1.
Keywords: planting operations
genetic relationships
Abstract: Genetic
markers (17 allozyme loci) were used to study the genetic implications of
natural and artificial regeneration following 3 regeneration methods (group
selection, shelterwood, and clearcut) in coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii var. menziesii) forests in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. In
general, harvesting followed by either natural or artificial regeneration
resulted in offspring populations which were very similar to those in the
previous generation. The removal of the smallest trees to form shelterwoods
resulted in the removal of rare, presumably deleterious, alleles. Fewer alleles
per locus were observed among residual trees (2.76) and natural regeneration
(2.75) than were found in uncut (control) stands (2.86). The shelterwood regime
appeared quite compatible with gene conservation, and it was considered that it
was best to leave parent trees of a range of sizes to act as gene conservation
reserves, in order to maximize the number of alleles (regardless of current
adaptive value) in naturally regenerated offspring. Seedling stocks used for
artificial regeneration in clearcut, shelterwood, and group selection stands (7
total) had significantly greater levels of genetic
diversity, on average, than natural regenerated seedlings.
2. Alvarez, I.F. and J.M. Trappe. 1983a. Dusting roots of Abies concolor and other conifers with
Pisolithus tinctorius spores at outplanting time proves ineffective.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(5): 1021-1023.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
mechanical preparation
growth
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Dusting
roots of Abies concolor, Abies magnifica var. shastensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii
and Pinus ponderosa with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) spores when planted out
produced no Pt mycorrhizae at the end of the first growing season. In the 3rd
yr occasional Pt mycorrhizae had formed on A. concolor. Inoculations reduced
seedling survival in some cases. High rates of spore application may have
desiccated roots of the true firs and spore amounts applied need careful
attention. Soil scarification and ripping significantly promoted growth of A.
concolor seedlings compared with scarification alone.
3. Amaranthus, M.P., C.Y. Li and D.A.
Perry. 1990. Influence of vegetation type and madrone soil inoculum on
associative nitrogen fixation in Douglas-fir rhizospheres.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 20(3): 368-371.
Keywords: planting operations
soil properties
Abstract: In
studies in SW Oregon in 1985, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings
grown at a site cleared of whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida) and an
adjacent, cleared, annual grass meadow were either inoculated with 100-120 ml
per seedling of pasteurized or unpasteurized soil from a nearby Pacific madrone
(Arbutus menziesii) stand, or left uninoculated. After one growing season,
Douglas fir seedling whole-plant soil systems were assayed for nitrogenase
activity by the acetylene reduction method. The rate of acetylene reduction in
rhizospheres of uninoculated seedlings from the manzanita site (1.40 +or- 0.44
nmol/h) was significantly greater than that of uninoculated seedlings from the
meadow site (0.67 +or- 0.15 nmol/h). Unpasteurized madrone soil increased the
rate of acetylene reduction by >500% for inoculated seedlings grown on the
manzanita site, but decreased it by 80% for those grown on the meadow site. The
influence of madrone soil was apparently biotic: pasteurized madrone soil did
not have a significant effect. No acetylene was reduced in soil without
seedlings. Azospirillum sp., a microaerophilic
nitrogen (N2) fixing bacterium, was isolated from within the mycorrhizas of
inoculated seedlings harvested from the manzanita site. These results suggest
that early successional ectomycorrhizal shrubs and broadleaved trees may be important
in maintaining mycorrhizal fungi and associated N2 fixers after severe
disturbance.
4. Amaranthus, M.P. and D.A. Perry.
1987. Effect of soil transfer on ectomycorrhiza formation and the survival and
growth of conifer seedlings on old, nonreforested clear-cuts. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
17(8): 944-950.
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand health
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Small
amounts (150 ml) of soil from established conifer plantations and mature forest
were transferred to planting holes on 3 sites in the
5. Amaranthus, M.P. and D.A. Perry. 1989a. Interaction effects of vegetation type and Pacific madrone
soil inocula on survival, growth and mycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 19(5): 550-556.
Keywords: planting operations
growth
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: One-yr-old
non-mycorrhizal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were planted in
1985 in cleared blocks within 3 adjacent vegetation types in SW Oregon, viz.,
whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida), annual grass meadow, and an open
stand of Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana). Within subplots in each block,
either pasteurized or unpasteurized soil from a nearby Pacific madrone (Arbutus
menziesii) stand was transferred to the planting holes of the seedlings;
control seedlings received no madrone soil. Second-year survival averaged 92,
43 and 12% for seedlings planted on the manzanita, meadow and oak sites,
respectively. Growth differences generally paralleled survival differences.
