1. 1994. Annual Report -
Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University.
ii + 29 pp.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree
phenology
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Highlights of research conducted during 1993-1994 are presented, including:
preliminary results of a 2-year (1992-94) field cold hardiness study of Douglas
fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] in Oregon, USA involving open pollinated progeny of
40 parents at a high and a low elevation; results of a progeny test on the
frequency of second flushing of Douglas fir near Orleans, France; and variation
in stable carbon isotope ratios (a measure of water use efficiency) among
varieties and populations (coastal and Rocky Mountain) of Douglas fir.
2. 1997. PNWTIRC Annual Report
1996-97, Pacific
Northwest Tree
Improvement Research Cooperative. Oregon State University, Oregon, USA. ii + 29 p.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree
phenology
growth
wood
quality
tree
physiology
Abstract: The
report describes highlights for 1996-97, current research (3 projects), student
project updates (3 projects), planned Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] seed
orchards for the new millennium and other planned activities of the PNWTIRC, a
research cooperative operating in the Pacific Northwest area of North America
(USA and Canada). Details are included of publications and finances. Details of
the 3 current research projects and the 3 student projects, which all concern
Douglas fir, are presented as short papers including brief results: (1)
Influence of second flushing on cold hardiness; (2) Seedling drought physiology
study; and (3) Quantitative trait loci influencing cold hardiness; (4) Seedling
cold hardiness; (5) Growth response of saplings to drought; and (6) Measurement
study follow-up: age-age correlations in forking defects.
OSU
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3. 2000. Annual
Report 1999/2000 - Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative. Oregon State University, Oregon, USA. 31 p.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree
physiology
reproduction
Abstract:
Includes highlights of 1998-1999; a note to the cooperative members from Tom
Adams; Introduction; Current research on seedling drought physiology of Douglas
fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii], field drought study - genetics of drought sensitivity
in older trees, early testing revisited, miniaturized orchard study, pollen
contamination study; activities planned for 2000-2001; list of staff
publications and abstracts; and a summary of financial support for the fiscal
year 1999-2000.
OSU
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4. Adams, T., T.
Anekonda and C. Lomas. 1999. Annual Report 1998-99, Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative. 33
p.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
tree
physiology
Abstract: Summaries
are given of research projects on improvement of Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii] in the Pacific Northwest: seedling drought physiology; genetics of
dark respiration and its relationship with drought hardiness; response of
saplings to drought, as measured by growth ring variables; use of
microsatellite marker loci to identify pollen contamination in seed orchards;
and evaluation of miniaturized seed orchard designs.
OSU
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5. Aitken, S.N. and W.T. Adams. 1996.
Genetics of fall and winter cold hardiness of coastal Douglas-fir in Oregon. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 26(10): 1828-1837.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
genetic
relationships
Abstract: Genetic
variation in autumn cold hardiness was studied in two western Oregon breeding populations of coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii var. menziesii), one on the west slope of the Cascade Mountains and the other in the Coastal Range. On six sampling dates (September, October and November
1992 and January, September and October 1993), shoot cuttings from 40
open-pollinated families in each of two progeny test sites for each breeding
zone were subject to artificial freezing at two test temperatures. Damage in
each shoot was recorded as visible injury to needle, stem and bud tissue
separately. Considerable family variation was found for cold injury scores in
all tissues in early to mid autumn, but differences were often smaller or
nonsignificant in late autumn and midwinter. Individual heritability estimates
for needle cold injury were low (<0.40) and generally decreased in late
autumn and midwinter. Family rankings for autumn cold hardiness, however, are expected
to be relatively consistent over sites and years, although needles appear to
display more family-by-site interaction than stems or buds. Genetic
correlations between tissues in cold injury varied considerably and were
sometimes weak, indicating that the evaluation of a single tissue is probably
not adequate for assessing overall cold hardiness of genotypes. Autumn and
winter cold hardiness seem to be largely under separate genetic control since
genetic correlations between hardiness at these two stages were weak. This
study confirms earlier results in Washington breeding populations and shows that coastal Douglas fir
families can be effectively ranked for autumn cold hardiness by conducting
artificial freeze tests on cut shoots in mid-autumn (October) and scoring
damage to stems and at least one other tissue.
OSU
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6. Aitken, S.N. and W.T. Adams. 1997.
Spring cold hardiness under strong genetic control in Oregon populations of Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 27(11): 1773-1780.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
tree
phenology
tree
physiology
genetic
relationships
Abstract: Genetic
variation in spring cold hardiness of shoots prior to bud break was studied in
two Oregon breeding populations of Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii, one on the west slope of the Cascade Mountains and the other in the Coast Range. In March and April 1993, and April 1994, shoot cuttings
from 40 open-pollinated families in each of two progeny test sites in each
breeding zone were subjected to artificial freezing. Visible cold damage to
needle, stem, and bud tissues was recorded. Date of bud burst (all sites), and
injury resulting from a 1992 natural frost event (one site), were also
recorded. Spring cold injury varied widely among families. Individual
heritabilities for spring cold injury scores averaged 0.76 in the Coastal zone
and 0.42 in the Cascade zone. Genetic correlations among tissues, sites,
sampling dates, and years, and between April cold injury and date of bud burst
were high, in most cases over 0.80. Correlations were also strong between
natural frost damage in 1992 and artificial cold injury scores in 1993.
Artificial freeze testing stem tissues of cut shoots sampled in April from a
single test site should effectively rank families in this region for spring
cold hardiness.
OSU
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7. Aitken, S.N., W.T. Adams, N.
Schermann and L.H. Fuchigami. 1996. Family variation for fall cold hardiness in
two Washington populations of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Forest-Ecology-and-Management 80(1/3): 187-195.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
tree
phenology
genetic
relationships
Abstract: In
order to assess the genetics of autumn (fall) cold hardiness in coastal Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), shoot cuttings were collected in October
from saplings (9-year-old trees) of open-pollinated families in two progeny
tests in each of two breeding zones in Washington, one in the Coast range (80
families) and one on the west slope of the Cascade Mountains (89 families).
Samples from over 5500 trees were subjected to artificial freezing and visually
evaluated for needle, stem and bud tissue injury. The extent to which cold
injury is genetically related to tree height and shoot phenology (timing of bud
burst and bud set) was also evaluated. Significant family variation was found
for all cold hardiness traits; however, individual heritability estimates were
relatively low (ranging from 0.09 to 0.22). Significant family-by-test site
interaction was detected for needle injury in the Cascade breeding zone, but
not in the coastal zone. Genetic correlations (rA) among needle, stem and bud
tissues for cold damage were weak (0.16<less or =>rA<less or
=>0.58) indicating that genes controlling autumn cold hardening are somewhat
different for different tissues. Timing of bud burst and bud set were only
weakly correlated with cold injury (rA<less or =>0.49). Thus, bud
phenology is a poor predictor of autumn cold hardiness in this species. There
was no consistent relationship between tree height and cold injury in the
coastal zone. In the Cascade zone, taller trees appeared to be more susceptible
to cold injury, but the association was weak (mean rA=0.38, range 0.20-0.72).
OSU
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8. Anekonda, T.S., M.C. Lomas, W.T.
Adams, K.L. Kavanagh and S.N. Aitken. 2002. Genetic variation in drought hardiness
of coastal Douglas-fir seedlings from British Columbia. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 32(10): 1701-1716.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand
health
genetic
relationships
tree
physiology
Abstract: Genetic
variation in drought hardiness traits and their genetic correlations with
growth potential and recovery traits were investigated in 39 full-sib families
of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) from southwestern
British
Columbia, Canada. Seedlings of these families were grown in raised nursery
beds and subjected to three moisture regimes each in the second (well-watered
or control, mild, and moderate drought) and third (control, severe drought, and
recovery from second-year moderate drought) seasons. Traits assessed included
drought hardiness (foliage damage, cavitation of xylem tracheids, xylem
hydraulic conductivity, and height and diameter growth increment) in the
drought treatments, growth potential (total height and diameter) in the control
treatment, and height and diameter growth increments in the recovery treatment.
Xylem cavitation in the growth ring produced in a particular year was nearly
three times greater under the moderate drought and four times greater under the
severe drought than in the control treatment. Xylem hydraulic conductivity of
seedlings in the severe drought treatment was 40% lower than conductivity of
seedlings under the control treatment. Mean foliage damage in seedlings
subjected to severe drought (third season) was much greater (33%) than in
seedlings subjected to mild or moderate drought (second season). Families
differed significantly in most drought hardiness traits, with individual tree
heritabilities averaging 0.19. Thus, much potential exists for identifying
drought-hardy families at the seedling stage and using this information for
deployment or breeding purposes. In addition, most hardiness traits were
strongly intercorrelated (genetic correlations often exceeded |0.80|)
indicating that these traits are controlled largely by the same set of genes
and that selection for hardiness based on one trait will increase hardiness as
reflected in the other traits as well. Genetic correlations were only moderate
(0.49) between hardiness traits measured in different years, perhaps due to the
large difference in severity of the drought applied in the two seasons.
Although injury to seedlings, as reflected in foliage damage and xylem
cavitation, was relatively low under the moderate drought of the second season,
it did result in reduced growth increment the following (recovery) year. Growth
potential under favourable moisture regimes was nearly uncorrelated with
drought hardiness, suggesting that drought hardiness could be improved in this
southwestern British Columbia breeding population without negatively impacting growth
potential in favourable moisture conditions.
OSU
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9. Barclay, H.J. and H. Brix. 1984.
Effects of urea and ammonium nitrate fertilizer on growth of a young thinned
and unthinned Douglas-fir stand. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 14(6):
952-955.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract: The
effects were studied of 2 sources of nitrogen fertilizer applied at rates of
224 and 448 kg/ha N on growth of thinned and unthinned plots established in
1970 in a 24-yr-old stand on southern Vancouver Is., British Columbia. Ammonium nitrate yielded higher growth of diam. and vol.
than urea over a 9-yr period, particularly with thinning. Ht. growth was not
affected by nitrogen source. The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizing in terms of
stem vol. response per kilogram of nitrogen applied was greatest with ammonium
nitrate in thinned plots. Tree mortality increased substantially with
fertilizing for both sources, and decreased markedly with thinning.
OSU
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10. Barclay, H.J. and H. Brix. 1985a.
Effects of high levels of fertilization with urea on growth of thinned and
unthinned Douglas-fir stands. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(4):
730-733.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract: Diameter
height and volume growth were documented for 9 yr after thinning and
fertilizing in a 24-yr-old stand on a poor site on southern Vancouver Is. The
treatments involved 3 thinning treatments (0, 1/3, and 2/3 b.a.
removed) and 6 fertilizer treatments (0-1344 kg/ha N) with urea. Increments for
both diameter and gross volume increased with the rate of fertilizer
application and responses were still apparent 9 yr after treatment. For
unthinned plots, the 9-yr volume growth responses were 30, 50, and 80% with
fertilizer rates of 224, 448, and 896 kg/ha N, respectively. The efficiency of
fertilizer use, measured as stem volume response per unit of nitrogen applied,
decreased with rate of fertilizer application, but this result may change over
a longer response period. There was a positive interaction between fertilizing
and thinning such that high amounts of both mutually enhanced growth. Mortality
increased with fertilizing, but only noticeably in unthinned plots.
OSU
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11. Binkley, D. and P. Reid. 1985.
Long-term increase of nitrogen availability from fertilization of Douglas-fir.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(4): 723-724.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree physiology
soil properties
Abstract: [See FA
44, 4708; 46, 1837] Most Douglas-fir stands respond to nitrogen fertilizing by
increasing stem growth for less than 8 yr, but one plantation at the United
States Forest Service Wind River Experimental Forest in Washington State has
responded for over 15 yr. In this study nitrogen concn.
of foliage and fresh litter were shown to be higher in
the fertilized plots (470 kg/ha N) 18 yr after fertilizing. Retranslocation of
N from senescent needles was not affected and stem growth per unit N in the
canopy was similar between unfertilized and fertilized plots. An index of soil
N availability in the fertilized plots was twice that of unfertilized plots.
The higher stem growth, leaf area, and stem growth per unit leaf area
demonstrated in an earlier study appeared to be related to a sustained increase
in soil N availability rather than increased N-use efficiency. An examination
of soil N transformation processes is needed to complete the explanation of the
unusually prolonged fertilizer response in these plots.
OSU
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12. Birchler, T.M., R. Rose and D.L. Haase.
2001. Fall fertilization with N and K: effects on Douglas-fir seedling quality
and performance. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 16(2): 71-79.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree morphology
tree/stand health
Abstract: Coastal
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 1+1 seedlings from coastal Oregon, USA, were applied with two fertilizers (NH4NO3+K2SO4 and
(NH4)2SO4+KCl) at four rates (0, 80, 160, 320 kg N and K/ha) split over three
application dates (September 19, October 13, November 1, 1996). Fertilizer type
did not affect total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) levels on any of the sampling
dates. By January 10, TKN concentrations had increased 16, 30 and 34%, and
chloride concentrations had increased 57, 77 and 112% relative to the seedlings
without fertilizer, for 80, 160 and 320 kg N+K/ha treatments, respectively.
Nitrate levels increased briefly after the first application of NH4NO3+K2SO4.
Potassium levels remained relatively unchanged. Levels of most other nutrients,
as well as foliar dry weight, increased between September 16 and January 10,
but these increases were generally unrelated to the fertilizer treatments. Root
growth potential and cold hardiness did not differ among treatments. Seedlings
that received 160 or 320 kg N/ha broke bud an average of 3 days earlier than
the seedlings without fertilizer. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of seedlings
with fertilizer was consistently higher than that of seedlings without
fertilizer on November 13 and December 30. These treatment differences were not
reflected in seedling outplanting performance after one growing season.
OSU
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13. Black, C.H. 1988. Interaction of phosphorus fertilizer form and soil medium on
Douglas-fir seedling phosphorus content, growth and photosynthesis.
Plant-and-Soil 106(2): 191-199.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
photosynthesis
Abstract:
Douglas-fir seedlings were grown in containers in peat-vermiculite or mineral
soil each amended with different levels of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) or
a granulated North Carolina phosphate rock (RP). Dilute acid-fluoride extractable
phosphorus (DAP), seedling photosynthesis, weights, and tissue P concentrations
were measured at 65 + 3 and 105 + 3 days.DAP was highly correlated with soluble
fertilizer P (but not total P) added at the beginning of the experiment.
Considerable soluble P was lost from peat-vermiculite but not from the mineral
soil. Seedling total P content was proportional to the amount of soluble P per
container at both harvests, but was greater for a given level of soluble P in
the organic versus the mineral medium. Added soluble P increased foliar P
concentrations, plant P content, and dry weight. Net carbon uptake was highly
correlated with added levels of soluble P, foliar P concentrations, and with
total P content. The internal efficiency of P from the RP source was less than
P from CSP with respect to P content versus growth, net CO2 uptake, and net
photosynthesis rates. At the end of the experiment, seedling P content plus DAP
remaining in the media for the higher fertilizer rates accounted for 75% of the
originally added soluble P in the mineral soils, but for only 15% in the
organic media.
OSU Link
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14. Blake, J.I., H.N. Chappell, W.S.
Bennett, S.R. Webster and S.P. Gessel. 1990. Douglas fir growth and foliar
nutrient responses to nitrogen and sulfur fertilization.
Soil-Science-Society-of-America-Journal 54(1): 257-262.
Keywords: fertilization
tree physiology
growth
Abstract: Nitrogen-fertilizer
response in conifer stands of the Pacific Northwest has been related to soil
and foliar S, and growth has sometimes been enhanced by the addition of S. Five
stands of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Washington or Oregon, with low
to moderate quantities of sulfate in the mineral soil horizon, were treated
with N (urea) alone or with S (as ammonium sulfate). The results indicated that
levels of soil sulfate did not provide local or site-specific predictions of the
magnitude of the gain from applying N with S. The observed treatment effects
were highly variable. Foliar N concentrations in the N plus S treatment were
generally higher than in the N treatment. Little change in foliar S content
occurred in the N plus S plot. Periodic annual growth response to N over the
study period was inversely related to site index and directly related to foliar
N content.
OSU
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15. Bledsoe, C.S. and R.J. Zasoski.
1983. Effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth and nitrogen uptake by mycorrhizal
Douglas-fir seedlings. In Tree root systems and their mycorrhizas. Ed.
D. Atkinson. pp. 445-454.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree morphology
tree/stand health
Abstract: In a
greenhouse pot study, 1-yr-old mycorrhizal (inoculated with Hebeloma
crustuliniforme) and non-mycorrhizal Douglas fir seedlings were grown in sandy
forest soil amended with 10% of clay minerals (bentonite and/or kaolinite) and
ammonium or nitrate fertilizer. Ht. growth, root and shoot DM and accumulation
of nitrogen and P were greater in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal seedlings,
especially in the nitrate treatment. Ammonium interacted with kaolinite to
reduce survival which again was poorer in the absence of mycorrhiza.
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16. Brand, D.G. 1986b.
Competition-induced changes in developmental features of planted Douglas-fir in
southwestern British Columbia. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(2): 191-196.
Keywords: planting operations
tree morphology
tree physiology
growth
Abstract: From
measurements in 1- to 5-yr-old plantations, developmental characteristics of
Douglas fir were tested against a competition index based on measures of the
brush canopy surrounding individual trees. The most promising characteristics
for assessing competition were specific leaf area, the allometric relationship
of ht. to b.a. and bud production on nodal shoots.
Measures of foliar N and leaf internode length were less well correlated with
the competition index. Comparing these results with those of laboratory studies
indicated that, on the study sites, brush competition effects on planted trees
are expressed through adaptation to reduced light intensity. Developmental
variables relating to moisture and nutritional status were not as strongly
related to the competition index. This may reflect reduced tree demand or
secondary brush canopy effects.
OSU
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17. Brix, H. 1993. Fertilization and
thinning effect on a Douglas-fir ecosystem at Shawnigan Lake: a synthesis of project results. B.C.
Ministry of Forests FRDA-Report 196. X + 64 p.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree morphology
tree/stand health
carbon allocation
wood quality
tree physiology
photosynthesis
economics
Abstract:
Treatments were initiated in 1970-71 in a 24-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) near Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to
determine the effects of 3 intensities of thinning (removing none, one-third
and two-thirds of basal area) and 3 levels of urea fertilizer (0, 224 and 448
kg N/ha) on the growth and biology of the trees. Subsidiary experiments were
established during 1972-87 to examine the effects of high doses of urea
(672-1344 kg N/ha), ammonium nitrate as an N source instead of urea,
understorey response to thinning and fertilizer, and responses to P and S
fertilizer.
OSU Link
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18. Brix, H. and A.K. Mitchell. 1983.
