1. 2001. Common insects and diseases of
interior Douglas-fir. British Columbia Ministry of
Forests SIL471. 8 p.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: This field
guide provides information on the different pests and diseases of the interior
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in British Columbia which include:
defoliating insects (Douglas fir tussock moth, spruce budworm and rusty tussock
moth); dwarf mistletoe; foliar diseases (e.g., caused by the Cooley spruce
adelgid); bark beetles; root diseases (Armillaria root disease, blackstain root
disease, laminated root rot and blackstain root disease); wood decay (caused by
bracket or conk fungi); and various abiotic problems (sunscald, drought or
frost). A guideline to control infestations of these given pests is also
included.
2.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
tree physiology
Abstract: Summaries
are given of research projects on improvement of Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii] in the Pacific Northwest: seedling drought physiology; genetics of
dark respiration and its relationship with drought hardiness; response of saplings
to drought, as measured by growth ring variables; use of microsatellite marker
loci to identify pollen contamination in seed orchards; and evaluation of
miniaturized seed orchard designs.
OSU
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Non-OSU
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3. Aitken, S.N. and W.T. Adams. 1996.
Genetics of fall and winter cold hardiness of coastal Douglas-fir in Oregon.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 26(10): 1828-1837.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
tree physiology
genetic relationships
Abstract: Genetic
variation in autumn cold hardiness was studied in two western
OSU
Link
Non-OSU
Link
4. Aitken, S.N. and W.T. Adams. 1997.
Spring cold hardiness under strong genetic control in
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
tree phenology
tree physiology
genetic relationships
Abstract: Genetic
variation in spring cold hardiness of shoots prior to bud break was studied in
two
5. Aitken, S.N., W.T. Adams, N.
Schermann and L.H. Fuchigami. 1996. Family variation for fall cold hardiness in
two
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
tree physiology
tree phenology
genetic relationships
Abstract: In
order to assess the genetics of autumn (fall) cold hardiness in coastal Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), shoot cuttings were collected in
October from saplings (9-year-old trees) of open-pollinated families in two
progeny tests in each of two breeding zones in Washington, one in the Coast
range (80 families) and one on the west slope of the Cascade Mountains (89
families). Samples from over 5500 trees were subjected to artificial freezing
and visually evaluated for needle, stem and bud tissue injury. The extent to
which cold injury is genetically related to tree height and shoot phenology
(timing of bud burst and bud set) was also evaluated. Significant family
variation was found for all cold hardiness traits; however, individual
heritability estimates were relatively low (ranging from 0.09 to 0.22).
Significant family-by-test site interaction was detected for needle injury in
the Cascade breeding zone, but not in the coastal zone. Genetic correlations
(rA) among needle, stem and bud tissues for cold damage were weak (0.16<less
or =>rA<less or =>0.58) indicating that genes controlling autumn cold
hardening are somewhat different for different tissues. Timing of bud burst and
bud set were only weakly correlated with cold injury (rA<less or =>0.49).
Thus, bud phenology is a poor predictor of autumn cold hardiness in this
species. There was no consistent relationship between tree height and cold
injury in the coastal zone. In the Cascade zone, taller trees appeared to be
more susceptible to cold injury, but the association was weak (mean rA=0.38,
range 0.20-0.72).
OSU
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Non-OSU
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6. Alvarez, I.F. and R.G. Linderman.
1983. Effects of ethylene and fungicide dips during cold storage on root
regeneration and survival of western conifers and their mycorrhizal fungi.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(5): 962-971.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract:
Survival and growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa and Abies
concolor seedlings, and survival of mycorrhizal fungi on their roots were
assessed after cold storage with or without 5 p.p.m. ethylene in combination
with 4 root treatments: washed, dipped in Truban [etridiazole] or Benlate sol.
or not treated. Ethylene treatment resulted in increased survival, apical bud
burst, and new root formation in the greenhouse if roots had not been washed or
dipped in fungicide. None of the gas storage or root treatments greatly
affected seedling survival in the field. Root washing decreased seedling
vigour, especially in fir. None of the root treatments or gas storage
conditions affected root fungal populations; bacterial and actinomycete
populations appeared to be affected and the response varied according to host species.