Added madrone soil, whether pasteurized or unpasteurized, did not influence
survival. Unpasteurized madrone soil substantially increased the growth of
seedlings on the manzanita site, but not in the meadow or oak stand.
Pasteurized madrone soil did not affect growth in any of the vegetation types.
Unpasteurized madrone soil nearly tripled the number of mycorrhizal root tips
forming on seedlings and resulted in formation of a new mycorrhiza type on the
manzanita site, although it had little or no effect on the meadow or oak sites.
These results suggest that manzanita and madrone impose a biological pattern on
soils that stimulates Douglas fir growth and survival, and support results of
other studies indicating that root symbionts and rhizosphere organisms mediate
interactions among plant species.
6. Amaranthus, M.P. and D.A. Perry.
1989b. Rapid root tip and mycorrhiza formation and increased survival of
Douglas-fir seedlings after soil transfer. New-Forests 3(3): 259-264.
Keywords: planting operations
mycorrhizal response
root development
tree/stand health
Abstract: In
order to re-inoculate soil with mycorrhizal fungi, small amounts (about 150 ml)
of soil from an established Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation were
added to planting holes when Douglas fir seedlings were planted on an old,
unrevegetated clearcut in the
7. Arnott, J.T. and F.T. Pendl. 1994.
Field performance of several tree species and stock types planted in montane
forests of coastal
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
growth
tree/stand health
wood quality
Abstract: Planting
trials were established at sites within the Mountain Hemlock and montane
Coastal Western Hemlock biogeoclimatic zones. Six test areas were chosen within
each zone. Amabilis fir (Abies amabilis), noble fir (A. procera), yellow cedar
(Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) were the
species selected for planting in the Mountain Hemlock zone. In addition to
Abies amabilis and A. procera, western white pine (Pinus monticola), western
redcedar (Thuja plicata), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were planted in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone.
Plug (PSB 211), plug transplant and bareroot stock
types were used for the eight species across both zones. Seedlings were planted
during the autumn (September/October) and spring (May) in each of two
successive years: 1978-79 and 1979-80. Survival, growth and tree form 13 years
after planting were used as indicators of the reliability (a combination of
tree survival and form) and productivity of the planting treatment
combinations. Noble fir and amabilis fir were the most reliable species in the
Mountain Hemlock zone; i.e. these species have average survival rates higher
than 80% and few form defects. Yellow cedar crowns were badly broken by snow,
which reduced the reliability of this species in the early years of plantation
establishment. The growth, survival and form of mountain hemlock ranked between
that of the true firs and yellow cedar. Noble fir was by far the most
productive species in the Mountain Hemlock zone. Within the Coastal Western
Hemlock zone no single species demonstrated a superior combination of productivity
or reliability. Douglas fir, western hemlock and western redcedar were good
species in the lower elevations of the zone, whereas noble fir and amabilis fir
were better species at the upper elevational limits of the zone. Western white
pines should be avoided until rust-resistant seed sources are available. Little
variation was found among the three planting stock options and even less
between the two planting seasons. Plug transplant stock was more reliable than
bareroot or plug stock; productivity ranked from greatest to least in the
following order within both zones: plug transplant, bareroot and plug stock.
This ranking among stock types may well change as different stock types are
developed. However, the relative size and design differences among stock types,
no matter when they become available, will always have an effect on the
ultimate reliability and productivity of planted trees. Autumn planting gave
significantly lower survival in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone only.
8. Axelrood, P.E., W.K. Chapman, K.A.
Seifert, D.B. Trotter and G. Shrimpton. 1998. Cylindrocarpon and Fusarium root
colonization of Douglas-fir seedlings from
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: Poor
performance of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations established in
1987 has occurred in southwestern
9. Bloomberg, W.J. 1988. Modeling
control strategies for laminated root rot in managed Douglas-fir stands: model
development. Phytopathology 78(4): 403-409.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
mechanical preparation
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: A model
of laminated root rot caused by Phellinus [Inonotus] weirii was developed to
assess potential control strategies in managed Pseudotsuga menziesii stands.
