1. Adams, W.T., S.N. Aitken, D.G. Joyce, G.T. Howe and J.
Vargas-Hernandez. 2001. Evaluating efficacy of early testing for stem growth in
coastal Douglas-fir. Silvae-Genetica 50(3/4): 167-175.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery operations
growth
genetic relationships
Abstract: In a
test to evaluate the ability to predict stem growth of families in the field
from nursery performance (i.e., early testing), 67 open-pollinated families and
66 full-sib families of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii) were sown in two nursery conditions, each replicated as separate
experiments: two bareroot nursery trials established in successive years in the
same nursery, and two container-sown greenhouse trials sown in different greenhouses
in the same year. First year heights in the seedling trials were compared to
mean stem volumes of the same open-pollinated families in eight 15-year-old
field progeny tests and the same full-sib families in eleven 12-year-old tests.
Family mean nursery-field correlations (rxy) were similar for all four seedling
trials for both open-pollinated (OP) and full-sib (FS) families, and generally
ranged between 0.30 and 0.40. Although low, it is shown that nursery-field
correlations of this magnitude can be quite useful in tree improvement
programmes. For example, based on the data in this study, it is estimated that
a single stage of family selection for first year seedling height would be
about 50% as effective in improving 15-year volume as direct selection for this
trait in field tests. Early testing, however, is probably of more practical
significance as a tool for culling families prior to out-planting field tests
in two-stage selection schemes. It is estimated that 25% of the OP families in
this study could have been culled in an early test (first stage selection),
with gain in 15-year volume after subsequent field testing and selection of the
remaining families (second stage selection) being nearly the same as if all
families had been field tested. Thus, early testing is an effective tool for
reducing the size and cost of field progeny tests without sacrificing genetic
gain.
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2. Alvarez, I.F. and R.G.
Linderman. 1983. Effects of ethylene and fungicide dips during cold storage on
root regeneration and survival of western conifers and their mycorrhizal fungi.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(5): 962-971.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
health
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract:
Survival and growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa and Abies
concolor seedlings, and survival of mycorrhizal fungi on their roots were assessed
after cold storage with or without 5 p.p.m. ethylene in combination with 4 root
treatments: washed, dipped in Truban [etridiazole] or Benlate sol. or not
treated. Ethylene treatment resulted in increased survival, apical bud burst,
and new root formation in the greenhouse if roots had not been washed or dipped
in fungicide. None of the gas storage or root treatments greatly affected
seedling survival in the field. Root washing decreased seedling vigour,
especially in fir. None of the root treatments or gas storage conditions
affected root fungal populations; bacterial and actinomycete populations
appeared to be affected and the response varied according to host species.
Pisolithus tinctorius, which formed mycorrhizae with 10-20% of the short roots
of the seedlings, did not survive cold storage. Thelephora spp. and an
ectendomycorrhizal fungus both survived cold storage and rapidly colonized
roots newly formed on seedlings planted after cold storage.
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3. Alvarez, I.F. and J.M.
Trappe. 1983b. Effects of application rate and cold soaking pretreatment of
Pisolithus spores on effectiveness as nursery inoculum on western conifers.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(3): 533-537.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Ponderosa
pine, Douglas fir, Shasta red (Abies magnifica var. shastensis), and white fir
(Abies concolor) seedlings were inoculated in a bare root nursery with
basidiospores of Pisolithus tinctorius. The spores were applied at 3 rates with
or without cold/wet pretreatment of 7 or 21 days. Pretreatment did not affect
spore efficiency as inoculum. Only ponderosa pine increased growth in response
to inoculation. Inoculations in the greenhouse with a wider range of spore
application rates revealed that a higher concn. of spores was needed to induce
an increase in growth and mycorrhiza formation of Douglas fir than ponderosa
pine. These levels were much higher than those used in nursery inoculations.
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4. Arnott, J.T. and D.
