. This transition should have dramatic influence on many characteristics
of these landscapes and the larger region, including susceptibility to wind
damage. In this paper, inventory and spatial information from an example
landscape are integrated using the Landscape Management System to produce
alternative management scenarios and evaluate the projections using a wind
damage vulnerability rating system. Planted Douglas-fir stands tend to develop
higher height to diameter ratios in the dominant trees, are thinned more often,
and tend to have more exposed windward edges; characteristics which increase
susceptibility to wind damage. In this analysis, the increasing vulnerability
factors are mostly compensated for by the reduced rotation lengths expected in
the plantations. The pattern of transition in managed landscapes generates an
associated pattern of vulnerability to wind damage. Homogeneously and
heterogeneously aged landscapes have distinct patterns of vulnerability. These
differences could be harnessed to enhance the particular goals associated with
managing individual ownerships.
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145. Wilson,
J.S. and C.D. Oliver. 2000. Stability and density management in Douglas-fir
plantations. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 30(6): 910-920.
Keywords: planting
operations
thinning
tree/stand protection
tree morphology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Limited tree size variation in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
plantations in coastal Oregon,
Washington,
and British Columbia
makes them susceptible to developing high height to diameter ratios (H/D) in
the dominant trees. The H/D of a tree is a relative measure of stability under
wind and snow loads. Experimental plot data from three large studies were used
to evaluate the impact of initial planting densities and thinning on plantation
H/D values. The H/D predictions from the experimental plot data match spacing
trial results closely but are substantially different from distance-independent
growth model predictions. The results suggest that plantation H/D values can be
lowered and stability promoted through reduced planting densities or early
thinning; however, later thinnings may not be effective in promoting stability,
since they do not appear to lower H/D values. Higher initial planting densities
shorten the time period during which thinning can be expected to effectively
lower future H/D values. Time-sensitive thinning requirements in dense
plantations make their management inflexible. The flexibility with which a
stand can be managed describes the rigidity of intervention requirements and/or
potential range of stand development pathways.
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146. Witmer, G.W., M.J. Pipas and J.C. Bucher. 1998. Field tests of
denatonium benzoate to reduce seedling damage by pocket gophers (Thomomys
talpoides Rich.). Crop-Protection 17(1): 35-39.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
The repellency of a bitter compound, denatonium benzoate, to reduce
pocket gopher damage to conifer seedlings was tested in two independent field
trials in Oregon
and Idaho.
In the Oregon
trial (1992 to 1993), treatments included a denatonium benzoate tablet placed
in-ground with the seedling roots; a tablet plus denatonium benzoate foliar
spray applied to both roots and foliage; and no chemical application (i.e.
control). No significant difference between treatments was noted for ponderosa
pine (Pinus ponderosa) or Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings
suffering gopher-related mortality. Non-animal mortality (58.2% of all
seedlings) accounted for a greater loss of seedlings than gophers (38.2%).
Composite foliage and composite soil samples collected from the treatment plots
were all negative for the presence of denatonium benzoate. In the Idaho
trial (1993 to 1994), similar treatments (but with an additional spray-only
treatment) were used on ponderosa pine seedlings. There was no significant
difference in gopher-related mortality levels between treatments. A large
portion (72.5%) of all seedlings was destroyed by gophers. It appears that the
bitter compound, denatonium benzoate, as evaluated in these trials, is not an
effective gopher repellent.
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147. Yarris, L. 1983. Cranberry girdlers eat trees, too.
Agricultural-Research-USA 31(12): 14-15.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Field observations and pheromone-trap monitoring carried out in
Oregon, USA, by J.A. Kamm & L.M. McDonough showed that adults of the
cranberry girdler [Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zell.)], which is a serious pest of
cranberries and grasses, migrated into nurseries of Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii], where eggs were laid and the hatching larvae fed on tap-roots,
reducing seedling quality and vigour and in some cases killing the seedlings.
This problem could be practically eliminated by applying diazinon to nurseries
during the flight period of the pest, usually from mid-June to mid-July,
followed by 1 or 2 applications of chlorpyrifos to control any larvae. In
addition, wherever possible, grasslands bordering a nursery should be re-seeded
to a crop on which C. topiaria does not feed, to reduce migration into the
nursery, and weeds should be removed from vacant beds and a non-host cover crop
planted.
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