The model mimicked key processes in disease initiation and development
quantified as functions of time and space. These processes were horizontal and
vertical tree root distribution, root contact with inoculum and among root
systems, spread of mycelium through root systems, root decay, reduction of
diam. growth in infected trees, tree mortality and persistence of inoculum in
roots of stumps and killed trees. The processes were expressed as mathematical
functions which were integrated in a computer program to calculate spread of
the disease and stand-growth loss and mortality. Data for quantification of
functions were obtained by experiments and from the literature. Simulated
control practices included infected stump removal, sanitation fellings and
mixed planting of Douglas fir and resistant species. Accuracy of the model was
tested by comparing calculated disease spread and mortality with the following
data: (1) spread and damage in two 60-yr-old, 1-ha stands in Oregon, (2)
results from a statistically based model for spread and damage that had
performed satisfactorily, and (3) observed spread and damage behaviour in
stands of different ages and growth rates. Results from the model compared
favourably with all of the above situations.
10. Brand, D.G. 1986a. A competition index for predicting the vigour of planted
Douglas-fir in southwestern
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: As a
method of quantifying brush competition, data from 124 planted
11. Brand, D.G. 1986b.
Competition-induced changes in developmental features of planted Douglas-fir in
southwestern
Keywords: planting operations
tree morphology
tree physiology
growth
Abstract: From
measurements in 1- to 5-yr-old plantations, developmental characteristics of
Douglas fir were tested against a competition index based on measures of the
brush canopy surrounding individual trees. The most promising characteristics
for assessing competition were specific leaf area, the allometric relationship
of ht. to b.a. and bud production on nodal shoots.
Measures of foliar N and leaf internode length were less well correlated with
the competition index. Comparing these results with those of laboratory studies
indicated that, on the study sites, brush competition effects on planted trees
are expressed through adaptation to reduced light intensity. Developmental
variables relating to moisture and nutritional status were not as strongly
related to the competition index. This may reflect reduced tree demand or
secondary brush canopy effects.
12. Brandeis, T.J., M. Newton and
E.C. Cole. 2001. Underplanted conifer seedling survival and growth in thinned
Douglas-fir stands. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 31(2): 302-312.
Keywords: planting operations
thinning
commercial thinning
site preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
growth
tree/stand health
regeneration
Abstract: In a
multilevel study conducted at the Oregon State University's McDonald-Dunn
Research Forest, Oregon, USA, to determine limits to underplanted conifer
seedling growth, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies
grandis), western redcedar (Thuja plicata) and western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla) seedlings were planted in January 1993 beneath second-growth
Douglas-fir stands that had been thinned in 1992 to basal areas ranging from 16
to 31 m2/ha. Understorey vegetation was treated with a broadcast herbicide
(glyphosate + imazapyr) application prior to thinning, a directed release
herbicide (glyphosate, plus triclopyr for tolerant woody stems) application 2
years later, or no treatment beyond harvest disturbance. Residual overstorey
density was negatively correlated with percent survival for all four species.
Broadcast herbicide application improved survival of grand fir and western
hemlock. Western redcedar, grand fir and western hemlock stem volumes were
inversely related to overstorey tree density and this effect increased over
time. There was a strong indication that this was also the case for
Douglas-fir. Reduction of competing understorey vegetation resulted in larger
fourth-year stem volumes in grand fir and western hemlock.
13. Brandeis, T.J., M. Newton and
E.C. Cole. 2002. Biotic injuries on conifer seedlings planted in forest
understory environments. New Forests 24:1-14.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
thinning
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract: The
effects of partial overstorey retention, understorey vegetation management, and
protective Vexar(R) tubing on the frequency and severity of biotic injuries in
a two-storied stand underplanted with western redcedar (Thuja plicata),
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), and western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were investigated. The most prevalent source of
damage was browsing by black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionis columbiana); deer
browsed over 74% of Douglas-fir and over 36% of western redcedar seedlings one
or more times over the four years of this study. Neither the spatial pattern of
thinning (even or uneven) nor the density of residual overstorey affected
browsing frequency. Spraying subplots may have slightly increased browsing
frequency, but the resulting reduction of the adjacent understorey vegetation
increased the volume of all seedlings by 13%, whether or not they were browsed.
Vexar(R) tubing did not substantially affect seedling survival, browsing damage
frequency, or fourth-year volume. Greater levels of overstorey retention
reduced frequency of second flushing. Chafing by deer and girdling by rodents
and other small mammals began once seedlings surpassed 1 m in height.
Essentially all grand fir seedlings exhibited a foliar fungus infection.
