1. Cole, E.C. and M. Newton. 1989a. Height growth response in
Christmas trees to sulfometuron and other herbicides.
Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (Vol. 42): 129-135.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
growth
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: Abies
procera, A. grandis and Pseudotsuga menziesii cv. Menziesii were evaluated for
tolerance to sulfometuron (0.05-0.21 kg/ha), atrazine (4.5 kg/ha) and
hexazinone (2.2 kg/ha). Herbicides were applied pre-budbreak and sulfometuron
was also applied post-budbreak. Weeds were suppressed equally effectively by
all rates and herbicides pre-em. Low rates of sulfometuron were less effective
post-em. There was no significant damage to A. procera seedlings, although the
highest rate of sulfometuron slowed growth significantly. A. grandis was not
affected by any treatment. All treatments caused injury to 1-year-old P.
menziesii, primarily needle chlorosis and slight stunting. Growth was best in
atrazine-treated plots. For 3-year-old P. menziesii, injury was not significant
but high rates of sulfometuron caused cosmetic damage. Best growth was observed
with hexazinone and worst with sulfometuron. Post-budbreak applications and
high rates of sulfometuron reduced growth more than pre-budbreak application
and low rates.
2. Cole, E.C. and M. Newton. 1989b. Seasonal efficacy comparison of two glyphosate formulations.
Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (Vol. 42): 136-142.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
Glyphosate formulations with 13% (Roundup) and without (Accord) surfactant were
compared at 0.84 and 1.68 kg/ha, applied June-Oct. against Alnus rubra, Rubus
spectabilis, R. parviflorus, R. ursinus and Pteridium
aquilinum in a Pseudotsuga menziesii cv. menziesii plantation. No differences
in efficacy between the two formulations against any species were noted. All
species were controlled better by high rates of herbicide. R. spectabilis and
R. parviflorus were controlled <less or =>100%, although July
applications were least effective. A. rubra was reduced <less or =>80%
and early application gave best control. Rates of application had less effect
on Pteridium aquilinum control (<less or =>98%), and Oct. applications
were least effective. Damage to Pseudotsuga menziesii was worst with June
applications and decreased through the year. Oct. treatment caused negligible
damage.
3. Cole, E.C., M. Newton and D.E.
White. 1986. Response of northwestern hardwoods, shrubs, and Douglas-fir to
Arsenal and Escort. Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science
(Vol.39): 93-101.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: Arsenal
(imazapyr) and DPX-T6376 (metsulfuron) were evaluated for scrub control in
Pseudotsuga menziesii plantations at 3 sites in
4. Cole, E.C., M. Newton and D.E.
White. 1988. Efficacy of imazapyr and metsulfuron methyl for site preparation
and conifer release in the
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: Imazapyr
(Arsenal) and metsulfuron methyl (Escort) were tested at 3 rates for
controlling shrubs in young Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations on
3 sites in the
5. DeBell, D.S. and T.C.
Turpin. 1989. Control
of red alder by cutting. Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-
Keywords: release treatments
manual release
stand conditions
Abstract: Effects
of tree age, month of cutting, and height and angle of the cut on sprouting of
red alder (Alnus rubra) stumps were evaluated in a study designed to develop an
effective method for controlling red alder in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) plantations in the Oregon Coast Range.
6. Dimock, E.J., II and E.B. Collard.
1981. Postplanting sprays of dalapon and atrazine to aid conifer establishment.
Pacific-Northwest-Forest-and-Range-Experiment-Station,-USDA-
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
growth
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: A
mixture of dalapon and atrazine at 8 and 4 lb/acre, respectively, or dalapon or
atrazine alone were applied to control perennial grasses and forbs competing
with newly planted seedlings of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir. In 4 studies in
7. Drever, C.R. and K.P. Lertzman.
2003. Effects of a wide gradient of retained tree structure on understory light
in coastal Douglas-fir forests. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 33(1):
137-146.
Keywords: thinning
stand conditions
Abstract: We
characterize understorey light of seven stands that varied along a gradient of
tree retention. Using hemispherical canopy photographs and digital image, we
estimated gap light or solar radiation reaching the understorey through the
canopy. Using nonlinear regressions, we related gap light to several structural
attributes in the examined silvicultural treatments. The silvicultural
treatments affected both the median and range of gap light in the understorey.