Pisolithus tinctorius, which formed mycorrhizae with 10-20% of the short roots
of the seedlings, did not survive cold storage. Thelephora spp. and an
ectendomycorrhizal fungus both survived cold storage and rapidly colonized
roots newly formed on seedlings planted after cold storage.
7. Alvarez, I.F. and J.M. Trappe.
1983a. Dusting roots of Abies concolor and other conifers with Pisolithus
tinctorius spores at outplanting time proves ineffective.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(5): 1021-1023.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
mechanical preparation
growth
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Dusting
roots of Abies concolor, Abies magnifica var. shastensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii
and Pinus ponderosa with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) spores when planted out
produced no Pt mycorrhizae at the end of the first growing season. In the 3rd
yr occasional Pt mycorrhizae had formed on A. concolor. Inoculations reduced
seedling survival in some cases. High rates of spore application may have
desiccated roots of the true firs and spore amounts applied need careful
attention. Soil scarification and ripping significantly promoted growth of A.
concolor seedlings compared with scarification alone.
8. Amaranthus, M.P. and D.A. Perry.
1987. Effect of soil transfer on ectomycorrhiza formation and the survival and
growth of conifer seedlings on old, nonreforested clear-cuts.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(8): 944-950.
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand health
growth
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Small
amounts (150 ml) of soil from established conifer plantations and mature forest
were transferred to planting holes on 3 sites in the
9. Amaranthus, M.P. and D.A. Perry.
1989a. Interaction effects of vegetation type and Pacific madrone soil inocula
on survival, growth and mycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 19(5): 550-556.
Keywords: planting operations
growth
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: One-yr-old
non-mycorrhizal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were planted in
1985 in cleared blocks within 3 adjacent vegetation types in SW Oregon, viz.,
whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida), annual grass meadow, and an open
stand of Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana). Within subplots in each block,
either pasteurized or unpasteurized soil from a nearby Pacific madrone (Arbutus
menziesii) stand was transferred to the planting holes of the seedlings;
control seedlings received no madrone soil. Second-year survival averaged 92,
43 and 12% for seedlings planted on the manzanita, meadow and oak sites,
respectively. Growth differences generally paralleled survival differences.
Added madrone soil, whether pasteurized or unpasteurized, did not influence
survival. Unpasteurized madrone soil substantially increased the growth of
seedlings on the manzanita site, but not in the meadow or oak stand.
Pasteurized madrone soil did not affect growth in any of the vegetation types.
Unpasteurized madrone soil nearly tripled the number of mycorrhizal root tips
forming on seedlings and resulted in formation of a new mycorrhiza type on the
manzanita site, although it had little or no effect on the meadow or oak sites.
These results suggest that manzanita and madrone impose a biological pattern on
soils that stimulates Douglas fir growth and survival, and support results of
other studies indicating that root symbionts and rhizosphere organisms mediate
interactions among plant species.
10. Amaranthus, M.P. and D.A. Perry.
1989b. Rapid root tip and mycorrhiza formation and increased survival of
Douglas-fir seedlings after soil transfer. New-Forests 3(3): 259-264.
Keywords: planting operations
mycorrhizal response
root development
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In
order to re-inoculate soil with mycorrhizal fungi, small amounts (about 150 ml)
of soil from an established Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation were