14. Cameron, I.R. 1988. An evaluation of the density management diagram for coastal
Douglas-fir. BC Ministry of Forests FRDA-Report 024.
vi + 17 p.
Keywords: planting operations
growth
yield
Abstract: Yield
predictions based on Drew and Flewelling's (1979) density management diagram
for coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were compared with remeasured
plot data from
15. Carter, R.E., I.M. Miller and K.
Klinka. 1986. Relationships between growth form and stand density in immature
Douglas-fir. Forestry-Chronicle 62(5): 440-445.
Keywords: planting operations
wood
quality
tree
morphology
growth
Abstract: Spacing
was found to affect stem and crown characteristics and branching at whorls 6-10
in 27-yr-old Douglas fir established at 3 spacings (1.8x1.8, 3.6x3.6 and
4.6x4.6 m) near
16. Childs, S.W. and L.E. Flint.
1987. Effect of shadecards, shelterwoods, and clearcuts on temperature and
moisture environments. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 18(3): 205-217.
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand health
soil properties
tree physiology
tree phenology
Abstract: A
comparison was made of two common techniques used to improve seedling survival
on hot, dry reforestation sites. Adjacent shelterwood and clearcut sites in
17. Childs, S.W., H.R. Holbo and E.L.
Miller. 1985. Shadecard and shelterwood modification of the soil temperature
environment. Soil-Science-Society-of-America-Journal 49(4): 1018-1023.
Keywords: planting operations
soil properties
Abstract: A study
was conducted on steep, south-facing slopes in southwest
18. Colinas, C., R. Molina, J. Trappe
and D. Perry. 1994a. Ectomycorrhizas and rhizosphere
microorganisms of seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco
planted on a degraded site and inoculated with forest soils pretreated with
selective biocides. New-Phytologist 127(3): 529-537.
Keywords: planting operations
fertilization
soil properties
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Inoculation of planting holes with small amounts of soil from a mature forest
or a plantation can improve formation of ectomycorrhizas on Pseudotsuga
menziesii seedlings in degraded clearcuts in southwestern
19. Colinas, C., D. Perry, R. Molina
and M. Amaranthus. 1994b. Survival and growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii
seedlings inoculated with biocide-treated soils at planting in a degraded
clearcut. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 24(8): 1741-1749.
Keywords: planting operations
fertilization
growth
tree/stand health
tree morphology
Abstract: To
determine the factors of transfer soils responsible for increased seedling
survival and growth, planting holes, at a site in SW Oregon, were inoculated
with forest, plantation, and clear-cut soils subjected to one of 8 treatments:
(i) treated with fertilizer to test for effects of nutrients; treated with
biocides to test for effects of (ii) grazers (microarthropods or nematodes),
(iii) protozoa, (iv) fungi, or (v) bacteria; (vi) pasteurized; (vii)
Tyndallized; or (viii) untreated. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings
were planted in June 1990 and seedling growth and survival was assessed in
December 1990. Survival was increased by inoculation with untreated plantation
soils, but not if they were fertilized or treated with dimethoate + carbofuran
(grazercide), fumagillin (protozoacide), or oxytetracycline + penicillin
(bactericide). Addition of untreated forest soil did not increase survival. For
all soils, survival was increased by captan (fungicide), pasteurization and
Tyndallization. Untreated plantation and forest soil transfers increased dry
weights whereas neither did when treated with dimethoate + carbofuran. Dry
weights of seedlings given clear-cut soil were increased by fertilization,
pasteurization and Tyndallization of the soil; the latter two treatments also
increased the number of short roots. It is hypothesized that stimulation of
seedling growth by soil transfers was related to an increased rate of nutrient
mineralization due to microbivorous soil animals contained within the transfer
soils. Soil transfers may have enhanced seedling survival by at least two
mechanisms: (i) by providing a safe site for beneficial rhizosphere organisms
to proliferate, free from competing organisms that have proliferated in the
clear-cut soil; and (ii) through volatile organic compounds, especially
ethylene, that stimulated seedling root growth.
20. Comeau, P. and D. Sachs. 1992.
Simulation of the consequences of red alder management on the growth of
Douglas-fir using FORCYTE-11. B.C. Ministry of Forests FRDA
Report 187. 45 p.