As overstorey removal increased from uncut second growth to green-tree
retention, the median value of light increased from 8 to 68% full sun, while
the range of light increased from 3-22% to 26-88% full sun. We found strong,
significant, and negative nonlinear relationships between gap light at a
particular microsite (0.04 ha) in the understorey and the height, diameter at
breast height, density, and volume of surrounding retained trees
(ra2=0.77-0.94). These relationships can aid planning of treatments that retain
forest structure, such as variable retention, by allowing predictions of
understorey light from commonly used field data. These predictions allow forest
managers to understand some of the ecological consequences and tradeoffs
associated with retaining structure during harvesting.
8. Feller, M.C. 1990. Herbicide application
followed by prescribed fire to convert a brushfield into a conifer plantation
in south coastal B.C.: a combination of the initial effects of two treatments. B.C. Ministry of Forests FRDA Report 146. 40
p.
Keywords: site preparation
chemical preparation
prescribed fire
growth
tree/stand health
soil properties
stand conditions
Abstract: A field
study was carried out in Pseudotsuga menziesii stands in
9. Figueroa, P.F. 1989. Bigleaf maple
control: triclopyr thin-line and spot-foliar application treatments using
imazapyr, metsulfuron, and glyphosate.
Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (Vol. 42): 104-119.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
stand conditions
economics
Abstract: Field
trials were conducted to compare the efficacies of March applications of
triclopyr thin-line +or- 1 kg/ha Mor-act or 2,4-D
(1:1) with June spot-foliar applications of 0.6 or 1.1 kg/ha imazapyr, 0.170
kg/ha metsulfuron and 6.7 kg/ha glyphosate to control Acer macrophyllum in a
Pseudotsuga menziesii plantation. All thin-line treatments gave 80% control 2
years later; complete sanding was hindered by stems growing along the ground.
Dilution did not affect control. Spot-application success depended on degree of
crown coverage. metsulfuron and glyphosate were not
effective, but imazapyr control reached 60-70% 2 years after treatment. Only
triclopyr and full coverage imazapyr suppressed A. macrophyllum growth to below
the height of P. menziesii. Crown volume was held to pre-treatment levels with
metsulfuron and glyphosate but decreased with imazapyr. The two treatment
methods tested are potentially cost-effective; triclopyr costs are higher but
spot-application carries higher labour costs. Application rates of 2 ml
triclopyr/ Msuperscript 2 crown area will give 100% control if all stems are
banded; with delivery rates of 59 ml/clump a 45% solution can be used.
10. Figueroa, P.F. 1991. Ground
applied herbicide methods for red alder control: herbicide efficacy, labor
costs, and treatment method efficiency. In
Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science,12-14-March-1991.
pp. 44: 53-68.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
economics
stand conditions
Abstract: A study
was conducted to develop the cost estimates for ground-applied manual control
methods in variable density red alder [Alnus rubra] stands and to evaluate the
efficacy of the various herbicide formulations for each system. Field trials
were initiated in 3 Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] plantations located on
Weyerhaeuser Company land located in
11. Figueroa, P.F. 1993. Efficacy and
cost of ground-applied herbicide methods for red alder control. Down to Earth
48(1): 6-10.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
stand conditions
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract: The
effects on red alder [Alnus rubra] mortality, diam. at breast height and
height, and any phytotoxic effects to Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] of
Garlon 4 (triclopyr) at 4 lb/gallon and Chopper EC (imazapyr) at 2 lb, applied
by stream line, thin line and low vol. treatments, and of Garlon 3A (triclopyr)
at 3 lb, Roundup (glyphosate) at 3 lb and Arsenal (imazapyr) at 4 lb applied by
cut stump treatment were evaluated in streamside buffer zones in two 6-year-old
P. menziesii plantations in SW Washington. All treatments resulted in good
control of A. rubra, but the most cost-effective control was achieved by the
stream line application of Garlon 4, followed by low vol. basal or thin line
treatments of Garlon 4 and cut stump treatment with 50% Garlon 3, 45% Roundup
and 10% Arsenal. Negligible P. menziesii damage was caused by cut stump
treatments, but damage occurred with basal-bark treatments although Garlon 4
generally caused less injury than Chopper EC.