Thinning and nitrogen fertilization effects on sapwood development and
relationships of foliage quantity to sapwood area and basal area in
Douglas-fir. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(3): 384-389.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
tree morphology
tree physiology
Abstract: A
24-yr-old stand in British Columbia was treated in 1971-72 with various intensities and
combinations of N fertilization and thinning. For 5-9 yr after treatments,
trees were sampled to determine effects on foliage quantity and sapwood
characteristics at varying stem ht. together with their relationships. Sapwood
width remained relatively constant up the stem where heartwood was present, but
the number of annual rings it contained decreased with ht. The sapwood width at
b.h. increased with stem diam.; treatments had little effect on % sapwood at
b.h. The ratio of foliage mass to sapwood cross-sectional area changed for
different portions of the crown and was lower when based on sapwood area at
b.h. than at base of live crown. Significant linear relationships of foliage
mass and area to sapwood area at b.h. were found, but relationships of foliage
to b.a. were just as close for all treatments;
treatments significantly affected these relationships with control trees having
the lowest regression slopes.
OSU
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19. Brix, H. and A.K. Mitchell. 1986.
Thinning and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil and tree water stress in a
Douglas-fir stand. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(6): 1334-1338.
Keywords: thinning
fertilization
soil properties
tree physiology
Abstract: Soil
and tree water potentials were studied for 10 yr in a Douglas fir stand near
Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia that was treated when 24 yr old with heavy
thinning (removing superscript 2/3 of b.a.) and/or fertilization with 448 kg
N/ha as urea. Control plots were not thinned or fertilized. Throughout the 10
yr, thinning increased soil water potential during the dry summer periods
(July-early Oct.) by as much as 1 MPa. The effect of fertilization on soil
water potential was slight and nonsignificant, and only apparent towards the
end of the study in spite of large increases in leaf area (50% after 7 yr).
Fertilization increased water use efficiency. The favourable soil water
conditions produced by thinning led to improved shoot water potential only
during predawn and early morning. Removal of understorey in a thinned and fertilized
plot did not affect soil or shoot water potential.
OSU
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20. Carr, W.W. 1987. Restoring productivity on degraded forest soils: two case studies.
B.C. Ministry of Forests FRDA-Report 002. vi + 21 p.
Keywords: site preparation
fertilization
tree physiology
growth
soil properties
Abstract: The use
of green fallowing was studied at 2 sites, viz. (a) a coastal site at Koksilah,
15 km NW of Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia, where extensive subsoil exposure
had resulted from roading operations in a highly productive Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) stand, and (b)
an inland site 30 km S. of Vanderhook including several landings and skid roads
which had been deep-ripped to a depth of 50 cm, reducing soil density to 1350
kg/msuperscript 3. Plots at (a) were seeded in 1976 at 100 kg/ha with a
grass/legume mixture including 3 spp. of Trifolium and Lotus corniculatus, and
received NPK (10:30:10) at 450 kg/ha. Site nutrient levels improved substantially
over 5 yr with N showing the greatest gains, and Douglas fir seedlings (1+2)
planted in 1977 responded with increased foliar N and K contents and 300%
greater ht. growth. Plots at (b) were seeded in 1981 at 40 kg/ha with a legume
mixture of 3 spp. of Trifolium, Medicago sativa and L. corniculatus, and
received NPK (19:19:19) at 300 kg/ha. Nutrient gains were found after 2 yr for P,
K and especially N, and although foliar nutrient contents and growth of
lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) seedlings showed no increase, the enhancement
of site nutrient capital is considered to be a gain likely to benefit
commercial forestry production.
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21. Chapman, R.J. 1984. Growth, nitrogen content and water relations of sludge-treated
Douglas-fir seedlings. Forestry-Abstracts 45(7): 385-386.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree physiology
OSU
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22. Chastagner, G.A., R.S. Byther,
J.D. MacDonald and E. Michaels. 1984. Impact of Swiss needle cast on
postharvest hydration and needle retention of Douglas-fir Christmas trees.
Plant-Disease 68(3): 192-195.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract: Healthy
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Christmas trees were compared with those
infected by Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii for needle loss and dehydration after
cutting. The presence of infected needles increased the rate of dehydration (as
measured by changes in xylem water potential) of cut trees placed in water or
left dry. Fungicide applications 1 yr before harvest significantly improved
retention of 1-yr-old needles on trees displayed either wet or dry, whereas
applications during the year of harvest made no difference in retention of
either current-season or 1-yr-old needles.
OSU
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23. Childs, S.W. and L.E. Flint.
1987. Effect of shadecards, shelterwoods, and clearcuts on temperature and
moisture environments. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 18(3): 205-217.
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand health
soil properties
tree physiology
tree phenology
Abstract: A
comparison was made of two common techniques used to improve seedling survival on
hot, dry reforestation sites. Adjacent shelterwood and clearcut sites in SW Oregon, USA, planted with 2+0 Douglas fir, were located and
instrumented to compare temp. and moisture. In
addition, cardboard shadecards were placed beside half of the seedlings
studied. Seasonal measurements or observations of soil moisture, soil temp.,
solar radiation, air temp., stomatal diffusion resistance, seedling phenology
and survival provided the basis for comparisons. Shelterwoods and shadecards
improved seedling survival in relation to the clearcut. Both treatments
affected soil temp. but the nature of the effects was
different. The shelterwood canopy reduced solar radiation incident at the soil
surface and caused cooler soil temp. throughout the
soil profile. Shadecards reduced soil temp. only to a
depth of 20 mm. Both treatments reduced the duration of periods of high soil
temp. Shelterwood treatment delayed seasonal water loss and reduced seedling
water stress as measured by stomatal resistance. Shadecards did not significantly
affect seedling stomatal resistance. Differences in seedling survival caused by
shadecards and shelterwoods are apparently due to different influences on the
seedling microclimate. Shelterwood causes a large reduction in soil temp. as well as decreased seedling water stress. Shadecards
modify the soil temp. less extensively and so have
less effect on seedling survival.
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24. Cochran, P.H., W. Lopushinsky and
P.D. McColley. 1986. Effect of operational fertilization on foliar nutrient
content and growth of young Douglas-fir and Pacific silver fir. Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service Research-Note PNW-RN-445. 10 p.
Keywords: fertilization
tree physiology
growth
Abstract: During
1979-80, sulfated urea (pelletted) was applied to conifer stands in the Wenatchee National Forest, west of Cle Elum, Washington. Nitrogen concn. in current
needles of Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) showed a significant 1.9-fold
increase after fertilizer treatment compared with a non-significant 1.3-fold
increase in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). A significant 2.5-fold
increase in foliar N also occurred in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). Analysis
of foliage from untreated trees indicated N deficiency in A. amabilis, but N
concn. in Douglas fir was above threshold values.
Fertilizer treatment did not affect foliar S in either species, but increased
needle surface area for A. amabilis. Tree diam. growth, stand b.a. growth and vol. growth were all increased by fertilizer
treatment.
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25. Coleman, M., J. Dunlap, D. Dutton
and C. Bledsoe. 1987. Nursery and field evaluation of compost-grown conifer
seedlings. Tree-Planters' Notes 38(2): 22-27.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), noble fir (Abies procera) and
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were raised in beds that had been treated with
0, 2, 4 or 6 inches of compost (fir/hemlock sawdust and municipal sewage
sludge, 3:1) at a nursery in Carson, Washington. In autumn 1983, the 2+0 stock
was lifted, stored until spring 1984 and then planted out on Mt. St. Helens, Washington (Douglas fir), near Estacada, Oregon (noble fir) or E. of the Cascade crest near Leavenworth, Washington (ponderosa pine). Data are given on the ht.,
biomass and concn. of N, P, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd
after 1 yr in the nursery beds and on the ht. and survival for 2 yr after
planting. The responses of the seedlings to the compost, the immobilization of
nutrients and the accumulation of heavy metals are discussed.
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26. Coleman, M.D., C.S. Bledsoe and
B.A. Smit. 1990. Root hydraulic conductivity and xylem sap levels of zeatin
riboside and abscisic acid in ectomycorrhizal Douglas fir seedlings.
New-Phytologist 115(2): 275-284.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree
morphology
tree physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: The hypothesis that root hydraulic conductivity (LP) of ectomycorrhizal root
systems is greater than that of non-mycorrhizal systems, and different to that
of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas was tested in a greenhouse experiment,
by measuring hydraulic qualities of roots while accounting for seedling size and
P content. Plant growth substances (abscisic acid and zeatin riboside)
expressed from roots during the experiments were also
measured. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings inoculated with the
ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria bicolor and Hebeloma crustuliniforme, and
non-inoculated seedlings infected naturally with Thelephora were grown under 3
rates of P fertilization (1, 10 and 100 micro M P). After 9 months, seedling
morphology, tissue P concn., LP and plant growth
substance concn. in xylem sap were measured. Increased
tissue P and decreased root/shoot ratio correlated with increased LP in each
mycorrhizal treatment; when adjusted for the effect of these 2 factors, LP of
Laccaria and Hebeloma seedlings was still lower than that of Thelephora seedlings.
In a subsequent experiment, LP of seedlings with Hebeloma and Rhizopogon
vinicolor mycorrhizas was compared with that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings
(grown at 100 mM P) and no differences were found among treatments. The lack of
an ectomycorrhizal effect on LP is quite different from the enhancement of host
LP by VA mycorrhizas. Zeatin riboside concentrations of Thelephora- and
Hebeloma-infected seedlings were similar, yet higher than with Laccaria. There
was no relationship between plant growth substances and LP in ectomycorrhizal
Douglas fir, despite lower zeatin riboside concentrations for
Laccaria-inoculated plants.
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27. Copes, D.L. 1989. Bark scoring
problem grafts in five Douglas-fir seed orchards: a case history. Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service. Research-Note PNW-RN-487. 12 p.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree
grafting
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
Abstract: Grafted
seed orchards of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) often suffer tree losses caused
by delayed graft incompatibility. Bark scoring (to improve translocation across
the graft union) was performed in April, June and August 1983 and 1985 on 379
trees, 5-16 yr old, in 5 seed orchards in western Oregon. Cuts were made with a
small chainsaw every 3.1 to 4.3 cm across the defective union. Effects of
scoring were assessed in 1984 and 1986. Many trees showed improved vigour after
treatment and annual mortality was only 1.6% when all defective grafts were
treated. The greatest improvement in average compatibility occurred in trees
treated in April, when the youngest grafts responded most favourably. Inherent
and induced incompatibility was found, with brownline round the entire or part
of the circumference of the union, respectively. Wound tissue in induced
incompatible grafts was usually free of brownline, but brownline appeared in
all wound tissue of inherently incompatible grafts. These latter grafts will
require bark scoring every 2-3 yr to maintain a live cambium at the union.
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28. Crouch, G.L. and M.A. Radwan.
1981. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on deer browsing and
growth of young Douglas-fir. Pacific-Northwest-Forest-and-Range-Experiment-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service. Research-Note PNW-RN-368. 15 p.
Keywords: fertilization
tree/stand health
growth
tree physiology
Abstract: N and P
fertilizers were applied in March 1968 singly or in combination at a rate
equivalent to 200 lb/acre of N or P to young trees (2-5 ft tall) in Oregon and Washington. Trees were examined and measured for up to 4 yr. In the
first year after treatment trees given the N-only fertilizer in Washington were
more heavily browsed by black tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus),
but this effect disappeared in the second year. Height growth was increased by
N-only treatment in taller trees in Oregon after 1 and 2 yr, but the effect had
disappeared after 4 yr. Total N content was significantly increased by the N
and N + P treatments in the first year, but this effect also disappeared after
2 yr. The amounts of moisture, ash, Ca and P, and diam. growth were not
affected by any treatments.
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29. Dangerfield, J. and H. Brix.
1981. Comparative effects of ammonium nitrate and urea fertilizers on tree
growth and soil processes. In Proceedings: Forest
Fertilization Conference, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Eds. S.P. Gessel, R.M. Kenady
and W.A. Atkinson. pp. 133-139.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree physiology
Abstract: Growth
response of Douglas-fir to ammonium nitrate and urea, applied at rates of 200
and 400 pounds per acre (224 and 448 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare), was
studied over a 7-year period at Shawnigan Lake, B.C. Diameter growth was 21 and
9 percent better, respectively, for the two rates with ammonium nitrate than
with urea in unthinned plots and 7 percent better for plots that had been
thinned and received 400 pounds per acre (448 kilograms nitrogen per hectare).
Foliar nitrogen concentrations also increased most with ammonium nitrate
fertilzization during the first 2 years, indicating that nitrogen from this
source was initially more readily available to the trees. This is explained in
part by the greater mobility of nitrate supplied by ammonium nitrate and by
nitrogen immobilization in buildup of bacterial populations with urea.
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30. DeBell, D.S., R.R.
Silen, M.A. Radwan and N.L. Mandel. 1986. Effect of family and nitrogen fertilizer on growth
and foliar nutrients of Douglas-fir saplings. Forest-Science 32(3): 643-652.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree physiology
Abstract: Urea
(224 kg N/ha) was applied to 12-yr-old Douglas fir of 12 open-pollinated
families growing near Corvallis, Oregon. Ht. and d.b.h. were measured before fertilization in Feb.
1979 and 4 growing seasons later, and tree vol. were estimated. Vol. increment
varied among families, but was increased by an av. 7% by fertilizer.
Concentrations of foliar nutrients, analysed in winter 1979 and 1980, differed
significantly between families and in response to fertilization. The
familyxfertilizer interaction was not significant for any growth or foliar
nutrient measured.
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31. Dosskey, M.G., L. Boersma and
R.G. Linderman. 1993. Effect of phosphorus fertilization on water stress in
Douglas fir seedlings during soil drying. Plant-and-Soil 150(1): 33-39.
Keywords: fertilization
tree/stand protection
growth
tree physiology
photosynthesis
Abstract: A
growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine if P fertilizing to
enhance the P nutrition of otherwise N and P deficient Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) seedlings reduces water stress in the seedlings during drought
periods. Seedlings were grown in pasteurized mineral soil under well watered
conditions and fertilized periodically with a small amount of nutrient solution
containing P at three levels: 0, 20, or 50 mg/litre. By age 6 months, leaf
nutrient analysis indicated that N and P were deficient in control (0 mg
P/litre) seedlings. The highest level of P fertilizer, which doubled leaf P
concentration, did not affect plant biomass, suggesting that N deficiency was
limiting growth. When these seedlings were subjected to drought, there was no
effect of P fertilizing on leaf water potential or osmotic potential.
Furthermore, P fertilized seedlings had lower stomatal conductance and net
photosynthesis rate. These results indicate that enhanced P nutrition, in the
presence of N deficiency, does not reduce water stress in Douglas fir seedlings
during drought periods.
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32. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1983. Growth,
survival, and physiology of Douglas-fir seedlings following root wrenching and
fertilization. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(2): 270-278.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand health
tree morphology
tree physiology
growth
Abstract:
Seedlings at different nurseries on Vancouver Island were subjected to wrenching treatments during their 2nd
year of growth using a fixed blade at 20-25 cm below the bed surface. In the
first experiment, wrenching reduced water potential of trees on unirrigated
loam soil by an av. of 300 kPa during Aug. and Sept. Wrenched trees lifted in
Oct. and stored at 2 degrees C until May, showed 25% higher survival than
unwrenched trees 1 yr after planting. Trees lifted in Dec. had uniformly high
survival (98%) and showed no effect of wrenching. Wrenched trees from irrigated
plots had lower shoot length relative growth rates (RGR) than unwrenched trees
during the year after planting. In the second experiment, wrenching treatments
were applied to seedlings, growing in a loamy sand,
for different periods between 15 May and 11 Sept. as follows: (a) no wrenching,
(b) early summer, (c) midsummer, (d) late summer and (e) all summer. Three
fertilizer treatments (none, and 2 amounts of NPK) were applied to each
wrenching treatment, and seedlings were lifted for storage at 2 degrees C in
Oct. and Dec. Stored trees and freshly lifted trees were planted at 700 m alt.
on 3 March. Wrenching increased root dry wt., particularly when additional
fertilizer was applied, but had no measurable effect on cold hardiness or root
growth capacity. Nevertheless, late summer wrenching increased survival 5 and
7% above control 1 and 2 yr after planting. Wrenching had little subsequent
effect on new shoot growth of planted trees during the 2 yr after planting.
However, late-summer wrenched trees showed significantly more new shoot growth
than all-summer wrenched trees. More fertilizer reduced cold hardiness and
survival of cold-stored trees, but increased root growth capcity. Cold
hardiness (measured by electrical impedance) was correlated with survival of
cold-stored trees after planting (rsuperscript 2 = 0.82). Root growth capacity,
averaged over all fertilizer treatments was closely correlated with survival of
stored and freshly lifted trees (rsuperscript 2 = 0.93). Foliar
nutrient concn. were reduced by wrenching, but
fertilizing increased nutrient reserves within the seedling.
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33. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1984a. Response of Douglas fir seedlings to phosphorus
fertilization and influence of temperature on this response.
Plant-and-Soil 80(2): 155-169.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
carbon allocation
tree morphology
Abstract: In pot
experiments levels of P fertilizers equivalent to 300 kg/ha were adequate for
maximum growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) seedlings
over 14-18 weeks, and resulted in available soil P levels of 80 ppm after 15
weeks' growth. Maximum growth in pots was obtained with shoot P concentrations
of 0.18%-0.20%, with higher values at lower temperatures, but the optimum
concentration for one-year-old (1-0) nursery seedlings was 0.16% P. Growth of
seedlings was greatly restricted at a soil temperature of 5 degrees C and an
air temperature of 12 degrees C. At a soil temperature of 10 degrees C and an air
temperature of 14 degrees C seedling P requirement was greater than at soil and
air temperatures of 20 degrees C. Monoammonium phosphate was more effective
than calcium superphosphate in stimulating growth in pots and nursery beds.
Triple superphosphate was also effective in the nursery. Diammonium phosphate,
potassium dihydrogen phosphate and phosphoric acid had no advantages as P
sources in the nursery. Available P levels of 100-130 ppm, in the loamy sand
and sandy loam nurseries studied, and needle P concentrations of 0.18%, when
sampled in October, were associated with maximum growth of two-year-old (2-0)
seedlings. P fertilization decreased the root/shoot ratio, but did not alter
the allometric relationship of shoot to root. Improving the P status from a low
level increased the root growth capacity in 2-0 seedlings and P fertilization
of potted seedlings increased the dry weight/height ratio. Uptakes per seed bed
ha of 236 kg N, 31 kg P, 81 kg K and 73 kg Ca by 2-0 seedlings were comparable
with, or greater than, uptake rates of agricultural crops. Recoveries of 6-11%
of P from fertilizer were recorded in the nursery.