Keywords: planting operations
yield
computer modeling
Abstract: The
ecosystem model FORCYTE-11 was used to investigate the effects of initial red
alder (Alnus glutinosa) density on yields of Pseudotsuga menziesii and alder
over a 80-year rotation, the effects of delayed planting
of red alder on stand yields, and the effects of 5 management strategies on the
total yield over a 240-year period.
21. Copes, D.L. and M. Bordelon.
1994. Effects of tree spacing and height reduction on cone production in two
Douglas-fir seed orchards. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 9(1): 5-7.
Keywords: seed orchard management
planting operations
reproduction
Abstract: Two
treatments involving tree spacings (12 and 24 ft) within rows spaced 24 ft
apart and height control (topped or not topped at 20 ft) were evaluated in 17-
and 22-yr-old coast Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) seed
orchards in
22. Curtis, R.O., G.W. Clendenen and
D.J. DeMars. 1981. A new stand simulator for coast Douglas-fir: DFSIM user's
guide. Pacific-Northwest-Forest-and-Range-Experiment-Station,-USDA-
Keywords: planting operations
thinning
precommercial thinning
commercial thinning
fertilization
yield
computer modeling
Abstract: A
description of a computer program, written in FORTRAN IV, for simulating
managed stands. The program has been developed from remeasured plot data
contributed by many organizations in the Pacific Northwest USA. It can produce
yield tables which include estimates of effects of initial spacing,
precommercial and commercial thinning and addition of N fertilizer. Topics
discussed include program limitation and potential for further development.
Appendices include operating instructions and notes on testing. The program is
available from the authors on request.
23. DeYoe, D.R., H.R. Holbo and K.
Waddell. 1986. Seedling protection from heat stress between lifting and
planting. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 1(4): 124-126.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
Abstract: Seven
protective treatments were evaluated for preventing overheating of 2+0 Douglas
fir seedlings in Kraft paper bags. Trials were conducted in May 1982 at
24. Donegan, K.K., L.S. Watrud, R.J.
Seidler, S.P. Maggard, T. Shiroyama, L.A. Porteous and G. DiGiovanni. 2001.
Soil and litter organisms in
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
prescribed fire
soil properties
Abstract: Soil
and litter organisms were monitored for their response to different forest
management practices. Litter and soil cores (0-10, 10-20 cm) were collected at
approximately 8-week intervals over a 19-month period from a low elevation
110-140-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest and adjacent
8-year-old clearcut in the Oregon Cascades, and from a high elevation
200-250-year-old Douglas fir forest and adjacent 5-year-old clearcut in the
25. Dunsworth, B.G. 1988. Douglas-fir
fall root phenology: a bioassay approach to defining planting windows. In
Proceedings: 10th North American Forest Biology Workshop, 'Physiology and
genetics of reforestation',
Keywords: planting operations
growth
tree/stand health
tree phenology
Abstract: Natural
seedling root phenology during the autumn and spring was observed in Douglas
fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] and western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla] over
several seasons on
26. Fight, R.D.,
Keywords: pruning
planting operations
wood quality
economics
Abstract: Once
site and genetic stock are selected, management of stocking, rotation age, and
pruning are the principal means available to foresters to affect wood quality
and value in stands of coast Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii)
in the
27. Grotta, A.T., B.L. Gartner and
S.R. Radosevich. 2004. Influence of species proportion and timing of
establishment on stem quality in mixed red alder-Douglas-fir plantations.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 34(4): 863-873.
Keywords: planting operations
tree morphology
wood quality
Abstract: The
relationships among stand structure, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) branch
characteristics, and red alder (Alnus rubra) stem form attributes were explored
for 10- to 15-year-old trees growing in mixed Douglas-fir-red alder plantations
in Oregon, USA. Treatments included a range of species proportions, and red
alder was either planted simultaneously with Douglas-fir or after 5 years. Both
replacement effects (total stand density held constant) and additive effects
(stand density doubled) of competition were considered. When the two species were
planted simultaneously and red alder proportion was low, red alder trees had
low crown bases and much stem defect (lean, sweep, and multiple stems).
Douglas-fir grew slowly when the two species were planted simultaneously. When
red alder planting was delayed, species proportion did not affect red alder
stem form, and height to the base of the Douglas-fir live crown decreased with
increasing red alder proportion. Doubling Douglas-fir density increased the
height to the base of the Douglas-fir live crown; however, doubling stand
density by adding red alder did not affect Douglas-fir crown height.