12. Figueroa, P.F. and V.F.
Carrithers. 1993. Bigleaf maple control: thinline basal applications using
triclopyr and triclopyr plus picloram. In Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science,
9-11-March-1993. pp. 46: 24-30.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
stand conditions
economics
Abstract: A field
trial was conducted at Mt. St. Helens Tree Farm, Cowlitz county, Washington, in
1988-91 to determine the min. threshold level of herbicide needed to control
bigleaf maple [Acer macrophyllum] stump sprouts in Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii]. Garlon (triclopyr) at 0.24-3 lb/gal was applied on
13. Harrington, T.B., J.C. Tappeiner,
II and T.F. Hughes. 1991. Predicting average growth and size distributions of
Douglas-fir saplings competing with sprout clumps of tanoak or Pacific madrone.
New-Forests 5(2): 109-130.
Keywords: release treatments
manual release
growth
stand conditions
Abstract: Average
growth and size distributions of 3- to 6-year-old (in 1983) Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) saplings in three plantations in SW Oregon were studied
for 7 years (1983-1989) after thinning of associated sprout clumps of tanoak
(Lithocarpus densiflorus) or Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii); in some cases
shrubs and herbs were also suppressed. Biologically based nonlinear equations
explained 66, 90, and 53% of variation in average annual increment of Douglas
fir height, diameter-squared, and crown cover, respectively. Equations for
annual increment of crown cover of broadleaved and understorey vegetation
explained only 10 to 12% of the variation, because these parameters exhibited a
high degree of variability. Model simulations demonstrated that, for the same
initial levels of cover, tanoak had faster rates of crown cover growth than
madrone and also caused greater limitations in Douglas fir growth. Suppression
of shrubs and herbs increased growth of Douglas fir only when broadleaved
species were absent. Weibull functions adequately described size distributions
for Douglas fir in 92% of individual-tree data sets. Regression functions of
broadleaved crown cover and average Douglas fir size explained 51, 93, and 24%
of variation in the Weibull A, B, and C parameters, respectively. Model
simulations with predicted Weibull parameters demonstrated that broadleaved
competition caused a positive skewing in size distributions for height and stem
diameter of Douglas fir.
14. Harrington, T.B., R.G. Wagner,
S.R. Radosevich and J.D. Walstad. 1995. Interspecific competition and herbicide
injury influence 10-year responses of coastal Douglas-fir and associated
vegetation to release treatments. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 76(1/3): 55-67.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
manual release
growth
tree/stand health
tree physiology
stand conditions
Abstract:
Responses of competing vegetation and planted Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii var. menziesii) were studied for 10 years after six herbicide and
manual release treatments in the Washington and Oregon Coast Ranges. Studies
were installed in six 2- or 3-yr-old plantations, with Douglas fir densities of
988 to 1482 plants/ha at time of planting and 721 to 1282/ha 2 to 3 years late.
Research objectives were to quantify regional, long-term responses of
vegetation (Douglas fir and non-coniferous species) to various levels of
competition, light and soil water availability, and intensity versus importance
of factors influencing Douglas fir growth. Three treatments reduced shrub cover
relative to the untreated check: triclopyr in year 1, glyphosate in years 1-5,
and repeated control (via several herbicide applications) in years 1-10.
Reductions in woody cover from glyphosate stimulated increases in herb cover in
years 3 and 5, while repeated control reduced herb cover in years 1, 2 and 5.
Through year 10, Douglas fir survival (86-99%) varied little among treatments.