added to planting holes when Douglas fir seedlings were planted on an old,
unrevegetated clearcut in the
11. Anekonda, T.S., M.C. Lomas, W.T.
Adams, K.L. Kavanagh and S.N. Aitken. 2002. Genetic variation in drought
hardiness of coastal Douglas-fir seedlings from
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
genetic relationships
tree physiology
Abstract: Genetic
variation in drought hardiness traits and their genetic correlations with
growth potential and recovery traits were investigated in 39 full-sib families
of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) from southwestern
OSU
Link
Non-OSU
Link
12. Antonelli, A.L. and R.L.
Campbell. 1991. Cooley spruce gall aphid. College of
Agriculture and Home Economics,
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Notes
are provided on the biology, injuriousness and chemical control (carbaryl and
endosulfan are suggested) of Adelges cooleyi [Gilletteella cooleyi] on certain
coniferous trees [including Picea sitchensis, P. engelmannii, P. pungens and
Pseudotsuga menziesii] in
13. Arnott, J.T. and D. Beddows.
1982. Influence of Styroblock container size on field performance of
Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla and Picea sitchensis seeds were sown in April
1971 in BC/CFS Styroblocks sizes 2 and 8 with volumes of 40 and 125
cmsuperscript 3 respectively. The seedlings in the larger containers were kept
in a heated greenhouse for 2-3 months to stimulate growth to fill the
containers, before joining those in the smaller containers in an outdoor
shadehouse nursery. Seedlings were planted out in
14. Arnott, J.T. and F.T. Pendl.
1994. Field performance of several tree species and stock types planted in
montane forests of coastal
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
growth
tree/stand health
wood
quality
Abstract: Planting
trials were established at sites within the Mountain Hemlock and montane
Coastal Western Hemlock biogeoclimatic zones. Six test areas were chosen within
each zone. Amabilis fir (Abies amabilis), noble fir (A. procera), yellow cedar
(Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) were the
species selected for planting in the Mountain Hemlock zone. In addition to
Abies amabilis and A. procera, western white pine (Pinus monticola), western
redcedar (Thuja plicata), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were planted in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone.
Plug (PSB 211), plug transplant and bareroot stock types were used for the
eight species across both zones. Seedlings were planted during the autumn
(September/October) and spring (May) in each of two successive years: 1978-79
and 1979-80. Survival, growth and tree form 13 years after planting were used
as indicators of the reliability (a combination of tree survival and form) and
productivity of the planting treatment combinations. Noble fir and amabilis fir
were the most reliable species in the Mountain Hemlock zone; i.e. these species
have average survival rates higher than 80% and few form defects. Yellow cedar
crowns were badly broken by snow, which reduced the reliability of this species
in the early years of plantation establishment. The growth, survival and form
of mountain hemlock ranked between that of the true firs and yellow cedar.
Noble fir was by far the most productive species in the Mountain Hemlock zone.
Within the Coastal Western Hemlock zone no single species demonstrated a
superior combination of productivity or reliability. Douglas fir, western
hemlock and western redcedar were good species in the lower elevations of the
zone, whereas noble fir and amabilis fir were better species at the upper elevational
limits of the zone. Western white pines should be avoided until rust-resistant
seed sources are available. Little variation was found among the three planting
stock options and even less between the two planting seasons. Plug transplant
stock was more reliable than bareroot or plug stock; productivity ranked from
greatest to least in the following order within both zones: plug transplant,
bareroot and plug stock. This ranking among stock types may well change as
different stock types are developed. However, the relative size and design
differences among stock types, no matter when they become available, will
always have an effect on the ultimate reliability and productivity of planted
trees. Autumn planting gave significantly lower survival in the Coastal Western
Hemlock zone only.
15. Axelrood, P.E., W.K. Chapman,
K.A. Seifert, D.B. Trotter and G. Shrimpton. 1998. Cylindrocarpon and Fusarium
root colonization of Douglas-fir seedlings from
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Poor
performance of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations established in
1987 has occurred in southwestern
16. Axelrood, P.E., M. Neumann, D.
Trotter, R. Radley, G. Shrimpton and J. Dennis. 1995. Seedborne Fusarium on
Douglas-fir: pathogenicity and seed stratification method to decrease Fusarium
contamination. New-Forests 9(1): 35-51.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: Twelve
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlots from coastal
17. Axelrood, P.E. and R. Radley.
1991. Biological control of Fusarium on Douglas-fir seedlings. Bulletin-SROP
14(8): 85-87.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: A
bacterial culture collection was established from the rhizosphere and
rhizoplane of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings collected from
nursery and forest locations in
18. Barclay, H.J. and H. Brix. 1984.
Effects of urea and ammonium nitrate fertilizer on growth of a young thinned
and unthinned Douglas-fir stand. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 14(6):
952-955.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: The
effects were studied of 2 sources of nitrogen fertilizer applied at rates of
224 and 448 kg/ha N on growth of thinned and unthinned plots established in
1970 in a 24-yr-old stand on southern Vancouver Is.,
19. Barclay, H.J. and H. Brix. 1985a.
Effects of high levels of fertilization with urea on growth of thinned and
unthinned Douglas-fir stands. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(4):
730-733.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Diameter
height and volume growth were documented for 9 yr after thinning and
fertilizing in a 24-yr-old stand on a poor site on southern Vancouver Is. The
treatments involved 3 thinning treatments (0, 1/3, and 2/3 b.a. removed) and 6
fertilizer treatments (0-1344 kg/ha N) with urea. Increments for both diameter
and gross volume increased with the rate of fertilizer application and
responses were still apparent 9 yr after treatment. For unthinned plots, the
9-yr volume growth responses were 30, 50, and 80% with fertilizer rates of 224,
448, and 896 kg/ha N, respectively. The efficiency of fertilizer use, measured
as stem volume response per unit of nitrogen applied, decreased with rate of
fertilizer application, but this result may change over a longer response period.