Beddows. 1982. Influence of Styroblock container size on field performance of
Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and Sitka spruce. Tree Planters' Notes 33(3): 31-34.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla and Picea sitchensis seeds were sown in April
1971 in BC/CFS Styroblocks sizes 2 and 8 with volumes of 40 and 125
cmsuperscript 3 respectively. The seedlings in the larger containers were kept
in a heated greenhouse for 2-3 months to stimulate growth to fill the
containers, before joining those in the smaller containers in an outdoor
shadehouse nursery. Seedlings were planted out in British Columbia in March 1972. A second trial was started in April 1972
and seedlings planted out in April 1973. Survival and ht. growth were recorded
for 5 growing seasons. The larger containers produced larger seedlings at
planting. There were n.s.d. in survival of seedlings grown in the different
sized containers for all 3 species. The seedlings grown in the larger
containers were significantly taller after the first growing season in the
field, a difference which persisted for the 5 seasons. Growing seedlings in the
larger containers was more expensive and the seedlings took longer to plant
than those grown in the smaller containers.
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5. Arnott, J.T. and F.T.
Pendl. 1994. Field performance of several tree species and stock types planted
in montane forests of coastal British Columbia. Canadian-Forest-Service, Pacific and Yukon Region Information Report BC-X-347. viii + 45 p.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
wood
quality
Abstract: Planting
trials were established at sites within the Mountain Hemlock and montane
Coastal Western Hemlock biogeoclimatic zones. Six test areas were chosen within
each zone. Amabilis fir (Abies amabilis), noble fir (A. procera), yellow cedar
(Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) were the
species selected for planting in the Mountain Hemlock zone. In addition to
Abies amabilis and A. procera, western white pine (Pinus monticola), western
redcedar (Thuja plicata), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were planted in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone.
Plug (PSB 211), plug transplant and bareroot stock types were used for the
eight species across both zones. Seedlings were planted during the autumn (September/October)
and spring (May) in each of two successive years: 1978-79 and 1979-80.
Survival, growth and tree form 13 years after planting were used as indicators
of the reliability (a combination of tree survival and form) and productivity
of the planting treatment combinations. Noble fir and amabilis fir were the
most reliable species in the Mountain Hemlock zone; i.e. these species have
average survival rates higher than 80% and few form defects. Yellow cedar
crowns were badly broken by snow, which reduced the reliability of this species
in the early years of plantation establishment. The growth, survival and form
of mountain hemlock ranked between that of the true firs and yellow cedar.
Noble fir was by far the most productive species in the Mountain Hemlock zone.
Within the Coastal Western Hemlock zone no single species demonstrated a
superior combination of productivity or reliability. Douglas fir, western
hemlock and western redcedar were good species in the lower elevations of the
zone, whereas noble fir and amabilis fir were better species at the upper
elevational limits of the zone. Western white pines should be avoided until
rust-resistant seed sources are available. Little variation was found among the
three planting stock options and even less between the two planting seasons.
Plug transplant stock was more reliable than bareroot or plug stock;
productivity ranked from greatest to least in the following order within both
zones: plug transplant, bareroot and plug stock. This ranking among stock types
may well change as different stock types are developed. However, the relative
size and design differences among stock types, no matter when they become
available, will always have an effect on the ultimate reliability and
productivity of planted trees. Autumn planting gave significantly lower
survival in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone only.
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6. Axelrood, P.E., M.
Neumann, D. Trotter, R. Radley, G. Shrimpton and J. Dennis. 1995. Seedborne
Fusarium on Douglas-fir: pathogenicity and seed stratification method to
decrease Fusarium contamination. New-Forests 9(1): 35-51.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract: Twelve
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlots from coastal British Columbia were assayed for seedborne Fusarium; all of the seedlots
were contaminated. The percentage of non-stratified seeds from individual
seedlots harbouring Fusarium ranged from 0.3 to 95.4. Sixty-seven percent of
the seedlots had Fusarium on less than 2% of the seeds. Post-stratification
seedborne Fusarium levels were significantly less for running water imbibition
compared with standing water imbibition. However, seedling growth at a
container nursery was not consistently different for stratified seed imbibed
initially in standing or running water. Fusarium disease symptoms were not
observed in the nursery environment. The species of Fusarium isolated from seed
were F. acuminatum [Gibberella acuminata], F. avenaceum [G. avenacea], F.
lateritium [G. baccata], F. moniliforme [G. fujikuroi], F. oxysporum, F. poae
and F. sambucinum [G. pulicaris]. Twelve Fusarium isolates, comprising 6
species, were assessed for pathogenicity. Disease symptoms were observed after
4 weeks incubation and Fusarium isolates ranged in virulence from low to high.