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34. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1984b. Seedling spacing in the nursery in relation to growth,
yield, and performance of stock. Forestry-Chronicle 60(6): 345-355.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree
physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract: In 3
experiments at nurseries in coastal British Columbia Picea sitchensis, P.
glauca, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Thuja plicata and coastal and interior
varieties of Pseudotsuga menziesii were sown in May 1979, 1980 or 1982 and
grown at spacings ranging from 0.5 to 12 cm. A 1-cm increase in spacing
increased seedling dry wt. by 0.5-1.5 g and root collar diam. by 0.2-0.25 mm up
to a spacing of about 8-10 cm. Above this, response was less. Ht. of 2-yr-old seedlings
was increased slightly or even decreased by wider spacing. Height
: diameter ratios decreased sharply and shoot : root dry wt. decreased
or remained unchanged with wider spacing. The number of needle primordia in 2-0
P. menziesii buds increased up to a spacing of 2 cm, and the number of 1st and
2nd order branches were also increased by wider spacing. Increases in root
growth capacity were associated with wider spacing in T. plicata and Picea
sitchensis. In a test of 3 types of precision seeders, none produced anything
like accurate seed placement. Irregularity was increased by 10-20% non-viable
seed and winter mortality. Increased spacing of 2-5 cm between seedlings was
justified by the yield of acceptable seedlings only when the culling standard
was increased to a root collar diam. of about 6 mm. Three yr after planting out
the survival of P. glauca was increased 11% by wider spacing. After 2 yr P.
sitchensis survival was increased 13% by wider spacing. Both species grown at
wider spacing maintained a ht. and diam. advantage over those from close
spacing.
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35. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1987.
Importance of current photosynthate to new root growth in planted conifer
seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(8): 776-782.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree physiology
photosynthesis
tree morphology
Abstract: Reports
are given of 6 experiments. Two-yr-old seedlings of Douglas fir and Sitka spruce, labelled with 14CO2 in Oct. and kept outdoors,
contained 14C in old roots but little in new roots when placed in a growth
chamber in Jan. New roots were highly radioactive in seedlings labelled with
14CO2 after 12 days' growth in Jan., indicating that current photosynthate was
the primary C source for new roots. These results agreed with an experiment in
which the number and wt. of new roots on 1+1 Douglas fir transplants were
directly related to light intensity. Net photosynthesis (Pn) of similar Douglas
fir nursery stock after cold storage was inadequate to supply C for respiration
and new root growth under 16-h photoperiods of 200 micro
E/msuperscript 2 per s, although new root growth occurred. This
suggested that reserves contributed to respiration. Douglas fir seedlings began
transpiration immediately after planting in moist soil. Two-yr-old lodgepole
pine seedlings grown outdoors over winter with root systems maintained at
<more or =>10 degrees C produced more new roots in spring than seedlings
grown outdoors without heated roots or in a greenhouse; no relations were
observed between new root growth and Pn.
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36. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1988a. Nursery growth of conifer seedlings using fertilizers of
different solubilities and application time, and their forest growth.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 18(2): 172-180.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Beginning in May 1982, seedlings of Douglas fir and white spruce were grown for
2 yr in a bare-root nursery in southern British Columbia. Seedlings were treated with four types of commercial
fertilizers (slow-release Osmocote, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate and
Hi-Sol, a soluble fertilizer with 20-20-20 NPK) at 2 different frequencies
during both years to give total N applications of 0, 210 or 350 kg/ha. In
addition, Douglas fir seedlings that had been grown for 2 yr without fertilizer
were treated with the same amounts of fertilizer as a late season treatment
during 1 Sep.-20 Oct. 1983. Ammonium fertilizers produced larger seedlings than
Osmocote and Hi-Sol. Dry wt. increased with application rate, but frequency of
application had only a small effect. Fertilizer increased the proportion of
stem dry matter and decreased the proportion of needle and root dry matter. Dry
wt. of 2+0 white spruce seedlings was correlated with soil pH, extractable NO3
and available P measured in Sep. of the first growing season. Douglas fir
seedlings were planted out in Mar. 1984. Late-season fertilized seedlings had
greater N and P tissue concn. than seedlings
fertilized during the growing season. Survival and growth rate after planting
were also both greater in late-season fertilized seedlings. Results suggested
that fertilizer composition was more important than fertilizer solubility for
nursery growth.
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37. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1988b. Response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
Franco) to some different fertilizers applied at planting. New-Forests 2(2):
89-110.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
fertilization
growth
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract: Four
fertilizer experiments to assess type of fertilizer, dosage and timing, were
conducted on eastern Vancouver Island, BC,
Canada. Two-yr-old, bare root planting stock was used except in
experiment 3, where container stock was compared with bare root stock. Little
growth response was obtained after one year, but height growth responses of 12
to 31% were measured after 3 to 6 yr with fertilizers supplying 8.4 to 16.8 g N
per tree. Growth responses were little affected by type of fertilizer and were
primarily due to N, with release rate having no marked effect. The exception to
this was triple superphosphate which did not increase growth but did increase
survival. Survival was reduced by ammonium sulphate and to a lesser extent by
Agriform (NPK). Container seedlings responded more to fertilization at planting
than bare root seedlings. Seedling N, P and K concn. and contents declined following planting for 6 months and
only started to recover after July. Application of fertilizer caused a small
increase in seedling nutrient concn. regardless of
date, but this had no detectable effect on dry weight measured 6 wk later.
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38. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1991b.
Influence of container nursery regimes on drought resistance of seedlings
following planting. II. Stomatal conductance, specific leaf area, and root
growth capacity. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 21(5): 566-572.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract: Seedlings
of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and
white spruce (Picea glauca) were grown in a container nursery from February to
July 1988 and then exposed to three temperatures and three levels of drought
stress applied factorially during mid-July to October 1988. Seedlings were
retained in a shelter house until January 1989, when they were cold-stored
until early May. Measurements of stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E),
and specific leaf area (SLA)
were made at the end of the treatment period in September 1988 and again after
growth the following year at the end of June. Root growth capacity (RGC) was
tested in early May 1989. Results were considered in conjunction with
performance of other samples of the same plants that had been planted in sand
beds in April 1989, where irrigation was regulated to provide three levels of
moisture stress. Low temperature (13 degrees C) generally reduced gs and E,
which were adjusted for xylem pressure potential, and SLA, in all species by
the time nursery treatment was completed at the end of September. No effect of
nursery temperature treatment on gs or E could be detected when new needles
were measured in June and July (after 9 to 12 weeks of growth), but SLA
of lodgepole pine increased with nursery temperature treatment, and SLA
of white spruce decreased with treatment. RGC was higher for the 13 degrees C
treatment than for the 16 and 20 degrees C treatments. Survival of outplanted
seedlings was mainly inversely related to nursery temperature. Low nursery
temperature reduced gs, E, and SLA
and increased RGC. SLA
of planted lodgepole pine increased with level of nursery drought treatment,
and severe nursery drought increased gs under stress, when measured in June. No
other effects of drought were detected, although drought treatment was
effective in increasing survival of planted seedlings. It is suggested that
other mechanisms, such as osmotic adjustment, were responsible for the results
observed.
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39. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1992b. Changes
in drought resistance and rootgrowth capacity of container seedlings in
response to nursery drought, nitrogen, and potassium treatments.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(5):740-749.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
Abstract: Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and white spruce (Picea
glauca) seedlings, each represented by two seed lots, were grown in Styroblock
containers in a greenhouse and plastic shelter house from February 1989 to
January 1990. The seedlings were exposed to two N treatments (20 and 200
mg/litre) and three K treatments (5, 25 and 100 mg/litre) arranged factorially
within three drought treatments. After winter storage, seedlings from a
complete set of treatments were planted into hygric, mesic and xeric sand beds
during 12-14 March. Increasing nursery drought stress increased survival of
Douglas fir and lodgepole pine after planting, and
high N treatment level increased survival of lodgepole pine and white spruce.
Under xeric conditions, combined nursery drought and high N treatments
increased survival of lodgepole pine by 33%, indicating the importance of
nursery cultural regime for stock quality. Increase in nursery drought stress
did not decrease seedling size by much; increase in N increased seedling size
one season after planting. A positive relation between shoot
: root ratio and survival in lodgepole pine and white spruce indicated
that increase in N increased both shoot growth and drought resistance over the
N range investigated. Only Douglas fir showed an interaction between drought
and N treatment and a small response in both survival and dry weight to K
application. Root growth capacity, measured at the time of planting, showed an
approximate doubling in all species due to high N treatment, and was also
increased in white spruce by drought stress. Survival and root growth capacity
were poorly correlated, but dry-weight growth in sand beds was well correlated
with root growth capacity. Shoot dry weight and percentage N in shoots measured
after nursery growth were correlated with root growth
capacity. Manipulation of root growth capacity by changing nursery treatment
was possible without altering resistance to drought stress after planting.
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40. Entry, J.A., K. Cromack, Jr., R.G. Kelsey and N.E. Martin. 1991. Response
of Douglas-fir to infection by Armillaria ostoyae after thinning or thinning
plus fertilization. Phytopathology 81(6): 682-689.
Keywords: thinning
fertilization
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract:
Second-growth stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were
thinned to a 5- x 5-m spacing (TT); additional plots were thinned and
fertilized once with 360 kg of N (as urea)/ha (TF). An unthinned, unfertilized
stand (UT) served as a control. Ten years after treatment, trees were
inoculated with 2 isolates of A. ostoyae. Trees receiving the TF and TT
treatments produced greater diameter growth, leaf area, and wood
production/msuperscript 2 leaf area per year than did those under the UT
treatment. Rates of infection by A. ostoyae were highest in trees that received
the TF and lowest in trees that received the TT treatment. Concn of sugar,
starch and cellulose in root bark tissue were highest in trees receiving the TF
treatment and lowest in trees receiving TT treatment. Concn of lignin,
phenolics and protein-precipitable tannins were highest in root bark from TT
trees and lowest in root bark from TF trees. Biochemical parameters of root
bark tissue were regressed with incidence of infection; coefficients of
determination (rsuperscript 2) ranged from 0.07 (starch) to 0.57 (phenolic
compounds). Ratios of the energetic costs of phenolic and of lignin degradation
to the energy available from sugars (Epd:Eas and
Eld:Eas) were correlated with incidence of infection (rsuperscript 2 = 0.77 and
0.70, respectively). It is concluded that thinning combined with fertilization
may predispose P. menziesii trees to infection by A. ostoyae by lowering concn
of defensive compounds in root bark and increasing the energy available to the
fungus to degrade them.
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41. Gagnon, J., C.G. Langlois, D. Bouchard, F.l. Tacon and F. Le
Tacon. 1995. Growth and ectomycorrhizal formation of container-grown
Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated with Laccaria bicolor under
four levels of nitrogen fertilization. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research 25:1953-1961.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree morphology
mycorrhizal response
soil properties
Abstract:
Container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were inoculated
at the time of sowing with a Laccaria bicolor mycelial suspension produced in a
fermentor. They were grown in a peat moss-vermiculite substrate under four
levels of N fertilization (7.2, 14.4, 21.6 and 28.7 mg/seedling per season (N1,
N2, N3 and N4, respectively)) to determine the N level suitable for both
ectomycorrhizal development and seedling growth. After 18 weeks in the
greenhouse, seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor had 44%, 32%, 44% and 5% of
their short roots mycorrhizal when fertilized with N1, N2, N3 and N4,
respectively. Only when they were fertilized with N4 did the L. bicolor
seedlings have significantly greater shoot height than the controls. For the
other growth parameters, they were not significantly different from control
seedlings for any of the N levels. After 18 weeks, regardless of the level of
N, seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor had significantly lower N
concentrations (%) and contents (mg/seedling) than the uninoculated ones.
Consequently, for the same production of biomass, the mycorrhizal seedlings had
taken up less N than the nonmycorrhizal ones. The efficiency of applied N,
expressed in terms of produced biomass, decreased when the N fertilization increased;
mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings did not tend to be different. The
efficiency of the absorbed N also decrease with the
level of applied N, but less rapidly, and tended to be greater for the
mycorrhizal seedlings than for the nonmycorrhizal ones. Therefore, the
mycorrhizal infection improved the utilization of the absorbed N.
N3 was the best of the four N levels used, since it
was the only one that maximized both the ectomycorrhizal formation and the
growth of the seedlings. In other words, a total seedling N concentration of
1.6% and a substrate fertility of 52 p.p.m. N are appropriate to optimize both
the ectomycorrhizal development and the growth of Douglas fir seedlings.
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42. Graff, J.E., Jr., R.K. Hermann and J.B. Zaerr. 1999a.
Dry matter and nitrogen allocation in western redcedar, western hemlock, and
Douglas fir seedlings grown in low- and high-N soils.
Annals-of-Forest-Science 56(7): 529-538.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
Abstract:
Seedlings of western red cedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were transplanted into
each of 48 pots with soils of low or high levels of available NO3- (and total
N) and assigned to one of four treatments: unamended control; amendment with 60
mg kg-1 (NH4)2SO4; amendment with 15 mg kg-1 of the nitrification inhibitor
dicyandiamide (DCD) or amendment with both (NH4)2SO4 and DCD. Dry weight and N
content increments of seedling tissues were determined after 8 weeks. Seedlings
grown on the low-N soil accumulated 65 % of the dry matter and 40 % of the N
accumulated by seedlings grown on the high-N soil. Retranslocation of N from
year-old foliage and the stem/branch components of western red cedar and
Douglas fir, but not western hemlock, was an important
source of N for current-year foliage and roots of low-N-grown seedlings.
Western hemlock achieved the greatest relative dry-matter increment (Loge(DMfinal) - Loge(DMinitial); RDMI) and relative N
increment (Loge(Nfinal) - Loge(Ninitial); RNI) in each soil and accumulated 35
% more N from the low-N and 10 % more N from the high-N soils than the other
species. The RDMI of western red cedar was intermediate between that of western
hemlock and Douglas fir, whereas its RNI on each of the soils was lowest. The
results suggest that western hemlock is more efficient than western red cedar
or Douglas fir in acquiring inorganic N, especially from low-N soils.
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43. Graff, J.E., Jr., R.K. Hermann and J.B. Zaerr. 1999b.
Ionic balance and organic acids in western redcedar, western hemlock, and
Douglas-fir seedlings grown in low- and high-N soils.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 29(6): 669-678.
Keywords: fertilization
tree physiology
Abstract:
Seedlings of western redcedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were transplanted into
soils collected in early May 1987 from 2 sites with low (near Carson,
Washington) and high (near the Oregon coast) levels of available NO3- (and
total N). Current-year foliage was sampled after 10 weeks to determine the
effect of N availability on foliar cation-anion balance (C-A) and the concentrations
of low molecular weight organic acids of the 3 species. Carboxylate
concentrations were estimated by using the difference between sums of cations
and anions (C-A): 750 mequiv/kg for Thuja plicata, 351
mequiv/kg for Tsuga heterophylla and 266 mequiv/kg for P. menziesii.
Quinic acid was a primary constituent, accounting for 40% of the total for
Thuja plicata and 75% for Tsuga heterophylla and P. menziesii. Oxalic acid was
present in greatest concentration in the foliage of Thuja plicata (65 mequiv/kg) but was a minor constituent in both other
species. The quantified acids accounted for only 15% of the C-A of Thuja
plicata but >80% of the C-A of the other species. It is suggested that a
considerable portion of the C-A balance not accounted for in Thuja plicata may
be associated with the accumulation of CaCO3 and that litterfall deposition of
CaCO3 may lead to the consumption of H+ ions and enrichment of exchangeable
soil Ca in the rooting zone of long-lived Thuja plicata trees. No statistically
significant differences between the soils were detected with regard to C-A or the concentration of organic acids.
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44. Green, R.N. and R.E. Carter. 1993. Boron and magnesium
fertilization of a coastal Douglas-fir plantation.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 8(2): 48-53.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract:
A study was made of the role of boron and magnesium nutrition in the occurrence
of severe growth distortion symptoms in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in
the Skwawka
River
valley of south coastal British
Columbia. Four fertilizer
treatments, including boron (2.25 kg/ha B), magnesium (42 kg/ha Mg), boron plus
magnesium, and a control, were applied in conjunction with planting on a site
believed to be deficient in these nutrients. After 5 growing seasons, only
treatments containing boron (B and B + Mg) showed improved height growth
compared to controls. The incidence of leader dieback, swollen leading shoots,
and foliage distortion was significantly related to treatment, with virtually
no occurrence in plots treated with boron. Seedling uptake of applied boron was
high, with foliar concentrations of 45 p.p.m. found after the second growing
season. Foliar B levels declined to 13-15 p.p.m. after 5 growing seasons. No
significant increase in foliar magnesium levels was detected for either of the
magnesium treatments. The reduction in the incidence of leader dieback, and
shoot and foliar symptoms, in seedlings treated with B indicate that these
symptoms were the result of boron deficiencies. This is the first study to
verify boron deficiency in coastal Douglas fir through fertilizer trials.
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45. Haase, D.L. and R. Rose. 1994. Effects of soil water content and
initial root volume on the nutrient status of 2+0 Douglas-fir seedlings.
New-Forests 8(3): 265-277.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
growth
tree morphology
Abstract:
Two-year-old bareroot Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from a NW
Oregon provenance were graded on the basis of four root-volume categories - 5
to 8, 9 to 10, 11 to 13, and 14 to 20 cmsuperscript 3 - and transplanted into
pots and subjected to one of four moisture-stress treatments (6, 12, 18, and
24% soil water content) for 16 weeks. Macronutrient concentrations and contents
of both old (i.e. nursery-grown) and new (i.e. grown during moisture stress
treatment) foliar tissue were determined. A reduction in soil water content
resulted in high concn of phosphorus, potassium, and particularly nitrogen in
both old and new foliar tissue. This was attributed to reduced growth,
translocation, metabolic activity, and nutrient requirement in response to
moisture stress. Seedlings with relatively greater root volumes exhibited
higher nutrient concn and contents, as well as increased growth. Thus,
increased total root biomass per unit of soil area with increasing seedling
root volume may have resulted in greater nutrient use, supply, uptake, and
storage. It is suggested that relations between initial root volume and water
stress can be applied to nursery cultural practices in order to increase
seedling adaptation to a specific stress.
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46. Haase, D.L., J. Trobaugh and R. Rose. 1999. Douglas-fir container
stock grown with fertilizer-amended media: some preliminary results. Rocky
Mountain Research Station, USDA
Forest
Service National Proceedings: Forest
and Conservation Nursery Associations 1999, 2000, and 2001. RMRS
P-24. 31-32 pp.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
This paper presents the initial results of a study conducted in a nursery in
Oregon, USA, to quantify the response of container grown Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings to various fertilizer treatments (Simplot's
13-13-13 and 17-5-11, and Scotts Company's 18-5-12 and 15-9-10) in terms of
height, stem diameter and foliar nutrient content.
47. Harrington, T.B., R.G. Wagner, S.R. Radosevich and J.D. Walstad.
1995. Interspecific competition and herbicide injury influence 10-year
responses of coastal Douglas-fir and associated vegetation to release
treatments. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 76(1/3): 55-67.
Keywords: release
treatments
chemical release
manual release
growth
tree/stand health
tree physiology
stand conditions
Abstract:
Responses of competing vegetation and planted Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
var. menziesii) were studied for 10 years after six herbicide and manual
release treatments in the Washington and Oregon Coast Ranges. Studies were
installed in six 2- or 3-yr-old plantations, with Douglas fir densities of 988
to 1482 plants/ha at time of planting and 721 to 1282/ha 2 to 3 years late.