Douglas-fir lumber coming from mixed stands may be inferior because of the
changes in knot characteristics associated with these different patterns of
crown recession. In stands with a low proportion of red alder, red alder
product recovery may be compromised because of the stem defects described
above.
28. Haase, D.L., J.H. Batdorff and R.
Rose. 1993. Effect of root form on 10-year survival and growth of planted
Douglas-fir trees. Tree-Planters' Notes 44(2): 53-57.
Keywords: planting operations
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract: Douglas
fir seedlings (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were planted with three root-form
treatments including C-roots ('correctly' planted controls), L-roots, and
J-roots. After 10 years, there were no significant differences in outplanting
performance between the three root-form treatments on a good site in western
29. Hahn, P.F. and A.J. Smith. 1983.
Douglas-fir planting stock performance comparison after the third growing
season. Tree-Planters' Notes 34(1): 33-39.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract: Three
types of containerized (40, 75 or 125 cmsuperscript 3 containers) and bare
rooted (2+1, 3+0 and plug-1 stock) seedlings were planted out in
30. Haight, R.G. 1993a. The economics of Douglas-fir and red alder management with
stochastic price trends. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 23(8):
1695-1703.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
prescribed fire
release treatments
chemical release
thinning
precommercial thinning
commercial thinning
tree/stand protection
economics
Abstract: A
financial analysis of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and red alder (Alnus
rubra) management was conducted using yield projections from the Stand
Projection Simulator for the
31. Haight, R.G. 1993b. Technology change and the economics of silvicultural investment.
Rocky-Mountain-Forest-and-Range-Experiment-Station,-USDA-
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
prescribed fire
release treatments
chemical release
tree/stand protection
thinning
commercial thinning
precommercial thinning
yield
economics
Abstract: Financial
analyses of intensive and low-cost reforestation options are conducted for
loblolly pine (Pinus contorta) stands with broadleaved competition in the
Southern USA, and Douglas fir with red alder (Pseudotsuga menziesii with Alnus
rubra) in the Pacific Northwest. Results show that the expected present values
(EPVs) of low-cost options that result in mixtures of conifers and broadleaves
are superior in some situations to the EPVs of the intensive options.
32. Heilman, P. 1983. Effects of surface treatment and interplanting of shrub alder on
rowth of Douglas-fir on coal spoils. Journal-of-Environmental-Quality
12(1): 109-113.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
mechanical preparation
growth
tree physiology
soil properties
tree/stand health
Abstract: Annual
growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) planted on
topsoiled spoils at a coal mine near
33. Helgerson, O.T. 1985. Survival
and growth of planted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) on a hot, dry site in
southwest
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract:
One-yr-old containerized seedlings and 2-yr-old bare rooted seedlings of both
species were planted in Feb. 1982 on a W.-facing 35% slope on
34. Helgerson, O.T. 1990a. Effects of
alternate types of microsite shade on survival of planted Douglas-fir in
southwest
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: Five-yr
survival of 2+0 bare root Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was
increased by 3 types of shading: cardboard shadecards placed S. or E. of
seedlings; and bottomless styrofoam cups inverted
around seedling base, on 2 S.-facing sites. On the drier site, seedlings
survived well without shading (89% unshaded, 98% shaded), but on the wetter
site, where seedlings were more stressed, shading was more beneficial (62%
unshaded, 89% shaded). Shading did not affect growth. Seedlings grew more in 5
yr on the drier than the wetter site, possibly because of better handling and
planting practices, less browsing by deer, and better weed control.
35. Helgerson, O.T., S.D.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract: Two
stocktypes (1+0 container-grown plugs and 2+0 nursery-grown bareroots) of
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
were planted on a hot, droughty, low-altitude site near
36. Helgerson, O.T., S.D.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: On hot,
dry sites, shading may differentially increase survival of planted Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) according to seedling size, and Douglas fir may differ
from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in early survival and growth. The
survival and growth of Douglas fir seedlings (1+0 container-grown plugs and 2+0
bare-rooted seedlings, unshaded or shaded with cardboard shadecards at
planting) and unshaded 2+0 bare-rooted ponderosa pine were compared on a
droughty south facing clear felling in Oregon. The site was clear felled and
burned in 1982 and the seedlings were planted in 1983. Shading did not
significantly increase survival of plugs, possibly because of a wetter than
normal first summer, nor did shading affect growth of either
37. Hermann, R.K. and D.P. Lavender.
1999. Douglas-fir planted forests. New-Forests 17(1/3): 53-70.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery operations