Fusarium oxysporum isolates were the most pathogenic.
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7. Axelrood, P.E. and R.
Radley. 1991. Biological control of Fusarium on Douglas-fir seedlings.
Bulletin-SROP 14(8): 85-87.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: A
bacterial culture collection was established from the rhizosphere and
rhizoplane of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings collected from
nursery and forest locations in British Columbia, Canada. Of the 2000 strains screened, 350 inhibited growth of at
least 1 conifer seedling root pathogen (Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon or Pythium) in
in vitro antibiosis assays. A total of 96 strains were screened for Fusarium
disease control in biological control assays. One strain that inhibited all 3
pathogens in vitro was able to significantly reduce the incidence of disease
caused by Fusarium on P. menziesii seedlings. Another strain that tested
negative in in vitro antibiosis assays also reduced the disease incidence by a
similar amount. This paper was presented at the Second international workshop
on plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria - progress and prospects, held in Interlaken, Switzerland, Oct. 14-19, 1990.
8. Bare, B.B. 1981. Tax
effects of fertilization. In Proceedings: Forest
Fertilization Conference, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Eds. S.P. Gessel, R.M. Kenady and W.A. Atkinson. pp.
238-242.
Keywords: fertilization
economics
Abstract: This
paper describes the sensitivity of investment performance when fertilzization
activities are treated as expensed, capitalized, or amortized expenditures.
Current Internal Revenue Service policy favors capitalization, but pending
revenue rulings are expected to recommend amortization. The impact of these
three alternatives on after-tax cash flows is illustrated by a numerical
example for the Douglas-fir zone of the USA.
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9. Berch, S.M. and A.L.
Roth. 1993. Ectomycorrhizae and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings preinoculated
with Rhizopogon vinicolor and outplanted on eastern Vancouver Island. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 23(8): 1711-1715.
Keywords: nursery operations
mycorrhizal
response
growth
Abstract: Ectomycorrhizal
colonization of container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) inoculated
with Rhizopogon vinicolor was determined after cold storage and one growing
season after outplanting (in March 1988) on a clear felled area on eastern
Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Inoculated Douglas fir seedlings were
taller than noninoculated controls when outplanted, but perhaps because of
browse damage, no growth differences were found after one growing season in the
field. R. vinicolor colonized all of the inoculated but none of the control
seedlings examined after cold storage. Volunteer Thelephora terrestris
colonized almost half of the control and 10% of the inoculated seedlings before
outplanting. After one field season, inoculated and control seedlings were
colonized by 15 ectomycorrhizal fungi each, only eight of which were found on
both. R. vinicolor persisted on the roots of inoculated plants, but was also
present in the field soil since the control seedlings also bore these
mycorrhizas after one growing season. The relative abundance of T. terrestris
decreased from the nursery to the field. The other common ectomycorrhizas in
the field included Mycelium radicis atrovirens, Cenococcum geophilum and types
resembling Tuber and Endogone.
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10. Birchler, T.M., R.
Rose and D.L. Haase. 2001. Fall fertilization with N and K: effects on
Douglas-fir seedling quality and performance.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 16(2): 71-79.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Coastal
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 1+1 seedlings from coastal Oregon, USA, were applied with two fertilizers (NH4NO3+K2SO4 and
(NH4)2SO4+KCl) at four rates (0, 80, 160, 320 kg N and K/ha) split over three
application dates (September 19, October 13, November 1, 1996). Fertilizer type
did not affect total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) levels on any of the sampling
dates. By January 10, TKN concentrations had increased 16, 30 and 34%, and
chloride concentrations had increased 57, 77 and 112% relative to the seedlings
without fertilizer, for 80, 160 and 320 kg N+K/ha treatments, respectively.