Research objectives were to quantify regional, long-term responses of
vegetation (Douglas fir and non-coniferous species) to various levels of
competition, light and soil water availability, and intensity versus importance
of factors influencing Douglas fir growth. Three treatments reduced shrub cover
relative to the untreated check: triclopyr in year 1, glyphosate in years 1-5,
and repeated control (via several herbicide applications) in years 1-10. Reductions
in woody cover from glyphosate stimulated increases in herb cover in years 3
and 5, while repeated control reduced herb cover in years 1, 2 and 5. Through
year 10, Douglas fir survival (86-99%) varied little among treatments. Visual
symptoms of herbicide injury to Douglas fir from triclopyr (45% of trees) and
glyphosate (17% of trees) were associated with 0.1-0.2 m reductions in
first-year height. After adjusting for tree size, Douglas fir growth in stem
basal area 2 years after triclopyr was less than that of the untreated check,
suggesting prolonged effects of herbicide injury. Because it sustained low
levels of interspecific competition, caused minimal tree injury, and prevented
overtopping cover from red alder (Alnus rubra), repeated control was the only
treatment in which Douglas fir size (9.8 m height and 21 cm basal diameter in
year 10) significantly exceeded (P<less or =>0.02) that of the untreated
check (7.8 m height and 12 cm diameter).
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48. Harrison,
R.B., C.L. Henry and D.S. Xue. 1994b. Magnesium deficiency in Douglas-fir and
grand fir growing on a sandy outwash soil amended with sewage sludge. Water,
Air, and Soil Pollution 75(1/2): 37-50.
Keywords: fertilization
tree/stand health
tree physiology
soil properties
Abstract:
Soil and plant samples were collected from chlorotic plantations of grand fir
(Abies grandis) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) near Seattle,
Washington
state, USA,
in winter 1989. The soils had been amended in 1981 with an average of 300 dry
t/ha of municipal sewage sludge. The sludge amendment resulted in an N
application rate of approximately 8000 kg/ha. Foliage analysis indicated that a
severe Mg deficiency (0.25 g/kg in sludge-treated vs. 0.93 g/kg in untreated
areas) might be the cause of chlorosis. No other nutrient showed concentrations
in the deficient or toxic ranges. Trace metal levels in foliage were increased
significantly for Ni, Cd and Cr at sludge-treated sites, but were not at toxic
levels. Soil samples taken to a depth of 1.4 m indicated the potential for soil
acidification (up to 0.9 pH unit) in soil surface horizons. In addition,
exchangeable Ca, Mg and K may have been depleted in surface horizons.
Exchangeable Al and Fe were greater in the surface of sludge-treated sites.
These observations, and the loss of much of the nitrogen added during the
sludge amendment, indicated that nitrification and cation leaching were the
most likely mechanism for acidification and depletion of exchangeable cations.
Fertilizing the plantation with MgSO4 or dolomitic limestone was carried out in
spring 1990. New foliage collected in June 1990 was non-chlorotic and
significantly higher in Mg concentration than unfertilized foliage (1.1. vs.
0.7 g/kg, respectively). The results of this study indicate that it is
important to assess the potential for initiating a nutrient deficiency due to
secondary effects of sludge application in forest systems.
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49. Heilman, P. 1983. Effects of surface treatment
and interplanting of shrub alder on rowth of Douglas-fir on coal spoils.
Journal-of-Environmental-Quality 12(1): 109-113.
Keywords: planting
operations
site preparation
mechanical preparation
growth
tree physiology
soil properties
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Annual growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) planted on
topsoiled spoils at a coal mine near Centralia,
Wash., was monitored for the
first 6 y after planting. Treatments were contour bedding, contour bedding plus
interplanted Sitka
alder (Alnus sinuata (Reg.) Rydb.), and unbedded control. The bedding
significantly increased growth of Douglas-fir in all 5 y of the study. Total
height growth after 5 y was 35% greater than control on the bedding only plots,
and 43% greater on the bedding plus Sitka
alder plots. Height growth of Douglas-fir in the mixed stand was significantly
greater during the 2nd and 3rd y of the study, but after 5 yr, no significant
difference was evident in total height between the mixed and pure Douglas-fir
plots. Concentration of N in Douglas-fir foliage was significantly increased by
bedding in the fifth but not in the fourth year. Interplanting with Sitka
alder had no significant effect on N in Douglas-fir foliage. The top 0.3 m of
soil in the ridged portion of the bedded area contained significantly less
moisture over a summer than did the top 0.3 m of the unbedded soil. At deeper
depths, however, soil moisture was not significantly affected by bedding. Wind
damage caused by a severe storm that occurred after 5 y was very much greater
on the unbedded plots (49% wind-thrown vs. 9 to 15% wind-thrown on the bedded
plots) despite the smaller size of the trees on unbedded plots.
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50. Helgerson, O.T. 1990b. Response of underplanted
Douglas-fir to herbicide injection of sclerophyll hardwoods in southwest Oregon. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 5(3): 86-89.
Keywords: nursery
operations
release treatments
chemical release
stand conditions
tree physiology
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract:
Low-value broadleaf sclerophyll forests in SW
Oregon, typically composed of tanoak (Lithocarpus
densiflorus), Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) and chinkapin (Castanopsis
chrysophylla), may be converted to commercially valuable Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) by underplanting. Results are given of studies of
container-grown plug and nursery-grown bareroot fir seedlings planted out in
March 1983 on plots in which all broadleaf stems had been previously (September
1981) injected with triclopyr amine. Although 60% broadleaf cover was killed by
injection, 7 years later ground cover was significantly greater on these
treated plots because of sprouting. Seedlings planted beneath treated broadleaf
trees experienced greater daytime, but less predawn, moisture stress; plugs
survived better than bareroots; and survival of seedlings on treated plots was
not significantly better until 2 years after planting. Herbicide injection also
resulted in increased height, diameter and volume growth rates of Douglas fir
seedlings, and is recommended for the establishment of a conifer stand.
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51. Henry, C.L. 1987. Growth response, mortality, and foliar nitrogen
concentrations of four tree species treated with pulp and paper and municipal
sludges. In The-forest-alternative-for-treatment-and-utilization-of-municipal-and-industrial-wastes.
Eds. Cole, D.W., C.L. Henry, and W.L. Nutter.
University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 258-265.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
soil properties
growth
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract:
Four nursery beds at the University of Washington
Charles Lathrop Pack Demonstration Forest were each divided into plots that
received 8 sludge treatments before being planted with seedlings of Douglas
fir, Abies procera or Pinus monticola, or cuttings of Populus deltoides X P.
trichocarpa. Each sludge and the unamended soil were analysed for total solids,
total C, P and K, total N and NH4-N. Ht. and diam. were measured after planting
in April 1984 and again in Feb. 1985. N was determined in foliage sampled
during Oct. (Populus) or Feb. (other species). Addition of pulp and paper
sludge alone and combined with municipal sludge provided predictable growth
responses when compared with the C : N ratio of each
treatment. Av. response was positive when the C : N
ratio was more favourable than that of untreated soil, but av. response was
negative when soil was treated with primary pulp and paper sludge with a very
high C : N ratio. Treatments that produced the greatest growth also increased
seedling mortality.
Non-OSU
Link
52. Hobbs,
S.D.
and K.A. Wearstler, Jr. 1985. Effects of cutting sclerophyll brush on sprout
development and Douglas-fir growth. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 13(1/2):
69-81.
Keywords: release
treatments
manual release
stand conditions
tree physiology
growth
Abstract:
In SW Oregon,
varying amount of brush were removed from a
sclerophyll brushfield dominated by Quercus chrysolepis and Arctostaphylos
patula with scattered Pseudotsuga menziesii saplings. Brush removal was
accomplished by slashing (cut by chainsaw) near ground level at three
intensities: (1) total removal, (2) partial removal, and (3) an untreated
control. Sclerophyll brush species responded within 3 weeks of slashing by
vigorous sprouting, which was greatest in total brush removal areas where 861
513 sprout stems/ha developed during the first year. Soil water potentials and
predawn xylem pressure potentials of Douglas fir were less negative in total
removal areas than in partial removal and untreated control areas. Relative
growth rates of Douglas fir saplings temporarily increased in total and partial
brush removal areas, but were not significantly different from the untreated
control 3 yr after treatment. Slashing of sclerophyll brush to release
long-suppressed Douglas fir is not recommended because of rapid brush recovery
by sprouting.
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53. Hopmans, P. and H.N. Chappell. 1994. Growth response of young,
thinned Douglas-fir stands to nitrogen fertilizer in relation to soil
properties and tree nutrition. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 24(8):
1684-1688.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
soil properties
tree physiology
Abstract:
Application of 224 kg N/ha to young, thinned stands of Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) at 35 sites in W. Oregon and Washington significantly
increased basal area and volume increment over 8 years following treatment.
However, response varied considerably between sites, and relative volume
increment exceeded 10% at only 19 of the 35 sites. Response to applied N was
evaluated in relation to forest floor and soil variables as well as to levels
of N in foliage. Relative responses in basal area and volume were significantly
correlated with total N concentration and the C/N ratio of the soil. However,
these relationships explained only part (18-22%) of the observed variation in
response. In contrast, relative response was strongly correlated with the level
of N in the foliage of non-fertilized trees at 11 sites, accounting for 94% of
the variation between sites. It is suggested that foliar N could be used to
predict growth responses to N fertilizers in young thinned Douglas fir stands.
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54. Jacobs, D.F., R. Rose and D.L. Haase. 2003a. Development of
Douglas-fir seedling root architecture in response to localized nutrient
supply. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 33(1): 118-125.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
tree morphology
tree physiology
growth
Abstract:
Three months following sowing, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
Franco) seedlings were transplanted into pots with controlled-release
fertilizer (CRF) applied at rates of 0, 8, 16, and 24 g/2200 cm3 soil as a
single uniform layer beneath the root system. Seedlings were destructively
harvested periodically, and roots were divided into vertical segments above
(S1), within (S2), and below (S3) the fertilizer layer. Two months following
transplant, the number of active root tips was positively correlated with CRF
rate in S1 and negatively correlated with rate in S2 and S3. At 6 months, root
penetration into S3 was severely restricted at 16 and 24 g. This was attributed
to detrimental changes in soil osmotic potential in S2. Fertilizer improved
seedling growth at 8 g after 6 months compared with controls but was inhibitory
at 24 g. Photochemical quantum yield was higher in all CRF treatments compared
with controls 3 months following transplant, which corresponded with rapid
initial CRF nutrient release. Despite improvements in nutrient release
technology with CRF, high application rates may result in excessive
concentrations of fertilizer nutrients in media, which can restrict root
penetration and negatively affect seedling growth. Conservative application
rates and improvements in CRF technology will help reduce the potential for
adverse effects on seedling development.
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55. Jacobs, D.F., R. Rose, D.L. Haase and P.D. Morgan. 2003b.
Influence of nursery soil amendments on water relations, root architectural
development, and field performance of Douglas-fir transplants. New-Forests
26(3): 263-277.
Keywords: nursery
operations
fertilization
tree physiology
tree morphology
growth
carbon allocation
soil properties
tree/stand health
Abstract:
This experiment evaluated the influence of manure, peat, and vermiculite
incorporated at low and high rates (0.0118 and 0.0236 m3/m2) and under two soil
moisture regimes on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedling
(1+0 for 1+1) xylem water potential ( Phi xylem),
whole-plant growth, root architectural development, and subsequent field
performance under fertilized and non-fertilized conditions. Trends in soil
moisture retention were observed (high manure > high peat > control) but
there were no differences in Phi xylem. Root length in the wetter soil moisture
experiment was initially (three months) greatest for seedlings in high
vermiculite and least in high manure but there were no differences among
treatments at lifting (eight months). Mean height was greatest for seedlings
grown in vermiculite and peat (wetter nursery experiment) after two field
seasons. Field fertilization (35 g/seedling) with controlled-release fertilizer
in the planting hole stimulated height growth
initially, but decreased height and diameter growth during the second growing
season. Dramatic improvements associated with the use of nursery soil
amendments were not realized, but the failure to identify negative effects, a
potential reduction in disease incidence, and improvement of nursery soil
physical and chemical properties may justify their use.
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56. Jermstad, K.D., D.L. Bassoni, N.C. Wheeler, T.S. Anekonda, S.N.
Aitken, W.T. Adams and D.B. Neale. 2001b. Mapping of
quantitative trait loci controlling adaptive traits in coastal Douglas-fir.
II. Spring and fall cold-hardiness. Theoretical-and-Applied-Genetics 102(8):
1152-1158.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand protection
genetic relationships
tree physiology
tree phenology
Abstract:
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting fall and spring cold
hardiness (cold resistance) were identified in a three-generation outbred
pedigree of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga meniziesii var. menziesii
[Pseudotsuga menziesii]) in a field experiment conducted in Washington and
Oregon, USA, during 1996-97. Eleven QTLs controlling fall cold hardiness were
detected on four linkage groups, and 15 QTLs controlling spring cold hardiness
were detected on four linkage groups. Only one linkage group contained QTLs for
both spring and fall cold hardiness, and these QTLs tended to map in close
proximity to one another. Several QTLs were associated with hardiness in all
three shoot tissues assayed in the spring, supporting previous reports that
there is synchronization of plant tissues during de-acclimatization. For fall
cold hardiness, co-location of QTLs was not observed for the different tissues
assayed, which was consistent with previous reports of less synchronization of
hardening in the fall. In several cases, QTLs for spring or fall cold hardiness
mapped to the same location as QTLs controlling spring bud flush. QTL
estimations, relative magnitudes of heritabilities, and genetic correlations
based on clonal data in this single full-sib family, supports conclusions about
the genetic control and relationships among cold hardiness traits observed in
population samples of Douglas-fir in previous studies.
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57. Karl, M.G. and P.S. Doescher. 1993. Regulating competition on
conifer plantations with prescribed cattle grazing. Forest-Science 39(3):
405-418.
Keywords: release
treatments
manual release
stand conditions
tree physiology
soil properties
Abstract:
On conifer plantations, competitive understorey vegetation often retards growth
and establishment of tree seedlings. Livestock grazing is one method of
controlling the understorey vegetation and increasing the availability of site
resources to tree seedlings. It was hypothesized that prescribed cattle grazing
ameliorates water stress of young tree seedlings by reducing root growth of
competing understorey species. On a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) plantation in SW Oregon
planted in 1986, seedling water stress was evaluated using the pressure chamber
technique and gravimetric soil water determinations in 1986-89. Root growth of
orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), the major understorey competing species, was
quantified in 1988 and 1989 using the root periscope/mini-rhizotron technique.
Seedling water stress levels during spring and summer were similar in
cattle-grazed areas and ungrazed areas in 1986 to 1988, but in summer 1989,
water stress was reduced significantly in the grazed area. Soil water content
was higher in the grazed area in 1989, especially at the 10-20 cm soil depth.
End of season (July) orchardgrass root growth in grazed plots was 18% less in
1988 and 15% less in 1989 than root growth in ungrazed plots. It is concluded
that repeated cattle grazing of orchardgrass reduced transpirational surface
area and root growth sufficiently to increase soil water availability to tree
seedlings. Thus, prescribed cattle grazing on conifer plantations can enhance
seedling physiological status by acting as a regulator of above- and
belowground competition.
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58. Kelsey, R.G., G. Joseph and E.A. Gerson. 1998. Ethanol synthesis,
nitrogen, carbohydrates, and growth in tissues from nitrogen fertilized Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. seedlings. Trees:
Structure and Function 13(2): 103-111.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
tree physiology
Abstract:
Seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) were grown in a controlled environment and given nutrient solutions
containing 0 (-N) or 150 ppm nitrogen (+N). Seedling growth,
and the concentrations of N and carbohydrates in their tissues were affected by
the treatments. Metabolically active tissues, such as roots, incubated with a
limited supply of O2 became hypoxic faster and synthesized more ethanol than
less active tissues, such as needles. All tissues that were incubated for 4 h
in N2 synthesized ethanol. Needles incubated in N2 and light had much lower
quantities of ethanol than needles in N2 and dark, suggesting that O2 from
photosynthesis limited internal anoxia. Most tissues from +N seedlings
synthesized greater quantities of ethanol in N2 anoxia than tissues from -N
seedlings, probably because they were able to produce more enzymes with a
greater availability of N. However, this increase in ethanol synthesis between
N treatments was most pronounced in the phloem. Ethanol and soluble sugar
concentrations were negatively related in needles and positively related in
roots of +N seedlings, but not -N seedlings. Starch concentrations had no
effect on the amount of ethanol produced by any tissue. Regardless of N
treatments, all tissues from ponderosa pine produced more N2-induced ethanol
than Douglas-fir, in part because its tissues contained different
concentrations of soluble sugars and N as a consequence of phenological
differences between the species. However, ponderosa pine tissues may also
maintain greater quantities of anaerobic enzymes, or their isoenzymes than
Douglas fir.
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59. Khan, S.R., R. Rose, D.L. Haase and T.E. Sabin. 1996. Soil water
stress: its effects on phenology, physiology, and morphology of containerized
Douglas-fir seedlings. New-Forests 12(1): 19-39.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree physiology
tree phenology
Abstract:
Containerized 3-month-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were
subjected to six moisture-stress treatment (ranging
from 7 to 65% soil water content by volume) for 12 weeks. At the end of this
period, there were significant differences in phenological, physiological, and
morphological responses among the seedlings in the various moisture-stress
treatments. In general, seedlings grown under very high or very low soil
moisture conditions were adversely affected, while those grown under moderate
conditions (29 to 53% water content) exhibited optimum growth, bud development,
and nutrient and starch reserves. The use of vector analysis was found to be
helpful in data interpretation. The results indicate the importance of closely
monitoring nursery moisture regimes in order to achieve the best seedling
quality.
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60. Kimball, B.A., G.R. Johnson, D.L. Nolte and D.L. Griffin. 1999. An
examination of the genetic control of Douglas-fir vascular tissue
phytochemicals: implications for black bear foraging.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 123(2/3): 245-251.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand protection
growth
tree physiology
genetic relationships
Abstract:
Silvicultural practices can influence black bear (Ursus americanus)
foraging preferences for Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) cambial-zone
vascular tissues, but little is known about the role of genetics. To study the
impact of genetic selection, vascular tissue samples were collected from
Douglas fir trees in 6 half-sib families from 5 different sites in north
central Oregon.
Four replications of 3-tree non-contiguous plots were sampled at each site to
examine inter-and intra-site variation. Tree growth was measured as tree
diameter at breast height, and the absolute concentrations of 26 different
terpenoids were determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection
from ethyl acetate extracts. The simple carbohydrates fructose, glucose, and
sucrose, and the phenolic glycoside coniferin were quantified using
anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Cluster
analysis was used to reduce the number of variables used in analyses of
variance. Results for the families studied here indicate that tree growth and
some terpenoids were under some level of genetic control. Furthermore,
allocation of constitutive terpenoids in vascular tissues was not at the
expense of tree growth. The sugars present in vascular tissue were affected by
environment (site) and genetics (family) and their interaction.