There was a positive interaction between fertilizing and thinning such that
high amounts of both mutually enhanced growth. Mortality increased with
fertilizing, but only noticeably in unthinned plots.
20. Barclay, H.J. and C.R. Layton.
1990. Growth and mortality in managed Douglas fir: relation to a competition
index. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 36(2-4): 187-204.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Twelve-year
increments of diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and volume in thinned
and fertilized 45-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands on
Vancouver Island, Canada, were related (by regression) to degree of thinning,
amount of fertilizer (3x3 factorial), initial DBH, and a competitive stress
index (CSI). The ability of the CSI to predict growth after treatment was
examined. Causes of tree death, and CSI data, are presented, and the
relationship between them discussed. The CSI was found to be only moderately
good at predicting Douglas fir growth and mortality: initial DBH provided a
better predictor. Most mortality in unthinned plots resulted from suppression,
and correlated reasonably well with CSI; mortality in thinned plots was not
correlated with CSI, and resulted principally from snow damage. Tree height
variability generally became less over the 12 years following treatment, which
is more consistent with two-sided than one-sided competition predictions, a
result which is contrasted to that of many other species.
21. Belz, D. and T.E. Nishimura.
1989. Effects of imazapyr, 2,4-D and metsulfuron methyl on conifer tolerance.
Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (Vol. 42): 98-104.
Keywords: site preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Imazapyr
at 0.25-1.0 lb/acre alone or 0.5 lb/acre in combination with 2,4-D 2 lb/acre or metsulfuron 0.3 lb/acre was evaluated for
effect on growth and injury to Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa, Tsuga
heterophylla and Abies amabilis seedlings in the
22. Bettinger, P., K.A. Bettinger and
K. Boston. 1998. Correlation among spatial and non-spatial variables describing
a cut-to-length thinning site in the
Keywords: thinning
commercial thinning
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Variables
describing the pre- and post-logging conditions of a thinning site in 47-yr-old
naturally regenerated stand of second-growth Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) in western Oregon, were examined for
correlation, and subsequently used to develop models to estimate residual stand
damage levels. A cut-to-length harvesting system was utilized to perform the
thinning operation, which used a single-grip harvester and a forwarder, and
marked logging trails. Several of the variables were measured in an intensive
field survey; other variables were developed using geographic information
system (GIS) processes. An analysis of correlations among the site variables
showed several obvious, and a few interesting, results that describe the
operation. Most of the variables provided negative, or inconclusive, assistance
in describing the variation in stand damage levels. Only one variable, the
number of original trees/hectare, was significantly correlated with residual
stand damage levels, and was represented in the models that were developed to
estimate residual stand damage levels. The resulting models are of limited
practical value, however, since they explain little of the variability in
damage levels. Most of the variation in residual stand damage levels may well
be explained by random chance, operator error, other unmeasured operational
variables associated with this harvesting system, or interactions among
variables. The main conclusion from the study is that although both spatial and
non-spatial data were utilized in describing the logging operation and in
developing models to estimate stand damage levels, the importance of using spatial
data was inconclusive.
23. Bettinger, P. and L.D. Kellogg.
1993. Residual stand damage from cut-to-length thinning of second-growth timber
in the
Keywords: thinning
commercial thinning
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Residual
stand damage was measured on 25% of an area that had been thinned with a cut-to-length
logging system. Total damage (scar area) per acre was less than in any similar
study in the
24. Binkley, D. 1984. Importance of
size-density relationships in mixed stands of Douglas-fir and red alder.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 9(2): 81-85.