Nitrate levels increased briefly after the first application of NH4NO3+K2SO4.
Potassium levels remained relatively unchanged. Levels of most other nutrients,
as well as foliar dry weight, increased between September 16 and January 10,
but these increases were generally unrelated to the fertilizer treatments. Root
growth potential and cold hardiness did not differ among treatments. Seedlings
that received 160 or 320 kg N/ha broke bud an average of 3 days earlier than
the seedlings without fertilizer. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of seedlings
with fertilizer was consistently higher than that of seedlings without
fertilizer on November 13 and December 30. These treatment differences were not
reflected in seedling outplanting performance after one growing season.
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11. Black, C.H. 1988.
Interaction of phosphorus fertilizer form and soil medium on Douglas-fir
seedling phosphorus content, growth and photosynthesis. Plant-and-Soil 106(2):
191-199.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
photosynthesis
Abstract:
Douglas-fir seedlings were grown in containers in peat-vermiculite or mineral
soil each amended with different levels of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) or
a granulated North Carolina phosphate rock (RP). Dilute acid-fluoride extractable
phosphorus (DAP), seedling photosynthesis, weights, and tissue P concentrations
were measured at 65 + 3 and 105 + 3 days.DAP was highly correlated with soluble
fertilizer P (but not total P) added at the beginning of the experiment.
Considerable soluble P was lost from peat-vermiculite but not from the mineral
soil. Seedling total P content was proportional to the amount of soluble P per
container at both harvests, but was greater for a given level of soluble P in
the organic versus the mineral medium. Added soluble P increased foliar P
concentrations, plant P content, and dry weight. Net carbon uptake was highly
correlated with added levels of soluble P, foliar P concentrations, and with
total P content. The internal efficiency of P from the RP source was less than
P from CSP with respect to P content versus growth, net CO2 uptake, and net
photosynthesis rates. At the end of the experiment, seedling P content plus DAP
remaining in the media for the higher fertilizer rates accounted for 75% of the
originally added soluble P in the mineral soils, but for only 15% in the
organic media.
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12. Blake, J.I., R.
Linderman and D. Lavender. 1988b. Seedling vigor of Douglas fir and western
hemlock in relation to ethylene exposure levels and ethane production during
cold storage. In Proceedings: 10th
North American Forest Biology Workshop, 'Physiology and genetics of
reforestation', University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, July 10-22,
1988. Eds. J. Worrall, J. Loo-Dinkins and D.P. Lester. pp. 235-242.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree
morphology
tree
phenology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: The
effects were examined of ethylene treatment on Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga
heterophylla 2-yr-old bare root seedlings lifted in October or December (in a
nursery in Washington)
and stored for 2 and 7 days. Seedlings exposed to 0.5 p.p.m. ethylene at +1
degrees C for 7 days exhibited reduced bud and root activity. These effects
were apparently reversed at 5.0 p.p.m. In a second experiment, reducing
ethylene concentrations with KMnO4 during storage at +1 or +10 degrees C for 30
days did not affect foliage colour, but root and bud activity were generally
enhanced. Ethylene concentrations in control bags ranged from 0.80 to 2.24
p.p.m. in October-lifted seedling bags and from 0.10 to 1.3 p.p.m. in
December-lifted samples. The quantity of ethane in stored bags of P. menziesii
seedlings was closely related to an increase in foliage discoloration. Little
or no ethane was measured in T. heterophylla storage bags.