Visual symptoms of herbicide injury to Douglas fir from triclopyr (45% of
trees) and glyphosate (17% of trees) were associated with 0.1-0.2 m reductions
in first-year height. After adjusting for tree size, Douglas fir growth in stem
basal area 2 years after triclopyr was less than that of the untreated check,
suggesting prolonged effects of herbicide injury. Because it sustained low
levels of interspecific competition, caused minimal tree injury, and prevented
overtopping cover from red alder (Alnus rubra), repeated control was the only
treatment in which Douglas fir size (9.8 m height and 21 cm basal diameter in
year 10) significantly exceeded (P<less or =>0.02) that of the untreated
check (7.8 m height and 12 cm diameter).
15. Hedin, I.B. 1994. Mechanical site
preparation on salal-dominated sites: five-year results.
Forest-Engineering-Research-Institute-of-Canada
Keywords: site preparation
mechanical preparation
growth
stand conditions
Abstract: Trials
began in 1987 on sites on
Non-OSU Link
16. Hedlin, A.F., J. Weatherston,
D.S. Ruth and G.E. Miller. 1983. Chemical lure for male Douglas-fir cone moth,
Barbara colfaxiana (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Environmental-Entomology
12(6): 1751-1753.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
stand conditions
Abstract: Field
trapping in British Columbia indicated that males of Barbara colfaxiana
(Kearfott), the larvae of which feed in the cones of Pseudotsuga menziesii and
damage the seeds, were attracted to mixtures of (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol and
(Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate. Most blends of these compounds were attractive to some
extent, but blends containing 15 to 50% acetate were the most consistently
attractive.
17. Helgerson, O.T. 1990b. Response of underplanted Douglas-fir to herbicide injection of
sclerophyll hardwoods in southwest
Keywords: nursery operations
release treatments
chemical release
stand conditions
tree physiology
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract:
Low-value broadleaf sclerophyll forests in
18. Henry, C.L., D.W. Cole and R.B.
Harrison. 1994. Use of municipal sludge to restore and improve site
productivity in forestry: The Pack Forest Sludge Research Program.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 66(1/3): 137-149.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
soil properties
stand conditions
Abstract:
Municipal wastewater residuals - sludge or biosolids - represent a major waste
by-product from society that must be managed in responsible ways. Because of
its high nutrient and organic matter content, sludge can be beneficially
recycled into forest sites for site improvement purposes. This paper reviews
the opportunities and problems that have been encountered during 20 yr of
research into sludge application in forests, based on data from studies carried
out in the Pack Demonstration Forest, Washington, on a variety of sites -
including clear-felled, young or mature Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii]
stands, and rights-of-way. Research to date on forest application of sludge has
been very encouraging, clearly demonstrating the validity of this management
technique.
19.
Keywords: release treatments
manual release
stand conditions
tree physiology
growth
Abstract: In
20. Huffman, D.W. and J.C. Tappeiner,
II. 1997. Clonal expansion and seedling recruitment of Oregon grape (Berberis
nervosa) in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests: comparisons with salal
(Gaultheria shallon). Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 27(11): 1788-1793.
Keywords: thinning
stand conditions
Abstract: Seedling
regeneration and morphology of Oregon grape (Berberis nervosa) and salal
(Gaultheria shallon) were studied in thinned and unthinned Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands in the central
21. Huffman, D.W., J.C. Tappeiner, II
and J.C. Zasada. 1994. Regeneration of salal (Gaultheria shallon) in the central
Keywords: thinning
stand conditions
Abstract: Regeneration
of salal (Gaultheria shallon) by seedling establishment and vegetative
expansion was examined in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands that had
been thinned, clear felled or undisturbed in the central Coast Range of Oregon.
Size and expansion rate of individual clonal fragments were negatively
correlated with overstorey stand density (p <less or =>0.039). As overstorey
basal area increased from 25 to 75 msuperscript 2/ha, mean annual growth
percentage of clone rhizome systems decreased from 23.7 to 0% and mean total
rhizome length decreased from 102 to 0.89 m. Interclonal competition in dense
clumps of salal apparently caused rhizomes to die and clones to fragment. In
these patches, rhizome biomass and density, aerial stem biomass and density,
and total biomass of G. shallon were negatively correlated with overstorey
density (p <less or =>0.01). In clear fellings, salal clumps had up to
177.7 m rhizome/msuperscript 2 and 346 stems/msuperscript 2, whereas patches
under dense overstories had as few as 10.6 m rhizome/msuperscript 2 and 19
stems/msuperscript 2. Aerial stem populations had uneven-age distributions in
all overstorey densities. This structure is apparently maintained through
annual production of new ramets. Salal seedling establishment rates were
significantly affected by study site location, overstorey density, and
substrate (p <less or =>0.05). Two-year survival was highest on rotten
logs and stumps in thinned stands.