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61. Kimball, B.A., D.L. Nolte, D.L. Griffin, S.M. Dutton and S.
Ferguson. 1998a. Impacts of live canopy pruning on the
chemical constituents of Douglas-fir vascular tissues: implications for black
bear tree selection. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 109(1/3): 51-56.
Keywords: pruning
tree/stand protection
growth
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
The impact of live canopy pruning (removal of all live and dead whorls
between the ground and 5 m height, resulting in removal of ~40% of the live
canopy) on the carbohydrate and terpene content of vascular tissue was
investigated in the lower bole of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) on 4
sites in NW Oregon. Cambial zone vascular tissue samples were collected from
pruned and unpruned trees in the lower bole and within the live canopy. Current
year's radial growth was estimated from the mass of vascular tissue removed
from the 800 cmsuperscript 2 area sampled from each tree. Chemical analyses
were conducted to determine the concentration of carbohydrates and terpenes in
the samples. Results indicated that 2 yr following treatment, pruning resulted
in reduced growth and decreased carbohydrate content of the vascular tissue.
Pruning had no effect on the terpene concentration of the vascular tissue. The
impact of pruning on the foraging selection of black bears (Ursus americanus)
was evaluated by surveying bear damaged trees in a 50 acre stand of pruned and
unpruned timber. Odds ratios indicate that black bears were 4 times more likely
to forage unpruned than pruned Douglas fir. Tree selection may be explained in
part by the higher availability of carbohydrates in the unpruned tree with
respect to the pruned tree.
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62. Kimball, B.A., E.C. Turnblom, D.L. Nolte, D.L. Griffin and R.M.
Engeman. 1998b. Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on sugars and
terpenes in Douglas-fir vascular tissues: implications for black bear foraging.
Forest-Science 44(4): 599-602.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Analyses of vascular tissue samples from Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
trees collected in test plots in W. Washington
and NW Oregon, USA,
showed that both thinning and N fertilizer application caused the sugar
concentration of vascular tissues in the lower bole to increase. However, these
treatments had no effect on the concentrations of hydrocarbon monoterpenes,
oxygenated monoterpenes or sesquiterpenes. These results may explain the
observations that black bears (Ursus americanus) prefer to forage in thinned and
fertilized stands, as the bears maximize sugar intake and minimize terpene
intake while foraging.
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63. Lavender, D.P. and S.G. Stafford. 1985. Douglas-fir seedlings:
some factors affecting chilling requirement, bud activity, and new foliage
production. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(2): 309-312.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand health
tree physiology
tree phenology
Abstract:
Potted 2-yr-old seedlings were exposed to a range of natural and artificial
environments at the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon
State University
during the autumn and winter before a 9-wk period in an environment designed to
permit active shoot growth. Seedling response demonstrated (i) that exposure to
a period of short (9 h), mild (20 degrees C) days prepared seedlings for the beneficial
effects of subsequent chilling (4.4 degrees C) temperatures and (ii) that the
physiology of dormancy of Douglas-fir seedlings may be adversely affected by
environments that differ markedly from those prevailing in the Pacific
Northwest during the autumn.
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64. Lavender, D.P. and R.B. Walker. 1981. Nitrogen and related
elements in nutrition of forest trees. In Proceedings: Forest
Fertilization Conference, University
of Washington,
Seattle,
Washington, USA.
Eds. S.P. Gessel, R.M. Kenady and W.A. Atkinson. pp.
15-22.
Keywords: fertilization
tree physiology
soil properties
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
This paper discusses the principal inorganic ions used by forest trees
and their respective roles in tree physiology, their common range of
concentration in coniferous foliage, and the general symptoms associated with
their deficiency. The factors governing effective concentrations of each ion at
an active metabolic site are redistribution or internal nutrient cycling,
nutrient uptake, and soil status (temperature, moisture, and concentration of
each nutrient). Also described are endogenous patterns of nutrient storage and
translocation, and the possible effects of fertilizers upon them and upon the
mechanisms of ion uptake, especially the effect of pH change associated with
urea applications upon the mycorrhizal complement of western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla).
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65. Litvak,
M.E.,
J.V.H. Constable and R.K. Monson. 2002. Supply and demand processes as controls
over needle monoterpene synthesis and concentration in Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco]. Oecologia 132(3): 382-391.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract:
We measured the relative control that resource availability (as a
supply-side control) and wounding (as a demand-side control) exert on patterns
of monoterpene synthesis and concentration in Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] needles. While supply-side controls should alter
monoterpene production due to changes in the availability of substrate
(carbohydrates), demand-side controls alter the need for a defensive product.
We examined these relationships by measuring constitutive (preformed) and
wound-induced rates of monoterpene synthesis and pool sizes in trees grown
under ambient and elevated (ambient +200 micro mol mol-1) CO2, ambient and
elevated (ambient +4 degrees C) temperature, and in trees grown under four
levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, 100 and 200 micro g g-1 N by weight).
Monoterpene pool size decreased at elevated CO2,
increased at elevated temperature and did not change in response to nitrogen
fertilization. Overall, we did not find that foliar nitrogen, carbon balance,
or rate of monoterpene synthesis alone were consistent predictors of
monoterpene concentration in current-year Douglas fir needles. In addition,
despite a wound-induced decrease in monoterpene pool size, we found no evidence
for induction of monoterpene synthesis in response to wounding. The influence
of either resource availability or wounding on rates of monoterpene synthesis
or accumulation cannot be explained by traditional supply-side or demand-side
controls. We conclude that monoterpene synthesis in first-year Douglas fir
needles is controlled by fairly conservative genetic mechanisms and is
influenced more by past selection than by current resource state.
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66. Livingston,
N.J.
and T.A. Black. 1987a. Stomatal characteristics and transpiration of three
species of conifer seedlings planted on a high elevation south-facing
clear-cut. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(10): 1273-1282.
Keywords: planting
operations
tree physiology
Abstract:
One-yr-old containerized seedlings of Douglas fir, western hemlock and Abies
amabilis were planted in spring 1981-82 with various shade and irrigation
treatments on a 30 degrees S.-facing slope at 1150 m alt. on Mt.
Arrowsmith,
Vancouver Island,
British Columbia.
Stomatal responses to environmental and physiological variables were measured
for 2 yr. Responses of stomatal conductance to global solar irradiance, air
temp., changes in turgor and soil water potentials, and changes in vapour pressure
deficit did not differ between years or between planting dates for any species.
A simple multiplicative boundary-line model was developed to describe the
variability in stomatal conductance and to estimate daily seedling
transpiration.
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67. Livingston,
N.J.
and T.A. Black. 1987b. Water stress and survival of three species of conifer
seedlings planted on a high elevation south-facing clear-cut.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(9): 1115-1123.
Keywords: planting
operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Container-grown seedlings (1+0) of Douglas fir, western hemlock and
Abies amabilis were planted in spring 1981 and 1982 at 1150 m alt. on a 30
degrees S.-facing slope on Mt.
Arrowsmith,
Vancouver Island,
British Columbia.
Treatments at planting included inclining seedlings to the SW
(thus shading the root collar with the foliage) and provision of shade cards
and/or irrigation. Control seedlings received no treatment. Seasonal and
diurnal courses of twig xylem water potential, turgor potential and osmotic
potential were measured and the relation between transpiration and soil water
potential was determined. Seedling survival was recorded in April 1982-84.
Douglas fir seedlings showed a high degree of drought tolerance by considerable
osmotic adjustment that enabled seedlings to maintain turgor throughout the
growing season. Douglas fir seedlings thus survived severe drought and
maintained daily transpiration rates that were never less than 50% of those of
irrigated seedlings. Transpiration rates were reduced, however, on days of high
vapour pressure deficits because of stomatal closure. Western hemlock and,
especially, A amabilis lacked both stress avoidance
and stress tolerance mechanisms and consequently suffered high mortality. In
April 1984, untreated Douglas fir seedlings had 72-82% survival, while treated
seedlings had 81-95% survival. Shade cards and/or irrigation increased survival
of western hemlock and A. amabilis, but not to the rates shown by Douglas fir.
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68. Lopushinsky, W. 1986. Effect of jellyrolling and
acclimatization on survival and height growth of conifer seedlings. Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service
Research-Note PNW-RN-438. 14 p.
Keywords: planting
operations
growth
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract:
Jellyrolling is a preplanting treatment that involves dipping roots of
seedlings in a vermiculite/water slurry and wrapping
the roots in wet burlap to form a roll. Studies were made at 14 sites in Oregon
and Washington
during 1984 using bare root seedlings of Pinus ponderosa, P. contorta or
Pseudotsuga menziesii. Results showed that there was no advantage in survival,
ht. growth or moisture stress from jellyrolling or acclimatizing (storage in a
tent or shed at ambient temp. for 24 h before planting) seedlings rather than
dipping roots in a peat moss/water slurry at the
planting site.
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69. Lopushinsky, W. and T.A. Max. 1990. Effect of soil temperature on
root and shoot growth and on budburst timing in conifer seedling transplants.
New-Forests 4(2): 107-124.
Keywords: planting
operations
tree morphology
tree phenology
tree physiology
Abstract:
Results are presented of studies of tree seedling morphological
responses to a wide range (0-30 degrees C) of soil temperatures and the effects
of soil temperature on needle water potential and stomatal conductance in
ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa). Bare-root 2-year-old seedlings from
high-altitude seed sources in the Cascade
Mountains (Washington
and Oregon
states) were used for the morphological study. Root growth in Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), noble fir (Abies
procera), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and ponderosa pine began when soil
temperature exceeded 5 degrees C. Root growth increased rapidly after 10
degrees C and attained maximum values at 20 degrees C. At 30 degrees C, no root
growth occurred in the firs; in the pines, root growth was 30 to 39% of
maximum. Maximum shoot growth also occurred at 20 degrees C. In ponderosa pine,
height growth of seedlings from a high-altitude source was unaffected by cold
soil, but in low-altitude seedlings it was reduced. Budburst in Douglas fir and
the pines was delayed up to 11 days by cold soil, whereas in silver fir and
noble fir, it was only slightly delayed. Prior to new root growth in ponderosa
pine, xylem pressure potentials and stomatal conductances during the afternoon
indicated reduced stomatal opening at all soil temperatures, whereas 23 days
later, stomata were open to a greater degree when temperatures exceeded 10
degrees C. Implications of these results are briefly discussed: although root
growth was initiated at soil temperatures of 5 degrees C, this does not imply
that seedlings should not be transplanted until soils reach that temperature.
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70. Lu, S., K.G. Mattson, J.B. Zaerr and J.D. Marshall. 1998. Root
respiration of Douglas-fir seedlings: effects of N concentration.
Soil-Biology-and-Biochemistry 30(3): 331-336.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree morphology
tree physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Six-month-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were grown at three
N concentrations and with controlled root temperatures in Oregon,
USA.
Measurements of root respiration were conducted on undisturbed root systems by
passing humidified air with 1000 micro l/litre CO2 through root boxes onto an
infrared gas analyser. The effects of N on soil respiration were sought by
examining total root respiration rate per seedling, specific root respiration
rate/g root dry wt, and root dry wt after N fertilization. Total respiration
rates of seedlings grown at 50 mg N/litre concentration were significantly
higher than those grown at 10 or 200 mg N/litre. Seedlings grown at N
concentration of 200 mg/litre had significantly smaller roots than those grown
at the two lower N concentrations. The specific respiration rate increased as N
concentration was increased from 10 to 50 mg N/litre, but remained constant as
N was further increased from 50 to 200 mg/litre. The increase of total
respiration rate with the increase in N concentration from 10 to 50 mg/litre
was attributed to the increase in specific respiration, whereas the subsequent
decrease in total respiration with the increase in N concentration from 50 to
200 mg/litre was attributed to the decrease in root dry wt. The depression of
soil respiration after the addition of N fertilizers to relatively fertile soil
may be explained by reduced root and mycorrhizal mycelial growth.
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71. Manter, D.K. and K.L. Kavanagh. 2003. Stomatal regulation in
Douglas fir following a fungal-mediated chronic reduction in leaf area. Trees:
Structure and Function 17(6): 485-491.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Pathogens can cause chronic premature needle abscission in coniferous species.
To assess the potential impacts on tree productivity, stomatal regulation was
investigated in Douglas fir with chronic stomatal occlusion and defoliation
from varying levels of the Swiss needle cast (SNC) fungus, Phaeocryptopus
gaeumannii. Levels of SNC disease and subsequent defoliation were manipulated
by choosing six sites with varying levels of disease and by foliar applications
of fungicides on six trees per site. Diurnal measurements of leaf water
potential ( Psi leaf), stomatal conductance (gs) and
vapor pressure deficit (D) were made on six fungicide treated and six control
trees per site. In addition, leaf specific hydraulic conductance was calculated
on a single branch (KL_B) from three trees per treatment per site. Stomatal
conductance at D=1 kPa (gsref) was negatively correlated with fungal
colonization (number of fruiting bodies present in needle stomata) and
positively correlated with KL_B. Despite reduced needle retention in diseased
trees, KL declined due to a reduction in sapwood area and permeability (i.e.,
increasing presence of latewood in functional sapwood). In general, stomatal
sensitivity to D for all foliage was consistent with stomatal regulation based
on a simple hydraulic model [gs=KL( Psi soil- Psi
leaf)/D], which assumes strict stomatal regulation of Psi leaf. However, when
fungal presence reduced maximum gs below the potential maximum supported by
hydraulic architecture, stomatal sensitivity was lower than expected based on
the theoretical relationship: d gs/dln D=0.6.gsref. The results indicate that
losses in productivity associated with physical blockage of stomata and
defoliation are compounded by additional losses in KL and a reduction in gs in
remaining functional stomata.
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72. Margolis, H.A. and R.H. Waring. 1986a. Carbon and nitrogen
allocation patterns of Douglas-fir seedlings fertilized with nitrogen in
autumn. I. Overwinter metabolism. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(5):
897-902.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
tree physiology
Abstract:
Dormant Douglas fir seedlings (2+0) in a western Oregon nursery were fertilized
with ammonium nitrate in Oct. 1983 and harvested for biochemical analyses
before fertilization and in Nov. 1983 and Feb. and Mar. 1984. Free amino acid (FAA) concn. and
total N in the needles of fertilized seedlings showed a large increase 1 month
after fertilization. FAA concn. of
fertilized seedlings decreased in needles during winter, but remained stable in
stems and fine roots. Just before budbreak in mid-Mar., FAA concn. increased significantly in needles and stems. Total N
increased 1 month after fertilization, remained stable during winter and tended
to decrease just before budbreak. Starch and total nonstructural carbohydrate
concn. of needles and stems were lower in fertilized
than in unfertilized seedlings just before budbreak. When
data from all harvests were combined, sugar concn. of
fine roots were lower in fertilized seedlings. The depletion of carbohydrate
reserves following N fertilization probably reflected increased maintenance
respiration which required synthesis of additional enzymes.
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73. Margolis, H.A. and R.H. Waring. 1986b. Carbon and nitrogen
allocation patterns of Douglas-fir seedlings fertilized with nitrogen in
autumn. II. Field performance. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(5):
903-909.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
tree phenology
growth
tree physiology
Abstract:
Douglas fir seedlings (2+0), unfertilized or fertilized with ammonium nitrate
in Oct. 1983, were planted out in Feb. 1984 near Corvallis,
Oregon.
Rye grass was grown on half the plots to induce water stress during the typical
summer drought. Sucrose was applied to soil around each seedling to stimulate
microbial growth and thus to immobilize nitrogen in the microbial biomass and
create nitrogen stress in Douglas fir. Fertilized seedlings had earlier
budbreak, produced more shoot growth and had higher relative growth rates, net
assimilation rates and leaf area ratios than unfertilized seedlings. Grass
significantly increased predawn moisture stress in both fertilized and
unfertilized seedlings by early Aug. By 3 Sep., unfertilized seedlings growing
with grass were significantly more stressed than other seedlings. Fertilizer
did not have a significant effect on concn. of free
amino acids and total N at the end of the growing season, but grass competition
affected both N and carbohydrate chemistry.
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74. McClain, K.M. and D.P. Lavender. 1988. Tissue water relations and
survival of conditioned conifer seedlings during drought stress. In
Proceedings: 10th North American Forest Biology Workshop, 'Physiology and
genetics of reforestation', University
of British Columbia,
Vancouver,
British Columbia,
July 10-22, 1988. Eds. J.
Worrall, J. Loo-Dinkins and D.P. Lester. pp. 177-185.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 23-week-old
seedlings were subjected to an 8-week drought stress period on two soil types
(sandy clay loam and loamy sand) in protected cold frames in a nursery in
Oregon in July-August 1984. Before transplanting, treatments consisting of
daily or weekly irrigations, combined with 0 or 100 p.p.m. KCl, were applied to
the seedlings for 6 weeks. The results showed that weekly irrigated (stress
conditioned) seedlings maintained higher water potentials than daily irrigated
(non-stress conditioned) seedlings. Decreases in water potential were more
rapid for seedlings grown on sand than for seedlings grown on loam. By the end
of the assessment period, relative water contents of Douglas fir on sand and
loam were 88.3% and 91.5%, respectively, and 72.7% and 81.8%, respectively, for
jack pine. Turgor pressures were maintained at higher levels in Douglas fir
than in jack pine on both soil types. On sand, mortality in both species was
dependent on conditioning treatment, indicating that stress conditioning
enhanced seedling drought resistance during a period of rapidly increasing soil
water deficit. KCl treatment was not implicated in response to drought, but
increased mortality of jack pine on sandy clay loam.
Non-OSU
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75. McKay, H.M. 1994. Frost hardiness and
cold-storage tolerance of the root system of Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Larix kaempferi and Pinus sylvestris bare-root seedlings.
Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 9(3): 203-213.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
During the winter of 1990-91, fine roots of 2-year-old, undercut and wrenched
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix kaempferi [L. leptolepis], Pinus sylvestris, and Picea
sitchensis (Alaskan, Queen Charlotte Islands and Oregon provenances) were
tested using electrolyte leakage for frost hardiness and tolerance to storage
at +1 degrees C for 30 and 90 days as excised roots. Pseudotsuga menziesii and
Pinus sylvestris showed only minor changes in root frost hardiness with a
maximum of -4 degrees C and -7 degrees C respectively. Larix leptolepis and
Picea sitchensis developed much greater root frost hardiness; L. leptolepis had
a maximum hardiness of -12 degrees C while Picea sitchensis (Queen
Charlotte Islands) reached -13 degrees C during the
winter. The root frost hardiness of Picea sitchensis increased with the
provenance's latitude. There were clear species and provenance differences in
the level of long-term cold-storage tolerance attained, increasing in the order
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus sylvestris and Picea sitchensis (Oregon),
L. leptolepis, Picea sitchensis (Queen Charlotte
Islands), and Picea sitchensis (Alaskan). In spite of
highly significant correlations between root electrolyte leakage after
cold-storage and frosting tests, root frost hardiness did not accurately
indicate all aspects of long-term cold tolerance and has limitations as a means
of determining safe cold-storage dates.Tr.