Non-OSU Link
13. Blake, J.I. and R.G.
Linderman. 1992. A note on root development, bud activity, and survival of
Douglas-fir, and survival of western hemlock and noble-fir seedlings, following
exposure to ethylene during cold storage. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
22(8): 1195-1200.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree
morphology
tree
phenology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Three
cold storage experiments were conducted with bare-root (2+0) Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from coastal Oregon and eastern Washington Cascade sources. The objectives
were to determine the effects of ethylene at ambient and below-ambient
(absorbed by KMnO4 pellets) concentrations, and at 0.5 and 5 p.p.m. ethylene,
during short-term storage on subsequent root development and bud activity, and
to relate these results to survival in the field at sites in Washington and
Oregon, after prolonged cold storage. Root numbers and lengths were measured 28
days after a 7-day storage period after lifting seedlings on 27 September and 1
December. In the coastal source, root numbers and lengths in the 5 p.p.m.
ethylene treatment were, respectively, 46 and 49% greater in September, and 22
and 13% greater in December, than the controls. No comparable treatment effects
were found for the Cascade source. Neither the KMnO4 nor the 0.5 p.p.m.
ethylene treatments affected root development in either seed source. For
terminal buds in the controls, the number of days to 50% bud break was
increased 2-8 days by a 30-day cold storage period compared with a 7-day
period. For the coastal source, no increase in the time to 50% bud break was
observed in the 5 p.p.m. ethylene treatment. Seedling survival was evaluated in
the field for the same treatments following 4 months cold storage for the
Douglas fir sources, coastal western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and noble
fir (Abies procera). Survival for the 5 p.p.m. ethylene treatment compared with
the control was increased by 55% in the coastal Douglas fir source and by 13%
in western hemlock. These results suggest that stimulated root development and
bud activity may be partially responsible for the observed survival increase
following cold storage at elevated ethylene levels.
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14. Bledsoe, C.S. and
R.J. Zasoski. 1983. Effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth and nitrogen
uptake by mycorrhizal Douglas-fir seedlings. In Tree root systems and
their mycorrhizas. Ed. D. Atkinson. pp. 445-454.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In a
greenhouse pot study, 1-yr-old mycorrhizal (inoculated with Hebeloma
crustuliniforme) and non-mycorrhizal Douglas fir seedlings were grown in sandy
forest soil amended with 10% of clay minerals (bentonite and/or kaolinite) and
ammonium or nitrate fertilizer. Ht. growth, root and shoot DM and accumulation
of nitrogen and P were greater in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal seedlings,
especially in the nitrate treatment. Ammonium interacted with kaolinite to
reduce survival which again was poorer in the absence of mycorrhiza.
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15. Campbell, S.J. and
P.B. Hamm. 1989. Susceptibility of Pacific Northwest conifers to Phytophthora root rot. Tree Planters' Notes
40(1): 15-18.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: One-yr-old
bare-rooted seedlings of 11 conifer species were inoculated with (a)
Phytophthora cactorum, (b) P. cryptogea, (c) P. drechsleri, (d) P. megasperma
or (e) P. pseudotsugae. Development of above-ground symptoms and root disease
was followed for 10 wk. Isolates of (a), (b) and (e) caused the most overall
mortality and isolates of (d) the least. Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, P.
monticola, Larix occidentalis, Libocedrus decurrens, Picea sitchensis and P.
engelmannii showed tolerance to the root disease, Abies grandis and Pseudotsuga
menziesii showed intermediate susceptibility and A. magnifica and Tsuga
mertensiana were quite susceptible. Results are discussed in relation to
management of conifer nurseries in the Pacific Northwest.
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16. Castellano, M.A. and
J.M. Trappe. 1985. Ectomycorrhizal formation and plantation performance of
Douglas-fir nursery stock inoculated with Rhizopogon spores.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(4): 613-617.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Basidiospores (0, 106, 107 or 108) of 7 species of hypogeous, ectomycorrhizal
fungi were applied to 1-msuperscript 2 plots sown with 4 conifer species
(Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus lambertiana, Abies concolor and Tsuga
heterophylla) in a bare-root nursery in Oregon. Inoculation with either Rhizopogon vinicolor or R.
colossus succeeded with 2 provenances of Douglas-fir only. For R. vinicolor,
the high spore-application rate produced the most mycorrhizae on the greatest
number of seedlings. For R. colossus, the high spore-application rate produced
the most mycorrhizae on the greatest number of seedlings of one seed source,
while the medium rate did better with the other. Stem height and root collar
diameter of seedlings did not differ significantly between treatments and
controls. Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated or not inoculated with spores of R.
vinicolor were outplanted at 2 yr old in southwestern Oregon. After 2 yr, inoculated seedlings had significantly
greater survival, stem height, root collar diameter, and biomass than
noninoculated seedlings. Although new feeder roots of both noninoculated and
inoculated seedlings were colonized by indigenous fungi, R. vinicolor persisted
on the old root systems of inoculated seedings and colonized new feeder roots.