22. Hulme, M.A. and G.E. Miller.
1988. Potential for control of Barbara colfaxiana (Kearfott): (Lepidoptera:
Olethreutidae) using Trichogramma sp. Colloques de l'INRA (43): 483-488.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
stand conditions
Abstract: The
efficacy of Trichogramma minutum for the control of the tortricid Barbara
colfaxiana on Pseudotsuga menziesii was assessed. T. minutum was obtained from
the tortricid Choristoneura fumiferana in
23. Humphreys, N. 1995. Douglas-fir
beetle in
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: Notes
are provided on the recognition, detection, biology, injuriousness and control
of the scolytid Dendroctonus pseudotsugae on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) (and occasionally western larch (Larix occidentalis)) in
24. Karl, M.G. and P.S. Doescher.
1993. Regulating competition on conifer plantations with prescribed cattle
grazing. Forest-Science 39(3): 405-418.
Keywords: release treatments
manual release
stand conditions
tree physiology
soil properties
Abstract: On
conifer plantations, competitive understorey vegetation often retards growth
and establishment of tree seedlings. Livestock grazing is one method of
controlling the understorey vegetation and increasing the availability of site
resources to tree seedlings. It was hypothesized that prescribed cattle grazing
ameliorates water stress of young tree seedlings by reducing root growth of
competing understorey species. On a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) plantation in
25. Kelpsas, B.R. 1987. Seasonal
impacts of fluroxypyr and triclopyr on conifers and shrubs.
Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (Vol.40): 128-129.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: Release
of Pseudotsuga menziesii from Rubus spectabilis and Alnus rubra in a plantation
in the
26. Ketchum, J.S., R. Rose and B.
Kelpsas. 1999. Weed control in spring and summer after fall application of
sulfometuron. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 14:80-85.
Keywords: site preparation
mechanical preparation
chemical preparation
stand conditions
Abstract: This
study tested the residual spring and summer efficacy of sulfometuron after
applications in the autumn in second growth Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
with red alder (Alnus rubra) and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) forest sites
in the central
27. Ketchum, J.S., R. Rose and B.
Kelpsas. 2000. Comparison of adjuvants used in fall-release herbicide mixtures
for forest site preparation. Tree-Planters' Notes 49(3): 66-71.
Keywords: site preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: Tank mixes
of the herbicides imazapyr and glyphosate were applied at 3 rates with 3
adjuvants (LI-700Reg., Nu-Film-IRReg., Silwet L-77Reg.) over
28.
Keywords: site preparation
release treatments
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract:
Diameter prediction models based on the Weibull distribution function and
stand-table projection models based on changes in relative diameter were
developed for 2- to 10-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations
in
29.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
chemical preparation
mechanical preparation
prescribed fire
stand conditions
Abstract:
Cover-projection models were developed based on algebraic difference
formulations of an exponential-power function to describe shrub recovery and
development patterns following clear cutting, site preparation and Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) planting at 4 sites in the Siuslaw National Forest,
Oregon. The sites formed part of the Coastal Site Preparation Study initiated
in 1980, in which the effects were tested of 6 treatments on shrub growth
patterns. Treatments were: none other than scalping a 30-cm spot when each 2-0
seedling was planted (control); spot clearing by cutting to 15 cm height all
woody vegetation within a 1.2 m radius of the seedling; spraying with
glyphosate (2.52 kg a.e./ha) in early autumn 1980; broadcasting burning slash
in midsummer 1980; manually slashing all woody vegetation in June 1980 and
broadcast burning later in the summer; and spraying with picloram + 2,4-D
(Tordon 101) in May or June 1980 (at 1.49 + 5.97 kg a.e./ha) and broadcast
burning in the summer. Results on the development of Douglas fir and associated
vegetation to age 10 yr have already been reported for this study (Stein (1995)
Research Paper - Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, No. PNW-RP-473; Knowe & Stein (1995) Canadian Journal of
30. Leininger, W.C. and S.H. Sharrow.
1987. Seasonal diets of herded sheep grazing Douglas-fir plantations.
Journal-of-Range-Management 40(6): 551-555.