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76. McKay, H.M. and A.D. Milner. 2000. Species and seasonal
variability in the sensitivity of seedling conifer roots to drying and rough
handling. Forestry-Oxford 73(3): 259-270.
Keywords: planting
operations
tree physiology
tree/stand health
tree phenology
Abstract:
The ability of the fine root system of 2-year-old bare-rooted planting
stock of Picea sitchensis of Queen Charlotte Islands (British Columbia, Canada),
Oregon and Alaskan (USA) provenances, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix kaempferi
and Pinus sylvestris to withstand standard drying and rough handling treatments
was tested at regular intervals from September 1990 until April 1991, at a
nursery in NE England. Details are given of nursery treatments (sowing in
spring 1989; undercutting in year 2 in June-mid-August, depending on species,
and wrenching at 2-wk intervals until mid-October; and lifting at 2-wk
intervals from September-November 1990 to April 1991). Electrolyte leakage was
used to quantify the damage to the fine roots. Stressed seedlings had
significantly greater leakage values than untreated seedlings and dried
seedlings had significantly greater leakage values than roughly handled
seedlings, but the responses varied with species and lifting date. After
drying, leakage values increased in the order P. sitchensis (Oregon
and Queen Charlotte Islands), P.
sylvestris, L. kaempferi, P. sitchensis (Alaskan), P.
menziesii. Leakage values after rough handling increased in the order P.
sitchensis (Alaskan and Queen Charlotte islands),
L. kaempferi, P. sitchensis (Oregon),
P. sylvestris, P. menziesii. Leakage values were
greatest in early September. During September and October there was a rapid
downward trend in leakage. From December to February, leakage values decreased
very slowly. In March leakage values of untreated and roughly handled seedlings
increased slightly but decreased further in dried seedlings. These results
indicate that great care must be taken during autumn planting to protect
bare-rooted seedlings, particularly P. menziesii, from drying and to a lesser
extent rough handling. Fine root leakage values following drying and rough
handling had a significant linear relationship with the logarithm of the number
of days required for the terminal bud to burst.
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77. Miller, R.E., M.V. Atherton and J.E. Wilcox. 1986. Comparative
effects of three nitrogen fertilizers applied in fall and spring to a
29-year-old Douglas-fir plantation. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(5):
910-917.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract:
Stand growth and mortality were monitored for 13 yr after application
of urea, ammonium nitrate or urea + ammonium sulphate (224 kg N/ha) in autumn
1967 and spring 1968 to plots in a 29-yr-old Douglas fir plantation on
Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The treatments and a control were
replicated 3 times. Foliar analysis indicated insufficient available N before
treatment and an increase in available N 1 and 2 yr after fertilization. Addition
of N at this location did not have a practical effect on stand growth and the
field experiment was not sufficiently sensitive to detect real differences
between N sources or season of application. Suggestions are included for
improving field trials.
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Link
78. Mitchell, A.K., H.J. Barclay, H. Brix, D.F.W. Pollard, R. Benton
and R. DeJong. 1996. Biomass and nutrient element dynamics in Douglas-fir:
effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization over 18 years. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
26(3): 376-388.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
precommercial thinning
carbon allocation
tree physiology
growth
soil properties
Abstract:
The effects of thinning (two-thirds of basal area removed) and N fertilizer (448
kg N/ha as urea) on biomass and nutrition of a 24-year-old Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) stand at Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia, were studied
over 18 years. At years 0, 9, and 18 after treatments, the aboveground biomass
and N, P, K, Ca, and Mg contents of stemwood, stem bark, foliage, and dead and
live branches were determined (kg/ha), and increments in these properties
(kg/ha per year) were calculated for the 0-9 and 9-18 year periods. Foliar
biomass was increased by both treatments during the first period and also by
thinning in the second period. Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) per
unit of foliage biomass (foliage efficiency) was increased by treatments in the
0-9 year period. The combined effects of increased foliage mass and foliage
efficiency resulted in increased total biomass production. Thinning and
fertilizer application increased the uptake of all elements except for P with
fertilizer. This increase may have contributed to the long-term increase in
stem growth. Retranslocation of elements before foliage shedding was important
for tree nutrition, but was not improved by fertilizer during the 9-18 year
measurement period. The efficiency of N use in dry matter production (ANPP/unit
of N uptake) was decreased by fertilizer. This implied that poor sites would
respond to fertilizer better than rich sites.
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79. Mitchell, A.K. and T.M. Hinckley. 1993. Effects of foliar nitrogen
concentration on photosynthesis and water use efficiency in Douglas-fir.
Tree-Physiology 12(4): 403-410.
Keywords: fertilization
tree physiology
photosynthesis
Abstract:
Leaf-level physiological processes were studied in Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) to determine whether apparent increases in stand-level
water use efficiency (WUE) observed in response to nitrogen (N) fertilization
were attributable to foliar N effects on carbon fixation rates or on stomatal
control of water loss. Photosynthesis and transpiration were measured at
different light intensities and ambient CO2 molar fractions and comparisons
were made between current-year shoots with average foliar N concentrations of
1.58% (high-N) and 1.25% (low-N). Photosynthetic rates and foliar N
concentrations were positively correlated. In response to light, photosynthesis
and stomatal conductance were closely coupled and a similar coupling was
observed in response to different ambient CO2 concentrations. Partitioning the
photosynthetic responses into mesophyll and stomatal components indicated that
foliar N altered mesophyll conductance but not stomatal control of water loss.
High-N shoots had significantly greater rates of photosynthesis and
transpiration than low-N shoots and, as a result, instantaneous WUE did not
differ significantly between high-N and low-N shoots.
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80. Nason, G.E., D.J. Pluth, R.T. Hardin and W.B. McGill. 1990.
Dynamics of foliar N in Douglas-fir after spring and fall application of
ammonium nitrate and urea. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 20(9):
1515-1523.
Keywords: fertilization
tree physiology
Abstract:
Foliar N dynamics were studied from 1982 to 1984 after spring or autumn
application of ammonium nitrate or urea at 200 kg N/ha to an intermediate-productivity 38-yr-old Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) stand growing on Humo-Ferric Podzols on Vancouver
Island, British
Columbia. Douglas fir
responded by increasing the N concentration of existing foliage, and both the
concentration and content of N in new shoots. Six months after spring
fertilization, N concentration in current foliage averaged 30 and 21% above
that of the control for ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. N
concentration of current foliage was increased after 2 years in the ammonium
nitrate treatment only. When ammonium nitrate was applied in autumn, peak N
concentration in current foliage occurred after 6 months (in mid-spring), at
25% above that of the control. Autumn application urea did not affect current
foliage N concentration until the next autumn, when a 19% increase over that of
the control was observed. In the first autumn after fertilization (seasons of application
combined), ammonium nitrate caused a 26% increase over control in N content of
current foliage, whereas urea caused a 13% increase. This superiority of
ammonium nitrate over urea was attributed to the nitrate ion.
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81. Nason, G.E., D.J. Pluth and W.B. McGill. 1988. Volatilization and
foliar recapture of ammonia following spring and fall application of
nitrogen-15 urea to a Douglas-fir ecosystem.
Soil-Science-Society-of-America-Journal 52(3): 821-828.
Keywords: fertilization
tree physiology
soil properties
Abstract:
Seasonal effects on the volatilization and vegetal recapture of NH3
following application of pelleted 15N urea at 200 kg N ha-1 to a 40-yr-old
Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] ecosystem were investigated. Volatilization
totalled 14 and 0.7% of applied N in spring and autumn, respectively, and the
difference appeared to be related to precipitation patterns following
fertilization. Volatilization was generally enhanced by small spring rainfalls while
depressed by larger autumn rains. The isotopic abundance of evolved NH3
fluctuated from >90 to <10% of that of the fertilizer source. These
fluctuations reflected the role of precipitation in the regulation of spatial
heterogeneity of urea and urease in soil. Under spring conditions NH3 was
recaptured by potted Douglas-fir seedlings. Seedlings at 10 cm above the forest
floor captured 16 times as much NH3 as seedlings positioned at the 150-cm
elevation. Labelled N was distributed among seedling tissues in the order:
current foliage > 1-year-old foliage > roots which is consistent with
anabolic incorporation and translocation. This mechanism may have a significant
role in plant nutrition when conditions favourable to NH3 volatilization follow
urea fertilization.
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82. Newton,
M. and D.S. Preest. 1988. Growth and water relations of Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings under different weed control regimes.
Weed-Science 36(5): 653-662.
Keywords: release
treatments
chemical
release
growth
soil
properties
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Growth of Douglas fir (P. menziesii) was increased by controlling grasses and
broadleaved weeds with combinations of 4.4 kg atrazine/ha and 2.2 kg 2,4-D or
2,4,5-T during the first 3 years after planting on a well-drained moist site in
the Oregon Coast Range. The greatest growth occurred if weeds were controlled
in the same growing season that tree seedlings were transplanted to the field;
smaller increments came from second- and third-year weed control. Growth
increases attributable to early weed control continued through the fifth year,
indicating that conditions during establishment strongly influenced later
growth. Plots with no herbaceous vegetation had more available soil water than
those with competing vegetation, and tree seedlings on these plots experienced
less water stress. Irrigation in the third year increased stem diameter of
seedlings in that year but had no effect thereafter. Increases in average
seedling stem volume at 5 years after transplanting were linearly related to
the difference in observed xylem potential during the first three seasons after
transplanting and the xylem potential at which photosynthesis ceased, -2 MPa.
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83. Newton,
M., D.S. Preest and D.E. White. 1987. Effect of relieving moisture stress with
extended weed control in Douglas-fir.
Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (Vol.40): 129-130.
Keywords: release
treatments
chemical release
growth
tree physiology
soil properties
photosynthesis
Abstract:
The growth of Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings was increased during
the first 5 years by controlling grasses and forbs in 7 herbicide regimes
during the 1st 3 years, the effect diminishing with time after planting.
Devegetated plots had more available moisture through the growing season than
those with Agrostis tenuis or mixed mixed grass/forb cover dominated by A.
tenuis or Hypochaeris radicata. Tree moisture stress followed soil moisture but
only after allowing for large fluctuations of diurnal stress. Weed control
relieved moisture stress in trees. P. menziesii photosynthesis tended to shut
down in the region of -2.0 MPa moisture stress. For the 1st 3 years in a
favourable coastal environment approx. 1700 MPa-h above -2.0 MPa was estimated
to be required for survival. Increments of moisture beyond that would
contribute significantly to growth.
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84. Owens, J.N. 1987. Development of Douglas-fir
apices under natural and cone-inducing conditions.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 19(1-4): 85-97.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree physiology
Abstract:
The anatomy, mitotic frequenty (MF), size and total insoluble
carbohydrate histochemistry were studied in axillary apices from 9- and
10-year-old Douglas-fir (Psedotsuga menziessi (Mirb.) Franco) trees after cone
induction treatments of rootpruning (RP) and (or) stem injections of a
gibberellin A4 and A7 mixture (GA). Axillary buds were initiated at the time of
RP but RP had no effect on axillary bud initiation. Axillary apices from
control and GA-treated trees were similar and followed the normal sequence of
bud-scale initiation, differentiation and leaf initiation described previously
and no cone buds differentiated. Early development of axillary apices from RP
and RP + GA treated trees was normal but development became retarded near the
time of vegetative bud flush. Retarded apices were small with low MF and
developed many features characteristic of latent apices. The ultrastructure of
cells at the base of retarded apices sowed dense cytoplasm and some unusual
features. Apical retardation continued until mid-July when normal development
resumed and apices differentiated into cone or vegetative buds or became
latent. The trees in which the greatest retardation of apical development
occurred during lateral shoot elongation produced the most cone buds. These
results are discussed in relation to hypotheses proposed to explain how
cultural and GA treatments affect cone induction in the Pinaceae.
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85. Owens, J.N., J.E. Webber, S.D. Ross and R.P. Pharis. 1985.
Interaction between gibberellin A4/7 and root-pruning on the reproductive and
vegetative processes in Douglas-fir. III. Effects on anatomy of shoot
elongation and terminal bud development. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
15(2): 354-364.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree physiology
tree phenology
growth
Abstract:
The relative importance of cell division and cell elongation to shoot
elongation and the anatomical changes in vegetative terminal apices were
assessed for 9- and 10-yr-old seedlings in a seed orchard in British
Columbia after two effective
cone-induction treatments, gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) and root-pruning (RP).
Root-pruning was done in mid-April 1981 at the start of vegetative bud swelling
and GA treatments were begun at vegetative bud flushing in mid-May and continued
until early July. Shoot elongation before flushing resulted primarily from cell
divisions and was not affected by the RP treatment. Shoot elongation after
flushing resulted primarily from cell expansion which was reduced by RP
treatments. Root-pruning significantly slowed mitotic activity, apical growth,
and development of vegetative terminal buds from mid-June to mid-July. Apical
growth then resumed during leaf initiation and the final number of leaf
primordia initiated was not affected. This resulted in a delay of 2-4 wk in the
transition from bud-scale to leaf initiation. Retarded terminal vegetative
apices anatomically resembled latent axillary apices but were never completely
inhibited. GA + RP had the same effect as RP. GA4/7 alone had no effect on shoot
or apical development. These results show that RP and GA + RP significantly
retard shoot elongation and terminal bud development but still allow normal
development of vegetative terminal buds. Retardation of bud development by a
few weeks shifts the critical morphogenetic phase of transition from bud scale
to leaf initiation to a later time when endogenous and environmental conditions
may differ from the normal.
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86. Owens, J.N., J.E. Webber, S.D. Ross and R.P. Pharis. 1986.
Interaction between gibberellin A4/7 and root-pruning on the reproductive and
vegetative processes in Douglas-fir. IV. Effects on lateral bud development.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(2): 211-221.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
tree phenology
tree physiology
Abstract:
The anatomy, mitotic frequency, size and total insoluble carbohydrate
histochemistry were studied in axillary apices from 9- and 10-yr-old trees [in
a seed orchard in British Columbia] after cone induction by root-pruning (RP)
and/or stem injections of a gibberellin A4 + A7 (GA4/7) mixture. Axillary buds
were initiated at the time of root-pruning, but RP treatment had no effect on
time or number of axillary buds initiated. Axillary apices from control and GA
treated trees were similar and followed the normal sequence of bud-scale
initiation, differentiation and leaf initiation and no cone buds
differentiated. Early development of axillary apices from RP and RP+GA treatments
was normal, but development became retarded near the time of vegetative bud
flush. Retarded apices were small with low mitotic frequency and developed many
features characteristic of latent apices. Retardation of axillary apices
continued until mid-July when normal development resumed and apices became
latent or differentiated into reproductive or vegetative buds. Trees which had
the greatest retardation of apical development during lateral shoot elongation
produced the most cone buds. Results are discussed in relation to 4 hypotheses
on effects of cultural and gibberellin treatments on cone induction in the
Pinaceae.
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87. Pabst, R.J., J.C. Tappeiner, II and M. Newton. 1990. Varying
densities of Pacific madrone in a young stand in Oregon
alter soil water potential, plant moisture stress, and growth of Douglas fir.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 37(4): 267-283.
Keywords: release
treatments
manual release
soil properties
tree physiology
growth
Abstract:
In a study to evaluate the effects of mixed conifer/broadleaf stands
on soil water potential, and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) moisture
stress and growth, Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) and associated shrub and
herbaceous vegetation were thinned to represent the following range of
conditions: high-density madrone (H) with associated shrubs and herbs
controlled; medium-density madrone (M), shrubs and herbs controlled;
low-density madrone (L), shrubs and herbs controlled; no madrone (N), shrubs
and herbs controlled; and no madrone (U), shrubs and herbs predominate. The
study was carried out in 1985 and 1987 at a 2-ha droughty site in the Klamath
Mountains, SW Oregon, planted in 1979 with 2+0 Douglas fir. Soil
water-potential ( psi ) at a depth of 0-30 cm was consistently
higher in treatment N than in all other treatments; in 1987 this difference was
significant (P<0.025). Average psi in treatment U reached -1.5 MPa
(permanent wilting point) between June and July in both years of the study,
whereas in the other treatments that level was never reached. Soil water
conditions were also relatively severe in treatment H. Predawn plant moisture
stress (PMS) of Douglas fir was significantly (P=0.0001) less in treatment N
than in all other treatments. Seasonal moisture-stress relief (SMSR) of Douglas
fir was significantly related to madrone leaf area index (LAI) and was greatest
in treatment N. Seasonal moisture stress relief of madrone was also
significantly correlated with LAI. There were highly significant linear relationships
between both predawn and midday PMS and soil water potential
for Douglas fir and madrone. Results clearly show that conditions for maximum
Douglas fir growth occurred in treatment N. Average diameter growth of Douglas
fir was greatest in treatment N, although not significantly different from that
in treatment U, and least in treatment H. In 1987, Douglas fir growth in
diameter, stem basal area, and stem volume was strongly related to SMSR and
madrone LAI, and to a lesser extent, seasonal soil tension relief.
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88. Parke, J.L., R.G. Linderman and C.H. Black. 1983a. The role of ectomycorrhizas in drought tolerance of
Douglas-fir seedlings. New-Phytologist 95(1): 83-95.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
photosynthesis
tree physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings were watered daily or conditioned to
cyclic drying and re-wetting of the soil. Net photosynthesis rates of
mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings watered daily were similar but
drought-stressed mycorrhizal seedlings fixed CO2 at a rate 10 times that of
non-mycorrhizal ones. Total leaf water potentials of mycorrhizal plants were
lower than those of non-mycorrhizal plants but they recovered more rapidly.
Non-mycorrhizal seedlings and those inoculated with 4 ectomycorrhizal fungi
were allowed to dry, then re-watered and compared for their ability to tolerate
and recover from drought. Those inoculated with Rhizopogon vinicolor were the
least affected by drought. Net photosynthetic rate of R.-inoculated seedlings
24 h after re-watering was 7 times greater than that of non-mycorrhizal
seedlings. The transpiration rate of R.-inoculated seedlings was low before
desiccation, declined rapidly during the drought period and, after re-watering,
quickly resumed a rate higher than that for other treatments.
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89. Petersen, T.D., M. Newton and S.M. Zedaker. 1988. Influence of
Ceanothus velutinus and associated forbs on the water stress and stemwood
production of Douglas-fir. Forest-Science 34(2): 333-343.
Keywords: release
treatments
chemical release
tree physiology
soil properties
growth
Abstract:
In studies in the central Cascade Mts., Oregon, three regimes were
established in 1978 around individual trees in four 5-yr-old and four 10-yr-old
stands, viz. no treatment (control), elimination of C. velutinus with 2,4-D or
elimination of C. velutinus and forbs with 2,4-D and glyphosate. Seasonal and
diurnal variation in stem and soil water potentials were measured during 1979.