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17. Castellano, M.A. and
J.M. Trappe. 1991. Pisolithus tinctorius fails to improve plantation
performance of inoculated conifers in southwestern Oregon. New-Forests 5(4): 349-358.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Bare
root seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta), white fir (Abies concolor), and grand fir (Abies grandis) were
inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius and subjected to standard nursery and
cold storage practices. At age 2 years, seedlings were assessed for mycorrhizal
status, and were planted out on a variety of sites in SW Oregon.
After 1, 2 and 3 growing seasons root collar diameter and current year's shoot
growth were measured (or a lateral branch if browsing had damaged main shoot).
Results showed that inoculated seedlings performed no better than those which
had not been intentionally inoculated but which had formed mycorrhizae with
indigenous, nursery fungi (e.g. Thelephora terrestris, and possibly Inocybe
spp.). Climate, planting sites and nursery practices in the Pacific Northwest differ drastically from those in the southeastern United States, where P. tinctorius has increased plantation survival and
growth. It is concluded that further research is necessary on P. tinctorius and
nursery inoculation of tree seedlings in the Pacific Northwest.
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18. Chanway, C.P. 1997.
Inoculation of tree roots with plant growth promoting soil bacteria: an
emerging technology for reforestation. Forest-Science 43(1): 99-112.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand
health
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Results
from studies performed with beneficial asymbiotic tree root associated bacteria
are reviewed in this article in relation to the possible uses of such
microorganisms for artificial forest regeneration. The review includes sections
on plant growth promoting bacteria for pine (Pinus spp.), spruce (Picea spp.),
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Seedling
root systems are colonized heavily by asymbiotic soil bacteria, many of which
have the potential to influence plant growth significantly. A heterogeneous
group of these microorganisms is well known for their ability to colonize roots
and stimulate growth of agricultural plant species, sometimes doubling seedling
biomass accumulation only a few weeks after inoculation, but more usually
resulting in less spectacular biomass gains (e.g., 15%-30% greater than
uninoculated controls within a growing season). Plant growth promoting soil
bacteria may exert such effects through a variety of mechanisms, and include
microorganisms that stimulate seedling emergence or infection by symbiotic
fungi and bacteria. Other plant beneficial soil bacteria possess biological
control activity or are capable of transforming plants genetically. Inoculation
of tree seedlings with such bacterial before outplanting would be an
inexpensive, environmentally benign, and easily applied nursery treatment, but
comparatively little work has been performed with these microorganisms in forestry.
Recent results with various tree species, however, indicate that seedling
performance can be significantly enhanced through bacterial inoculation of root
systems: pine and spruce biomass increased 32%-49% 1 yr after inoculation and
outplanting at a reforestation site. In addition, infection by desired species
of ectomycorrhizal fungi can also be enhanced by inoculation with certain
strains of root colonizing bacteria.
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19. Chanway, C.P., R.A.
Radley and F.B. Holl. 1991. Inoculation of conifer seed with plant growth promoting
Bacillus strains causes increased seedling emergence and biomass.
Soil-Biology-and-Biochemistry 23(6): 575-580.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract: Seeds of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and white spruce (Picea glauca) were collected from
3 sites in British Columbia. Inoculation with Bacillus strains L5 and L6 significantly increased
the rate of seedling emergence of spruce but did not affect subsequent seedling
growth. Pine root growth was promoted by strain L5 in sterilized, but not
non-sterile, growth medium. Strain L6 promoted pine root growth in sterilized
medium, but also caused significant increases in seedling emergence, shoot
weight and height, root weight and surface area, and root collar diameter when
tested in non-sterile peat-vermiculite medium. The positive effects due to a
single inoculation of pine with strain L6 at sowing were not detectable after
12 weeks growth. However, root growth was stimulated after 16 weeks growth if
seedlings were re-inoculated with strain L6 mid-way through the experiment.