Keywords: release treatments
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: The
seasonal diets of herded sheep grazing cutover Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) forests in the Coast Range of Oregon were studied during 1981 and
1982. Both 4- to 6-year-old non-grass-seeded and 2-year-old grass-seeded
plantations were included. Sheep grazing was monitored in spring, summer and
late summer. Forage on offer ranged from 764 to 2459 kg/ha.
Vegetational composition of sheep diets varied by year,
season and plantation age class. Averaged over the 2 years of grazing,
graminoids and forbs were nearly equal, at about 40% each, in sheep diets in
older plantations. In contrast, diets of sheep in young grass-seeded
plantations averaged 70% graminoids and only 16% forbs. Ferns were a minor
component (<2%) of sheep diets in both plantation age classes. Browse
averaged 15 and 12% of sheep diets in old and young plantations, respectively.
Douglas-fir was most palatable to sheep in spring soon after bud break. It was
generally avoided, however, and never comprised more than 3% of sheep diets.
Results suggest that sheep can be most effectively used for biological control
of unwanted brush species during summer and late summer when differences in
relative preference indices for target brush species and Douglas-fir are
greatest.
31. Lindsey, G.D. and J. Evans. 1983.
Evaluation of zinc phosphide for control of pocket gophers on Christmas tree
plantations. Tree-Planters' Notes 34(2): 11-14.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: In
laboratory tests, pocket gophers (Thomomys and Geomys spp.) were offered 5
kinds of treated bait, including 1% Zn phosphide in oats, 0.75% Zn phosphide in
fresh carrots, and 0.5% strychnine in rolled oats (3 mixtures). The carrot bait
was found to be as effective for killing gophers as the strychnine mixtures.
Plots in a 4-yr-old Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus monticola plantation in
32. Mason, R.R. and B.E. Wickman.
1991. Integrated pest management of the Douglas-fir tussock moth.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 39(1-4): 119-130.
Keywords: tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
stand conditions
growth
Abstract: The
Douglas-fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata) is one of the most destructive
forest defoliators of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies
grandis) and white fir (A. concolor) in western
33. McDonald, P.M. and G.O. Fiddler.
1996. Development of a mixed shrub-tanoak-Douglas-fir community in a treated
and untreated condition. Pacific-Southwest-Research-Station,
USDA-Forest-Service Research-Paper PSW-RP-225. iv
+ 16 p.
Keywords: release treatments
manual release
chemical release
tree/stand health
growth
tree morphology
stand conditions
economics
Abstract: On a
medium site in northern California, a tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus)-mixed shrub
community in a Douglas fir plantation was given several treatments (manual
release two and three times, a combination chainsaw and cut surface herbicide
(Garlon 3A [triclopyr]) treatment, two foliar herbicides (2,4-D
or Garlon 4), and a tank mix of the two herbicides) to study its development in
both a natural (control) and treated condition. The herbicides were each
applied twice. Survival of planted Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
seedlings was recorded for 11 years and growth was quantified for 9 years after
the last treatment application. In addition to Douglas fir, data are presented
individually for the two most abundant species (tanoak and snowbrush, Ceanothus
velutinus var. hookeri), for greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula), and
for the hardwood tree and shrubs combined. At the study's end in 1992, combined
vegetation in the control had a mean density of 1800 plants/acre, foliar cover of 23 700 ftsuperscript 2/acre, and height of 11.2 ft. In
contrast, combined tree and shrubs in the most effective treatment for
controlling them (cut and spray Garlon 3A) had a mean density of 150 plants/acre, foliar cover of 150 ftsuperscript 2/acre and
height of 5.9 ft at study end. Because competition for site resources
was low, Douglas fir seedlings developed best in this treatment. Mean Douglas
fir diameter was 4.6 inches at 12 inches above mean ground line, height
averaged more than 21 ft, and mean foliar cover was 39 850 ftsuperscript 2 at
the end of the study. The cost was $227 per acre.