Soil water potential during late summer was <-1.5 MPa at depths of 10, 40
and 100 cm on control plots and at depths of 10 and 40 cm in 5-yr-old stands
and 10 cm in 10-yr-old stands in plots where only C. velutinus was eliminated.
In the absence of shrubs and forbs, soil water potential at 100 cm was near field
capacity throughout the season. Predawn stem water potential during late summer
was significantly lower on control plots than on the treatment plots for all
5-yr-old stands and for two of the 10-yr-old stands. By 1986, tree stems were
2-6 cm larger in basal diam. and 1-2 m taller in the absence of competitors.
The increase in stem size was greater in the stand treated at 5 yr old than in
that treated at 10 yr old. The correlation between growth and water stress
suggests that interspecific competition for soil water during summer drought is
a limiting factor in stemwood production.
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90. Price, D.T., T.A. Black and F.M. Kelliher. 1986. Effects of salal
understory removal on photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of young
Douglas-fir trees. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(1): 90-97.
Keywords: release
treatments
manual release
photosynthesis
tree physiology
soil properties
growth
Abstract:
Studies were made in a thinned 32-yr-old Douglas fir stand on a
drought-prone site on the E. coast of Vancouver
Island. Four pairs of similar trees were selected and
the salal (Gaultheria shallon) understorey was removed completely from around
one of each pair. The root zones of each tree were isolated using plastic
sheeting buried to bedrock. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, soil water
potential and canopy microclimate were measured intensively in one pair on 4
clear days during an extended dry period in June 1982. B.a. increment of the four pairs of trees was
measured over 3 growing seasons. To determine the effect of soil water
potential on tree photosynthesis, the same variables were measured for 3
consecutive days in Aug. 1982 for another tree initially subjected to a soil
water potential of approx. -1.6 MPa, but irrigated to approx. -0.02 MPa between
days 1 and 2. Solar irradiance decreased markedly between days 2 and 3, thus
creating a unique data set. Results showed that removal of the understorey
significantly increased rates of photosynthesis in Douglas fir, both diurnally
and seasonally. Photosynthesis was not generally limited by stomatal
conductance unless vapour pressure deficit was high and photon flux density was
saturating. Improved tree growth after understorey removal was due to the
increased soil water potential that increased both photosynthetic capacity and
stomatal conductance.
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91. Puttonen, P. 1987. Abscisic acid concentration in Douglas-fir
needles in relation to lifting date, cold storage, and postplanting vigor of
seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(5): 383-387.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree/stand health
tree physiology
tree phenology
Abstract:
Spring-lifted seedlings (2+0) were grown outside in pots at Corvallis,
Oregon,
in 1982. In late July pots were watered weekly to induce dormancy. From early
Sep., plants received either a natural photoperiod or an extended (16 h)
photoperiod for 6 wk. In mid-Nov. 1982 or mid-Jan. 1983, the plants were lifted
and stored in a cold room (4 degrees C) for 25 days, bare rooted in
polyethylene bags in the dark, or in pots in the dark or with an 8 h
photoperiod. After storage, seedlings were planted in a cold frame or in pots
in a growth room with 16-h photoperiod and day/night temp. of 21/16 degrees . In Sep. 1983, seedling ht., length of leader for 1982 and
1983, root collar diam. and survival were recorded. ABA concn. in needles was analysed after 48h and 25 days in
storage, after 48h in a cold frame or growth room and at bud break. Lifting
times and storage treatments did not have a significant effect on ABA
concn. Seedling vigour was not indicated by ABA
concn. There were treatment differences in performance after storage. Compared
with seedlings lifted in mid-Jan., those lifted in mid-Nov. had reduced
survival and more days to bud burst.
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92. Radwan, M.A. 1992. Effect of forest floor on
growth and nutrition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings with and
without fertilizer. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(9):
1222-1229.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
Abstract:
Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of four different forest
soils from western Washington, USA, on growth and shoot nutrients of potted
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
seedlings, in the absence and presence of forest floor, and with and without N
and P fertilizers. Nine-month-old seedlings from low-altitude seed sources were
used, and seedlings were grown for 2 years in a roofed lathhouse. Soils were of
the Klone, Vesta, Bunker, and Shelton
series; samples of Klone and Vesta soils, and of Bunker and Shelton
soils (to 20 cm depth), were collected from western hemlock and Douglas fir
stands, respectively. Forest
floor samples were collected from the same sites. Fertilizer was added as
ammonium nitrate at 100 kg N/ha and triple superphosphate at 226 kg P/ha. The
forest floor, at 70 g/7.6-litre pot, and the N and P fertilizers were added to
the top of the planting pots without mixing. The P, N, K, Ca and Mg contents of
the forest floor, mineral soils and shoots were measured. The forest floors and
mineral soils differed by source in many of the chemical characteristics
determined. Overall, seedling growth of Douglas fir and western hemlock was
better in the Klone and Shelton
soils than in the Bunker and Vesta soils. Seedlings, especially those of
western hemlock, grew better in soils with forest floor than without forest
floor. The N fertilizer reduced seedling growth of both species and, in some soils, reductions were more in
soils with forest floor. The P fertilizer improved seedling growth of both
species in all soils, and with one exception, growth was much greater in the
presence than in the absence of the forest floor. With both species, soil,
forest-floor, and fertilizer treatments affected concentrations and contents of
the various shoot nutrients determined. The nutritional changes observed varied
by nutrient and reflected differences in uptake of native and fertilizer
nutrients, as well as changes in shoot dry weight. The results demonstrate the
importance of the forest floor to growth and nutrition of Douglas fir and
western hemlock seedlings, especially when fertilizers are used.
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93. Radwan, M.A., J.S. Shumway, D.S. DeBell and J.M. Kraft. 1991.
Variance in response of pole-size trees and seedlings of Douglas-fir and
western hemlock to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 21(10): 1431-1438.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
fertilization
tree physiology
growth
Abstract:
A study was made of the effects of N, P and NP fertilizer treatments
on plant nutrients and growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Three trials were conducted, (1) and (2)
on pole-size trees at two different sites in Washington
and (3) on potted seedlings in a lathhouse; only T. heterophylla was studied in
(2). Soil series were Bunker for Douglas fir and Klone for western hemlock in
trials 1 and 3, and Vesta in trial 2. Nitrogen fertilizers used were urea in
trial 1 and ammonium nitrate in the other two trials; P was applied as triple
superphosphate in all three trials. For each species in trial (1), P was
applied at 0, 100, 300 and 500 kg P/ha and N was applied at 0 and 224 kg N/ha
in a factorial design. In trial (2), P was applied at 0, 100 and 300 kg P/ha and
N was applied at 0 and 112 kg N/ha in a factorial design. In trial (3), N and P
were applied individually to seedlings at a rate of 100 kg N/ha and 226 kg
P/ha. In general, fertilizer treatments changed the levels of some plant-tissue
nutrients of the pole-size trees and potted seedlings. Neither height nor basal
area growth of the trees were significantly affected by any of the treatments
in the first two trials. Seedling growth of both Douglas fir and western
hemlock was improved by P fertilizer, but was negatively affected by N
fertilizer. The results clearly show differences between pole-size trees and
seedlings in response to N and P fertilizers. It is concluded that N should not
be applied where soils are high in N and low in P, and that P applications
should be confined to sites with low-P soils, when trees are young, before
canopy closure.
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94. Ritchie, G.A., Y. Tanaka and S.D. Duke. 1992. Physiology and
morphology of Douglas-fir rooted cuttings compared to seedlings and
transplants. Tree-Physiology 10(2): 179-194.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree phenology
tree physiology
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
Abstract:
Cuttings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) from three
open-pollinated families were rooted in two types of tray and then grown for
1.5 years in a nursery in Washington State.
During their second winter they were sampled periodically and tested for cold
hardiness, dormancy status, root growth potential and various morphological
characteristics. Two-year-old seedlings and transplants were tested
concurrently for comparison. Rooted cuttings, seedlings and transplants cold
hardened at similar rates during early winter, achieving the same level of
midwinter hardiness (LT50 = -18 degrees C) in early January. However, rooted
cuttings remained hardier later into spring than did seedlings or transplants.
Rooted cuttings exhibited deeper dormancy in early winter than seedlings or
transplants but these differences disappeared after January. Root growth
potentials of all three stock types remained above threshold values established
for transplants throughout winter. Rooted cuttings had greater stem diameter,
higher stem diameter : height
ratio, and greater root weight than either seedlings or transplants. This may
reflect lower growing densities for rooted cuttings. Root : shoot ratios of rooted cuttings were greater
than for seedlings and similar to those of transplants. Rooted cuttings also
had deeper and coarser root systems, which probably reflected lack of wrenching
at the nursery.
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95. Roberts, S.D., C.A.
Harrington and T.A. Terry. 2005. Harvest residue and competing vegetation
affect soil moisture, soil temperature, N availability, and Douglas-fir
seedling growth. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 205(1/3): 333-350.
Keywords: site
preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
soil properties
growth
tree physiology
Abstract:
Decisions made during stand regeneration that affect subsequent levels
of competing vegetation and residual biomass can have important short-term
consequences for early stand growth, and may affect long-term site
productivity. Competing vegetation clearly affects the availability of site
resources such as soil moisture and nutrients. Harvest residues can also affect
the availability of site resources. We examined second and third year seedling
performance of a Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation with different
vegetation control and biomass retention treatments on a highly productive site
in the coast range of Washington, USA. Treatments included a bole-only harvest
without vegetation control (BO-VC), a bole-only harvest with complete
vegetation control (BO+VC), and a total tree harvest with complete vegetation
control that also included removal of all coarse woody debris and harvest
residues (TTP+VC). The VC treatment involved: (a) in the first year, broadcast
application of Oust and Accord concentrate applied with a surfactant 2 weeks
before planting; (b) in the second year, a March broadcast application of
Atrazine and a directed spot-spray of Accord Concentrate on the vegetation
between rows in April-May; and (c) in the third year, a March broadcast
application of Atrazine and Oust, a direct spot-spray application of Accord
Concentrate, and a spot-spray of Transline with surfactant on April-May to
control persistent shrub species. The study was conducted to determine if
vegetation control and residue retention treatments affected soil moisture,
soil temperature, and apparent nitrogen (N) availability, and whether these
differences in site resources were correlated with seedling size and growth. In
both second and third growing seasons, volumetric soil moisture at 0-20 cm
depth was lowest on plots that did not receive vegetation control (BO-VC).
Seedlings on these plots also had the lowest diameter and volume growth. In
year 2, which was fairly moist, volume growth on TTP+VC plots was slightly
higher than on BO+VC plots. TTP+VC plots did have lower soil moisture, but soil
temperatures were slightly warmer. In year 3, a drier year, growth was greatest
on BO+VC plots, which had consistently higher soil moisture levels. Apparent N
availability in year 3 also varied with vegetation control. Douglas fir foliar
N concentrations averaged 2.3% on the plots where competing vegetation was eliminated, compared to 1.8% on plots where competing
vegetation was not controlled. Douglas fir foliar N concentrations did not
differ between residue retention treatments, although N concentrations of
competing vegetation were higher where residual biomass was retained. Higher
apparent N availability was correlated with greater seedling growth. Based on
the results from years 2 and 3, it appears that soil moisture, particularly
late in the growing season, had the greatest effect on seedling growth in both
years. Available N may also have played a role, although the effects of N
cannot be completely separated from those of soil moisture. When soil moisture
is adequate, it appears that available N and soil temperature exert greater
influence on growth. Vegetation control and residue retention can influence all
3 of these factors. The relative importance of each factor may depend on the
year-to-year variation in environmental conditions.
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96. Rollwagen, B.A. 1983. Effects
of ammonium and nitrate application on rhizosphere pH, growth and nutrient
uptake by Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce and western hemlock.
Forestry-Abstracts 44(11): 699.
Keywords: fertilization
soil
properties
growth
tree physiology
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97. Rose, R., J.F. Gleason and M. Atkinson. 1993. Morphological and
water-stress characteristics of three Douglas-fir stocktypes in relation to
seedling performance under different soil moisture conditions. New-Forests
7(1): 1-17.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree phenology
tree physiology
growth
tree morphology
Abstract:
Phenology, morphology, frost hardiness and response to moisture stress were
examined for three Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stocktypes grown from
the same seed lot in a nursery near Olympia,
Washington, USA.
The types were mini-plugReg. transplants
(MPT), 1+1 bareroot transplants (1+1), and 2+0 bareroot seedlings (2+0). In the
late summer and autumn before lifting, 2+0 seedlings set bud before 1+1
seedlings and 1+1 seedlings before MPT seedlings. The 2+0 seedlings appeared
slowest to acquire frost hardiness and seemed to deharden most rapidly in
spring. Although 2+0 seedlings were taller than the MPT stocktype, MPT and 2+0
seedlings were relatively similar in other morphological respects, but 1+1
seedlings were much larger. All stocktypes were potted on 20 January 1989, placed in
a greenhouse, and subjected to 39%, 18%, 16%, or 6% soil water-content (% dry
weight) until the end of the experiment in mid-July 1990. The largest decrease
in pre-dawn xylem water potential occurred with 16% and 6% soil water content;
pre-dawn xylem water potential averaged over the three stocktypes generally
declined 219% from low to high soil moisture stress. The 1+1 seedlings used
more water than the other two stocktypes, and at maximum soil moisture stress,
plant moisture stress increased in the order MPT < 2+0 < 1+1. During the
6-month greenhouse experiment, the larger 1+1 stocktype showed the most
absolute growth, but the smaller stocktypes grew more on a relative scale.
Growth of the stocktypes appeared to be related to differences in morphology
and water-use patterns as the seedlings competed for available water within
each pot. The results show that MPT seedlings, a new stocktype, performed as
well as the more traditionally used 2+0 and 1+1 seedlings and that stocktype
selection is important in reforestation efforts.
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98. Rose, R. and D.L. Haase. 2000. The use of coir as a containerized
growing medium for Douglas-fir seedlings. Native-Plants-Journal 1(2): 107-111.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree morphology
soil properties
Abstract:
In response to environmental concerns and the need for peatland conservation,
alternative growing media for conifer seedling production must be investigated.
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were grown in 6 media; components
included peat moss, peat moss amended with sawdust, and 2 sources of coir
(coconut fibre) mixed with and without peat moss. Coir had higher pH, P, K, and
Na and lower Ca and N than peat moss and a peat moss-sawdust mixture. Bulk
densities of coir and coir-based media were lower than those in peat moss and a
peat moss-sawdust mixture. After 21 weeks, seedlings grown in coir-based media
were significantly smaller and had lower foliar N and Ca than those grown in
peat moss. Because of coir' many favourable qualities, further research is
recommended using culturing regimes specific to the substrate's nutrient
properties.
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99. Rose, R. and J.S. Ketchum. 2002. Interaction of vegetation control
and fertilization on conifer species across the Pacific
Northwest. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 32(1):
136-152.
Keywords: fertilization
release treatments
chemical release
growth
tree/stand health
tree physiology
stand conditions
Abstract:
An experiment evaluating three levels of vegetation competition
control (no control, 1.5 m2 of vegetation control, and 3.3 m2 of vegetation
control), each with two fertilizer application treatments (fertilizer
application at the time of planting with complete slow-release fertilizer
(WoodaceReg. IBDU), or no fertilizer application), was installed at five sites.
Two of these sites were planted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the
Oregon Coast Range, one with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in eastern
Washington, one with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) in the coastal
hemlock zone in Oregon, and one with coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) in
northern California, USA. At four of the five sites, mean stem volume, basal
diameter, and height of seedlings increased significantly with increasing area
of weed control, and the magnitude of difference between treatments increased
with time. Fertilizer application significantly increased seedling size only at
the two sites with adequate soil moisture; increases were marginally
significant at a third. Response to fertilizer application was less than from
weed control and impacted growth for only the first year, whereas the influence
of weed control continued to influence growth the entire length of the study (4
years). Area of vegetation control and fertilizer application did not interact
significantly at any site.
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100. Roth, B.E. and M. Newton. 1996b. Survival and
growth of Douglas-fir relating to weeding, fertilization, and seed source.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 11(2): 62-69.
Keywords: planting
operations
fertilization
release treatments
chemical release
growth
tree physiology
tree morphology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
The goal of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the individual
and interactive effects of weed control, nitrogen fertilizer, and seed source
on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) survival and growth in plantations on a
range of sites and growing conditions in western Oregon.
Weed control with hexazinone (broadcast application after planting) was the
dominant factor influencing seedling survival and growth and accounted for 49%
of the explained variation in seedling volume after 2 years. Nitrogen fertilizer
(urea) had no effect when used in conjunction with weed control and a negative
effect when used without weed control. Seedlings from a seed orchard source
were significantly larger in diameter and volume than those from a wild local
source after two growing seasons, but second-year heights were similar for the
two seedling types. Initial seedling size was positively correlated with growth
rate.
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101. Sachs, D. and J.A. Trofymow. 1991. Testing the performance of
FORCYTE-11 against results from the Shawnigan
Lake
thinning and fertilization trials on Douglas-fir. Canadian-Forest-Service, Pacific and Yukon Region Information-Report BC-X-324.
viii + 58 p.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
precommercial thinning
growth
yield
tree physiology
carbon allocation
tree/stand health
computer modeling
Abstract: FORCYTE-11 is an ecosystem-based forest growth
simulation model. Its performance was evaluated with data on stand and tree
biomass, height, stocking (mortality) and foliar assimilation and loss rates
for Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in thinning/fertilizer trials in British
Columbia.
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102. Schuch,
U.K.,
M.L. Duryea and L.H. Fuchigami. 1989. Dehardening and budburst of Douglas-fir
seedlings raised in three Pacific
Northwest nurseries.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 19(2): 198-203.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree phenology
tree physiology
Abstract:
Two-yr-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from 2 seed
sources raised in 3 nurseries in Oregon
and Washington
were tested to see how nursery location affected dehardening (the seasonal
transition from a frost-resistant to a frost-susceptible condition) and
budburst between Jan. and Mar. 1986. The seedlings were measured with a
whole-plant freezing test. In general, seedlings raised at the nursery at the
highest alt., and in a few cases trees from the most northerly nursery, were
more frost resistant than trees from a coastal nursery. From Jan. to Mar.,
seedlings from the highest (975 m) seed source had less hardy stem tissue than
seedlings from the coastal source (450 m). A growth-chamber experiment
confirmed the outdoor dehardening studies. A
constant temp. of + 5 degrees C with a 16-h photoperiod
maintained cold hardiness, whereas +10 and 15 degrees C with a 16-h photoperiod
promoted rapid dehardening after 20 d. The nursery environment influenced
budburst; trees raised in the coastal nursery burst bud significantly earlier
than trees from the other 2 nurseries. Trees of different provenances from the
same nursery burst terminal buds only 2 d apart.
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103. Shainsky, L.J., M. Newton and S.R. Radosevich. 1992. Effects of
intra- and inter-specific competition on root and shoot biomass of young
Douglas-fir and red alder. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(1): 101-110.