Shoot-growth promotion was also detected when 1-yr-old pine seedlings were
planted in pots and inoculated with strain L6. Douglas fir seedlings grown from
seed inoculated with strain L5 had increased root collar diameters, whereas
those inoculated with strain L6 exhibited increased root surface area.
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20. Coleman, M., J.
Dunlap, D. Dutton and C. Bledsoe. 1987. Nursery and field evaluation of
compost-grown conifer seedlings. Tree-Planters' Notes 38(2): 22-27.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), noble fir (Abies procera) and
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were raised in beds that had been treated with
0, 2, 4 or 6 inches of compost (fir/hemlock sawdust and municipal sewage
sludge, 3:1) at a nursery in Carson, Washington. In autumn 1983, the 2+0 stock
was lifted, stored until spring 1984 and then planted out on Mt. St. Helens, Washington (Douglas fir), near Estacada, Oregon (noble fir) or E. of the Cascade crest near Leavenworth, Washington (ponderosa pine). Data are given on the ht., biomass and
concn. of N, P, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd after 1 yr in the nursery beds and on the
ht. and survival for 2 yr after planting. The responses of the seedlings to the
compost, the immobilization of nutrients and the accumulation of heavy metals
are discussed.
OSU Link
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21. Coleman, M.D., C.S.
Bledsoe and B.A. Smit. 1990. Root hydraulic conductivity and xylem sap levels
of zeatin riboside and abscisic acid in ectomycorrhizal Douglas fir seedlings.
New-Phytologist 115(2): 275-284.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
tree morphology
tree physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: The
hypothesis that root hydraulic conductivity (LP) of ectomycorrhizal root
systems is greater than that of non-mycorrhizal systems, and different to that
of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas was tested in a greenhouse experiment,
by measuring hydraulic qualities of roots while accounting for seedling size
and P content. Plant growth substances (abscisic acid and zeatin riboside)
expressed from roots during the experiments were also measured. Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungi
Laccaria bicolor and Hebeloma crustuliniforme, and non-inoculated seedlings
infected naturally with Thelephora were grown under 3 rates of P fertilization
(1, 10 and 100 micro M P). After 9 months, seedling morphology, tissue P
concn., LP and plant growth substance concn. in xylem sap were measured.
Increased tissue P and decreased root/shoot ratio correlated with increased LP
in each mycorrhizal treatment; when adjusted for the effect of these 2 factors,
LP of Laccaria and Hebeloma seedlings was still lower than that of Thelephora
seedlings. In a subsequent experiment, LP of seedlings with Hebeloma and
Rhizopogon vinicolor mycorrhizas was compared with that of non-mycorrhizal
seedlings (grown at 100 mM P) and no differences were found among treatments.
The lack of an ectomycorrhizal effect on LP is quite different from the
enhancement of host LP by VA mycorrhizas. Zeatin riboside concentrations of
Thelephora- and Hebeloma-infected seedlings were similar, yet higher than with
Laccaria. There was no relationship between plant growth substances and LP in
ectomycorrhizal Douglas fir, despite lower zeatin riboside concentrations for
Laccaria-inoculated plants.
OSU
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22. Copes, D.L. and N.L.