Keywords: thinning
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Pairs
of Douglas-fir, and Douglas-fir and red alder (Alnus rubra) stands were
examined at four locations (in
25. Birchler, T.M., R. Rose and D.L.
Haase. 2001. Fall fertilization with N and K: effects on Douglas-fir seedling
quality and performance. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 16(2): 71-79.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Coastal
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 1+1 seedlings from coastal
26. Blake, J.I., R. Linderman and D.
Lavender. 1988b. Seedling vigor of Douglas fir and western hemlock in relation
to ethylene exposure levels and ethane production during cold storage. In Proceedings: 10th North American
Forest Biology Workshop, 'Physiology and genetics of reforestation',
Keywords: nursery operations
tree morphology
tree phenology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: The
effects were examined of ethylene treatment on Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga
heterophylla 2-yr-old bare root seedlings lifted in October or December (in a
nursery in
Non-OSU Link
27. Blake, J.I. and R.G. Linderman.
1992. A note on root development, bud activity, and survival of Douglas-fir,
and survival of western hemlock and noble-fir seedlings, following exposure to
ethylene during cold storage. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(8):
1195-1200.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree morphology
tree phenology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Three
cold storage experiments were conducted with bare-root (2+0) Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from coastal
28. Bledsoe, C.S. and R.J. Zasoski.
1983. Effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth and nitrogen uptake by
mycorrhizal Douglas-fir seedlings. In Tree root systems and their
mycorrhizas. Ed. D. Atkinson. pp. 445-454.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In a
greenhouse pot study, 1-yr-old mycorrhizal (inoculated with Hebeloma
crustuliniforme) and non-mycorrhizal Douglas fir seedlings were grown in sandy
forest soil amended with 10% of clay minerals (bentonite and/or kaolinite) and
ammonium or nitrate fertilizer. Ht. growth, root and shoot DM and accumulation
of nitrogen and P were greater in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal seedlings,
especially in the nitrate treatment. Ammonium interacted with kaolinite to
reduce survival which again was poorer in the absence of mycorrhiza.
29. Bloomberg, W.J. 1988. Modeling
control strategies for laminated root rot in managed Douglas-fir stands: model
development. Phytopathology 78(4): 403-409.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
mechanical preparation
tree/stand protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: A model
of laminated root rot caused by Phellinus [Inonotus] weirii was developed to
assess potential control strategies in managed Pseudotsuga menziesii stands.
The model mimicked key processes in disease initiation and development
quantified as functions of time and space. These processes were horizontal and
vertical tree root distribution, root contact with inoculum and among root
systems, spread of mycelium through root systems, root decay, reduction of
diam. growth in infected trees, tree mortality and persistence of inoculum in
roots of stumps and killed trees. The processes were expressed as mathematical
functions which were integrated in a computer program to calculate spread of
the disease and stand-growth loss and mortality. Data for quantification of
functions were obtained by experiments and from the literature. Simulated
control practices included infected stump removal, sanitation fellings and
mixed planting of Douglas fir and resistant species. Accuracy of the model was
tested by comparing calculated disease spread and mortality with the following
data: (1) spread and damage in two 60-yr-old, 1-ha stands in Oregon, (2)
results from a statistically based model for spread and damage that had
performed satisfactorily, and (3) observed spread and damage behaviour in
stands of different ages and growth rates. Results from the model compared
favourably with all of the above situations.
30. Bloomberg, W.J. and G. Reynolds.
1988. Equipment trials for uprooting root-rot-infected stumps.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 3(3): 80-82.
Keywords: site preparation
mechanical preparation
tree/stand protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Residual
roots from Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla) were measured following stump-root extraction one yr after
harvesting a 55-yr-old, 314 stems/ha, 47% Douglas fir, 17% maple (Acer
macrophyllum), 16% red cedar (Thuja plicata), 6% western hemlock stand with 20%
infection by Phellinus weirii in the Cowichan valley, Vancouver Island, Canada.
Extraction was by a Caterpillar D8H with brush-clearing blade, a 180-hp backhoe
or a 115-hp backhoe. All 3 machines recovered more than 90% of root vol. The
small backhoe left significantly greater numbers and lengths of root residues
per msuperscript 3 soil, though the vol. of residues was greatest for the
Caterpillar. An earlier study suggested that a root density of 32 roots/msuperscript
3 was needed to produce one root contact; as the least efficient treatment by
the Caterpillar left 23.2 roots/msuperscript 3 in the ground, it is suggested
that this would provide insufficient contacts with a new tree crop to transmit
infection.
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: As a
method of quantifying brush competition, data from 124 planted