34. McDonald, P.M. and G.O. Fiddler.
1999. Ecology and development of Douglas-fir seedlings and associated plant
species in a
Keywords: release treatments
manual release
chemical release
stand conditions
growth
tree morphology
economics
Abstract: On an
average site in northern coastal California, USA, a tanoak (Lithocarpus
densiflorus)-mixed shrub community was given several treatments (manual release
one, two, and three times; a combination chainsaw and cut surface chemical
treatment; two foliar chemicals; and a tank mix of the two chemicals) to study
its development over an 11-year period (1981-91) in both a broadcast-burned
(untreated control) and released (treated) condition. The chemicals were 2,4-D, Garlon [triclopyr] 3A, and Garlon 4, each applied two
times. The site had been planted with 2+0 seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) in 1979. In addition to Douglas-fir , data
are presented individually for the four most abundant and well distributed
species (tanoak, hairy manzanita (Arctostaphylos columbiana), huckleberries
(Vaccinium ovatum and V. parviflorum), and rhododendron (Rhododendron
macrophyllum)), and for these plus two more of the tallest and most abundant
(but poorly distributed) species (snowbush (Ceanothus velutinus), elderberry
(Sambucus mexicana)) combined. In 1991, combined shrubs in the control had a
mean density of 4733 plants per acre, foliar cover of 16 800 ft2 per acre, and
height of 9.5 feet. In contrast, combined shrubs in one of the most effective
treatments for controlling them (2,4-D) had a mean density of 2000 plant per
acre, foliar cover of 2600 ft2 per acre and height of 5.5 feet at the end of
the study. Here, mean Douglas-fir diameter was 4.0 inches at 12 inches above
mean ground line, height averaged 18.7 feet, and mean foliar cover was 34 800
ft2 per acre. The cost (including chemical) was $77 per acre. The biological
and economical data in this paper provide the ecosystem manager, wildlife
biologist, and fuels manager with knowledge on how to attain plant communities
with different density and development potentials, and the cost of creating
them.
35. McNabb, D.H., K. Baker-Katz and
S.D. Tesch. 1993. Machine site preparation improves seedling performance on a
high-elevation site in southwest
Keywords: site preparation
mechanical preparation
tree/stand health
stand conditions
growth
Abstract: Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings planted on areas receiving one of four
site preparation treatments (scarify, scarify/till, soil removal, and soil
removal/till) and on unprepared control areas were compared for 5 yr at a
high-altitude, nutrient-poor site in the western
36. Messier, C. and A.K. Mitchell.
1994. Effects of thinning in a 43-year-old Douglas-fir stand on above- and
below-ground biomass allocation and leaf structure of understory Gaultheria
shallon. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 68(2/3): 263-271.
Keywords: thinning
stand conditions
Abstract: Salal
(Gaultheria shallon) was studied in an unthinned and a heavily thinned
(two-thirds of basal area removed) 43-yr-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) plot 6 yr after thinning at Shawnigan Lake on southern Vancouver
Island, British Columbia. The increase in both above- and below-ground
resources caused by thinning resulted in a smaller fine-root/leaf biomass ratio
in the thinned (1.2) than the unthinned (2.0) plot. The balance between the
production of fine-roots to acquire limited water and of foliage to acquire
limited light is suggested as an explanation for this shift in carbon allocation
from fine-root to leaf biomass between the two plots. The responses of G.
shallon to thinning are discussed in relation to its role as a competitor for
below-ground resources.
37. Miller, J.C. and K.J. West. 1987.
Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis and diflubenzuron on Douglas-fir and oak for
gypsy moth control in
Keywords: tree/stand protection
stand conditions
Abstract: In
studies at
38. Miller, R.E., D.H. McNabb and J.
Hazard. 1989. Predicting Douglas fir growth and response to nitrogen
fertilization in western
Keywords: fertilization
growth
soil properties
stand conditions