Keywords: planting
operations
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree physiology
Abstract:
Two-year-old seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and red
alder (Alnus rubra) were planted in Oregon in 1985 at densities of 1, 2, 4, 8 and
16 trees/msuperscript 2 in a two-way density matrix composed of 5 monoculture
densities and 25 mixtures of all possible pairwise combinations of monoculture
densities. Roots and shoots were harvested after the fourth growing season.
Response surfaces for root, shoot and total biomass per tree were generated
within the matrix. Regression analysis quantified the effect of each species'
density on biomass components. Alder overtopped the Douglas fir in all mixed
stands. Alder density influenced the root and shoot biomass of both species
more than Douglas fir density did, the greatest reduction in root biomass of
Douglas fir taking place at an alder density of <less or =>1
tree/msuperscript 2. Douglas fir density interacted with red alder density to influence
all biomass components. Douglas fir density effects were inconsistently
significant across alder densities. While increasing the density of each
species reduced root and shoot biomass per tree, allocation of biomass to roots
and shoot was not affected by competition, nor were the allometric equations
relating biomass to stem diameter and stem volume index. Foliar concentrations
of N and P in the Douglas fir understorey are reported.
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104. Simpson, D.G. 1984. Filmforming antitranspirants: their effects
on root growth capacity, storability, moisture
stress avoidance, and field performance of containerized conifer seedlings.
Forestry-Chronicle 60(6): 335-339.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree physiology
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract:
One of 6 antitranspirants was sprayed on Pinus contorta, Picea glauca,
Tsuga heterophylla and Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings before or after a 12-wk
storage period at 2 degrees C. Root growth capacity and pre-dawn water
potential were measured immediately after treatment or after storage. Sample
seedlings were planted out in British
Columbia in April and May
1981 and survival and growth recorded after one season (Sept.). XEF-4-3561-A,
Wilt Pruf, Folicote and Vapor Gard increased moisture stress avoidance (water
potential) in all species. Plantgard and Clear Spray increased it only in T.
heterophylla. Root growth capacity was reduced by Folicote and Vapor Gard in
Pinus contorta, and by XEF,
Wilt Pruf and Vapor Gard in Pseudotsuga menziesii. Growth in the first season
was reduced by XEF and Wilt Pruf in P. menziesii, T. heterophylla and Picea
glauca, and by Vapor Gard in T. heterophylla and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Growth
in Pinus contorta was significantly increased by Wilt Pruf and unaffected by
the others. Further trials of Wilt Pruf and XEF on Pinus contorta are
recommended.
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105. Simpson, D.G. 1990. Frost hardiness, root growth capacity, and
field performance relationships in interior spruce, lodgepole pine,
Douglas-fir, and western hemlock seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
20(5): 566-572.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract:
Interior spruce (Picea glauca-P. engelmannii complex), lodgepole pine
(Pinus contorta), interior and coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were grown from seed for 20 wk in containers in a
greenhouse, with 18-h photoperiods. Seedlings were then acclimatized under
natural daylength and temperature conditions at Vernon,
British Columbia,
for up to 12 wk (7 September-1 December). To create planting stock batches of
varying quality, at 2-wk intervals during the acclimatization period separate
samples of seedlings were taken (1) for immediate measurement of foliage frost
hardiness or (2) for overwinter storage at 2 degrees C (western hemlock and
coastal Douglas fir) or -2 degrees C (interior spruce, lodgepole pine and
coastal Douglas fir). After storage, samples were used either for root growth
capacity (RGC) measurement or for outplanting at various forest sites in British
Columbia. In all species,
frost hardiness and RGC increased with increasing weeks of acclimatization.
Frost hardiness and RGC were correlated with each other in western hemlock,
lodgepole pine and Douglas fir, and with field performance (survival or growth)
in interior spruce, lodgepole pine and Douglas fir.
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106. Stjernberg, E.I. 1997. Mechanical shock during transportation:
effects on seedling performance. New-Forests 13(1/3): 401-420.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree physiology
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract:
A study was carried out to monitor shocks to seedling planting stock
during transport from nursery to the planting site in normal commercial reforestation
operations. Size and exact time of mechanical shocks were measured by a
recorder placed inside seedling boxes. Seedling shipments by refrigerated
semi-trailer, 5-t truck, pickup truck, small trailer and all-terrain vehicles
were monitored in Alberta
and British Columbia.
Number of shocks, peak acceleration and average drop height were tabulated for
travel on both paved and gravel roads. Twenty-two trials involving 7 conifer
species (Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii; western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla];
western red cedar [Thuja plicata]; amabilis fir [Abies amabilis]; white spruce,
Picea glauca; lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta; Engelmann spruce, Picea
engelmannii) were established at nurseries and field locations covering several
ecological zones in both provinces. Frozen-stored, cool-stored, and freshly
lifted seedlings were used in the trials. Seedlings were given 2 mechanical
stress treatments by dropping them 30 times from 0.5 or 1 m height. Control
seedlings were not dropped. Treatments were applied to nursery-trial seedlings
not exposed to normal handling and transport, and to field-trial seedlings
after transport to the planting site. Six root growth potential tests were made
with treated and control seedlings in conjunction with the nursery trials.
Seedling survival and volume growth were recorded for two growing seasons and
the results are statistically analysed. They indicated that seedlings should
not be affected by normal transport and handling activities - some of the shock
treatments tested were much more stressful than those resulting from normal
procedures. There was some evidence that mechanical shocks could reduce the
growth and survival of bare rooted stock, but normal mechanical stresses had no
effect on containerized stock. However, it is recommended that care be taken to
reduce extreme mechanical shocks during planting stock transportation.
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107. Turner, J. 1982. The mass
flow component of nutrient supply in three western Washington forest types. Acta Oecologica
Oecologia Plantarum 3(4): 323-329.
Keywords: fertilization
soil properties
growth
tree physiology
Abstract:
[See FA 37, 7318; 38, 5185; 39, 1857; 41, 3566; 44, 4913] The mass flow component of nutrient
uptake, defined as the product of bulk soil sol. concn. and water uptake was calculated for a series of
forest stands from previously published data. Stands were of Douglas fir of
varying ages and nutrient status (both undisturbed and fertilized), red alder
(Alnus rubra), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) and beech (Fagus sylvatica).
Uptake of N, P, K, and Mg increased, and Ca uptake remained stable as stands
matured; the proportion of nutrient uptake fulfilled by mass flow tended to
increase with stand age. Fertilizer application gave various results related to
changes in soil sol. nutrient concn. and
tree growth. The stands of red alder and silver fir showed variable patterns
between nutrients and these are discussed in relation to soil nutrients,
productivity and previously unpublished data.
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108. Turner, J., M.J. Lambert and S.P. Gessel. 1988. Nitrogen
requirements in young Douglas-fir of the Pacific Northwest.
Fertilizer-Research 15(2): 173-179.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree physiology
Abstract:
A series of fourteen Pacific Northwest
Douglas-fir installations, ranging in age from 6 to 26 years were analysed with
respect to site factors, foliage nutrients, and growth response to applied
fertilizer. Unfertilized basal area increment ranged from 1.2 to 3.1
msuperscript 2 ha-1yr-1 with no apparent relationship with soil, stand age or
site index. Basal area increment was correlated with foliage N and a critical
level of N was calculated as 1.7%. Applications of 220 kg N ha-1 as urea
increased growth between 0 and 95% of the unfertilized basal area growth, with
an average of 24.9%. Response could be predicted from foliage N and
unfertilized basal area increment. When the same relationships were applied to
previously older stand data, results were more variable as elements such as B
and S showed evidence of being limiting.
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109. Turner, J. and S.J. Mitchell. 2003. The effect of short day
treatments on containerized Douglas-fir morphology, physiology and phenology.
New-Forests 26(3): 279-295.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree morphology
tree physiology
photosynthesis
tree phenology
Abstract:
The effect of short day treatments ('blackout') on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) container
seedlings at the time of lift and following cold storage was
investigated. Variables measured included height, root collar diameter (RCD),
root growth capacity (RGC), photosynthetic efficiency after -18 degrees C
freezing (PEF), and days to terminal bud break (DBB). From one to four blackout
dormancy induction treatments were started on three dates (July 12, July 26,
and August 10) with 10 or 20 d between multiple blackouts. Increasing the
number of blackout treatments resulted in lower RCD, lower DBB in the late
winter/early spring, and
higher PEF in the early fall. Later blackout start dates decreased PEF in the
early fall, and increased overall height and late fall RGC as compared to
earlier blackout start dates. Nurseries growing Douglas-fir seedlings from
coastal Pacific Northwest
provenances should be aware that blackout regimes can decrease RGC in the late
fall, and cause quicker dormancy release in the early spring. Coastal
Douglas-fir can be lifted and planted in the early fall, when RGC and DBB are
relatively high. If planting between February and April is necessary, seedlings
given blackout should be cold stored in January to maintain an adequate level
of dormancy, RGC and PEF.
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110. Velazquez-Martinez, A., D.A. Perry and T.E. Bell. 1992. Response
of aboveground biomass increment, growth efficiency, and foliar nutrients to
thinning, fertilization, and pruning in young Douglas-fir plantations in the
central Oregon Cascades. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(9): 1278-1289.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
pruning
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree morphology
Abstract:
The effect of thinning and silvicultural practices (multinutrient fertilization
and/or pruning) on total aboveground biomass increment and growth efficiency
was studied over three consecutive 2-year periods (1981-1987) in young Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations in the central Oregon Cascades.
Plantations were 21-27 yr old in 1987. Plots were heavily thinned (leaving 300
trees/ha), moderately thinned (leaving 604 trees/ha) or left unthinned (leaving
3459 trees/ha) in 1981. Fertilizer (N, P, K, Ca, S and Fe) was applied with
slow-release tabs. Net above-ground biomass annual increment over the 6-year
period averaged 14.5, 7.8, and 5.5 t/ha for the high-, medium-, and low-density
plots, respectively. Growth efficiency, after dropping sharply between leaf
area indexes (LAI) of 1 and 6 msuperscript 2/msuperscript 2, remained relatively
constant up to the highest measured LAI of 17. Consequently, above-ground
biomass increment continued to increase at LAIs well above that at which the
Beer-Lambert law predicts maximum light should be absorbed. Foliage analyses
indicated that thinning improved N, K and Mg nutrition and increased the
translocation of K from 1-yr-old foliage to support new growth. However,
fertilizer application increased foliar N and P contents only when coupled with
pruning, suggesting that trees favour total leaf area over individual needle
nutrition. Indications of K and Mg limitations in this study are supported by
other recent studies of Douglas fir.
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111. Vihnanek, R.E. 1987. The effects of prescribed burning on the
growth and nutrition of young Douglas-fir plantations in some salal [Gaultheria
shallon]-dominated ecosystems [in British
Columbia, Canada].
Forestry-Abstracts 48(11): 641.
Keywords: site
preparation
prescribed fire
growth
tree physiology
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112. Vihnanek, R.E. and T.M. Ballard. 1988. Slashburning effects on
stocking, growth, and nutrition of young Douglas-fir plantations in
salal-dominated ecosystems of eastern Vancouver
Island. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 18(6):
718-722.
Keywords: site
preparation
prescribed fire
growth
tree physiology
stand conditions
Abstract:
Stocking, ht. growth, basal diam. growth, and foliar nutrient concn. of 5- to 15-yr-old Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) were evaluated on burned and unburned areas within each
of 20 sites on eastern Vancouver Island,
which were characterized by ecosystems dominated by salal (Gaultheria shallon).
Burning significantly reduced salal ht. and cover and significantly increased
Douglas fir stocking, ht. growth, basal diam. and foliar P, K, Ca, Fe, and B
concn. Foliar concn. of N, Mg, S, Zn and Cu were not
significantly affected. Foliar Mn concn.
were significantly reduced
but remained very far above the deficiency threshold.
OSU
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113. Vogt, K.A., D.J. Vogt, E.E. Moore, W. Littke, C.C. Grier and L.
Leney. 1985. Estimating Douglas-fir fine root biomass and production from
living bark and starch. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(1): 177-179.
Keywords: fertilization
tree morphology
tree physiology
Abstract:
A potential indirect technique for determining fine root biomass and
production is reported. Data from 4 permanent Douglas fir plots in Washington
State
given different fertilizer treatments showed a direct correlation between the
starch content of a 1-cm wide band of living bark at b.h. per hectare and fine
root biomass per hectare (rsuperscript 2 = 0.85). Starch content was determined
in bark samples from 5 trees in each plot and estimates of the volume of 1-cm
wide bands of bark at b.h. were made from measurements of d.b.h. and total bark
thickness of every tree in each plot. Fine root biomass was determined in soil
cores obtained with a post hole
digger (inner diam. 15.3 cm); traditional small core methods could not be used
because of the high gravel and rock content of the soil.
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114. Walker,
R.B., S.P. Gessel and R.E. Miller. 1994. Greenhouse and laboratory evaluation
of two soils derived from volcanic ash. Northwest-Science 68(4): 250-258.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree/stand health
carbon allocation
tree morphology
tree physiology
Abstract:
This study assessed the mineral nutrient status of two soils derived
from volcanic ash in SW Oregon.
The study was initiated because conifers in some of the field plots on such
soils had failed to give an expected yield response to the application of
nitrogen fertilizer. Soil pot tests were carried out using both Romaine lettuce
(Lactuca sativa) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings, with a wide
range of fertilizer treatments. Heavy phosphorus fertilization was necessary
for satisfactory growth of lettuce, which also showed a 26% response to sulfur
addition. With Douglas fir, pot tests showed no response to nitrogen alone, but
gave a statistically significant response to phosphorus fertilization together
with nitrogen (seedlings were non-mycorrhizal), and some suppression of yield
with sulfur additions. There was a favourable effect of sulfur fertilization on
foliar colour, and a chlorosis in younger foliage probably attributable to iron
deficiency. Most of the tissue analyses showed low concentrations of magnesium
(<0.05%), and also of calcium (<less or =>0.08%), iron (<70 mg/kg),
boron (mostly 20 mg/kg) and copper (<less or =>2.6 mg/kg) in the younger
foliage. Thus there is an implication from the field trials, and evidence from
the greenhouse and laboratory study, that elements besides nitrogen need to be
added to provide proper nutrition on these volcanic ash soils. The information
can aid in guiding further fertilizer trials in forests on volcanic ash derived
soil in SW Oregon and elsewhere.
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115. Weetman, G.F., C.E. Prescott, F.L. Kohlberger and R.M. Rournier.
1997. Ten-year growth
response of coastal Douglas-fir on Vancouver Island to N
and S fertilization in an optimum nutrition trial.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 27(9): 1478-1482.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
yield
tree physiology
Abstract:
A 27-year-old stand of coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) on
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, was fertilized four times (1981, 1983, 1986
and 1988) with N as urea at six rates from 0 to 250 kg N/ha, with and without S
coating (0-50 kg/ha). Current-year foliage was collected annually during
1981-85 and in 1990. Foliar N levels declined in the control plots over the
10-year period, but remained elevated in the fertilized plots. The increase in
foliar N concentrations was commensurate with the amount of N added. Stand
basal area response increased with increasing rates of N addition. The greatest
response in relative basal area net increment was 4.52 msuperscript 2/ha (40%)
in plots that received a total of 1000 kg N/ha during the 10 years. Over a
60-year rotation, about 62 msuperscript 3 of extra wood would be produced under
this regime. There was no additional response to S added in conjunction with N,
so the N + S plots received only a single application of fertilizer. Mortality
was confined to smaller suppressed stems, mostly of species other than Douglas
fir. Foliar N concentrations and basal area increment declined steadily
following cessation of fertilizer application in these plots, but remained
greater than those in control plots for the 10-year measurement period. The
results suggest that sustained increases in growth response of Douglas fir can
be achieved through repeated additions of N that maintain elevated
concentrations of N in foliage.
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116. Woodruff, D.R., B.J. Bond, G.A. Ritchie and W. Scott. 2002.
Effects of stand density on the growth of young Douglas-fir trees.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 32(3): 420-427.
Keywords: planting
operations
growth
photosynthesis
tree physiology
Abstract:
The objectives of this study were (i) to provide further evidence of a
positive correlation of stand density with early growth of coastal Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii); (ii) to determine when
after planting the positive growth response occurs and how long it lasts; and
(iii) to use stable isotopes of carbon to test whether the mechanism(s)
responsible for the positive growth response to density are related to
variables affecting photosynthesis, such as nutrient or moisture availability.
We measured annual height (h) and diameter (d) growth (retrospectively) of 8-
and 12-year-old trees in initial planting densities of 300, 1360, and 2960
trees/ha. Both height and diameter growth increased with density through the
fifth year after planting and decreased with density by year 7. Diameter squared
x height (d2h) was used as a volume index to assess increase in tree volume.
Second-year increase in d2h for the high-density treatments was 300% of that in
the low-density treatments. The delta 13C values of wood cellulose from annual
rings of the second and third years after planting were not significantly
different among densities, suggesting either (i) no significant differences in the effects of water
availability, nutrient availability, or source air on photosynthesis in the
three density treatments or (ii) differences that produced no net effect on
delta 13C.
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117. Zhang, J.W., J.D. Marshall and B.C. Jaquish. 1993. Genetic
differentiation in carbon isotope discrimination and gas exchange in
Pseudotsuga menziesii. A common garden experiment.
Oecologia 93(1): 80-87.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
photosynthesis
tree physiology
Abstract:
Seeds were collected in 1966 from 25 naturally regenerated Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands across its range in the USA and Canada (from 33
degrees 30' N to 53 degrees 12' N), from 170 m to 2930 m altitude, and from
coastal and interior sites. Seeds were sown in spring 1972, and at 3 yr old
seedlings were transplanted to the Trinity
Valley
tree breeding site, British
Columbia. Photosynthesis (A),
stomatal conductance to water vapour (g) and the ratio of intercellular to
ambient CO2 (ci/ca) were measured between 09.00 and 16.00 h on 30 May, 18 July
and 1 September 1990. Light
levels were above saturation for photosynthesis on these days. The relative
abundance of 13C and 12C (carbon isotope discrimination; Delta
) ranged from 19.7o/oo to 22.43o/oo and was closely related to
geographic location of seed source. There were no significant differences in
Delta between the coastal and interior varieties. Most variation occurred
within the interior variety; populations from the southern Rocky
Mountains had the greatest discrimination (21.53%) and
the lowest water use efficiency. Delta , g, ci/ca and
intrinsic water use efficiency (A/g) were all correlated with altitude of
origin and height and diameter at 15 yr. Observed patterns in the common garden
did not conform to expectations of higher water use efficiency (measured by
both A/g and Delta ) in trees from the drier habitats of the interior, nor did
they agree with published in situ observations of decreasing g and Delta with
altitude. The genetic effect counteracts the altitudinal effect, leading to
some degree of homeostasis in physiological characteristics in situ.
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