Mandel. 2000. Effects of IBA and NAA treatments on rooting Douglas-fir stem
cuttings. New-Forests 20(3): 249-257.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: The
effectiveness of 6 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and four 1-napthaleneacetic acid
(NAA) concentrations, 4 combinations of IBA and NAA concentrations, and control
were tested for their ability to enhance rooting frequency of Douglas-fir
[Pseudotsuga menziesii] cuttings. Two IBA and one NAA treatments were also
compared to the control for quality of root system. Between 1984 and 1998, six
independent studies were conducted in mist or fog environments with the 14
clones. Auxin concentrations tested ranged from 0 to 123 mM IBA and 0 to 10 mM
NAA. Auxin, clone and auxin by clone effects were significant in every study,
although individual clone analyses showed only two clones to differ significantly
for auxin. All auxin treatments except the 10 mM NAA treatment induced
significantly greater rooting percentage than the control, but no single auxin,
auxin concentration or combination of auxins was clearly superior in every
study. The 10 mM NAA concentration was the only concentration tested that
reduced rooting percentage to less than the control. Both NAA and IBA appeared
to have broad ranges of root-enhancing activity. However, within the effective
range of IBA evaluated, 24.6 or 49.3 mM produced the greatest rooting
percentage in 4 of 5 studies testing IBA. NAA solutions with concentrations
between 2.5 and 7.5 mM NAA generally resulted in similar rooting success.
Rooting responses to increased IBA and NAA were both nonlinear; rooting decreased
with both too little and too much auxin. Combinations of IBA and NAA in the
same solution did not increase rooting percentage above what was achieved with
one auxin. For root system quality, auxin treated cuttings in one study, had
significantly better root systems than control, but there was no difference in
the other study in which root quality was estimated.
OSU Link
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23. DeYoe, D.R., H.R.
Holbo and K. Waddell. 1986. Seedling protection from heat stress between
lifting and planting. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 1(4): 124-126.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Seven
protective treatments were evaluated for preventing overheating of 2+0 Douglas
fir seedlings in Kraft paper bags. Trials were conducted in May 1982 at Corvallis, Oregon on 3 clear days with max. air temp. of 78 degrees F and a
hazy day with max. temp. 66 degrees . Seedlings were returned to cold storage
(35 degrees ) overnight. Seedling temp. differed significantly between
treatments. Unprotected seedlings (paper bag only) in full sun reached 89
degrees after 7 h. Green canvas caused increased heating rates and higher temp.
(104 degrees after 7 h). A white sheet and a crinkled foil wrap performed no
better than a paper bag alone. Canvas painted off-white reduced max. temp. to
80 degrees . Heavy shading (2% of full sun) and Mylar with white surface
towards the sun were the most effective materials for preventing overheating
(max. temp. 59-60 degrees ). Mylar with the silver surface facing the sun was
less effective (max. temp. 71 degrees ).
OSU
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24. Donald, D.G.M. and
D.G. Simpson. 1985. Shallow conditioning and late fertilizer application
effects on the quality of conifer nursery stock in British Columbia. B.C.-Ministry-of-Forests Research-Note 99. viii + 36 p.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
tree/stand
protection
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract: Eight
trials on 2+0 stock of Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, P. sitchensis, Pinus
contorta and Pseudotsuga menziesii (var. glauca and var. menziesii) in 4
nurseries were conducted to compare the effects of shallow conditioning
(undercutting and wrenching at 10 cm deep) with those of the standard
conditioning regime (undercutting and wrenching at 20 cm) on nursery
performance, storage and field performance. The application of a complete NPK
fertilizer 50 days before lifting was also evaluated. Shallow conditioning and
late fertilizer application improved the root growth capacity at lifting, but
could not replace cold exposure for hardening Pseudotsuga menziesii. Shallow
conditioning had little effect on survival after planting and reduced initial
ht. increment of all species. Application of fertilizer just before lifting
improved the early growth of the trees without adversely affecting survival.
Planting seedlings some 5 cm deeper than they stood in the nursery improved
establishment.
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25. Drew, A.P. 1983.
Optimizing growth and development of 2-0 Douglas-fir seedlings by altering
light intensity. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(3): 425-428.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
morphology
carbon
allocation
Abstract:
Seedlings were grown outdoors in Michigan in pots under 71% of full light the first growing season
and full light the second. Another group of seedlings was given full light
continuously for 2 yr. At the end of the 1st year, seedlings given initial
shade had grown larger in total wt. (root + shoot) than those grown under full
light. With removal of shading, the larger plants began to allocate increased
dry matter to root development relative to their shoots. By the end of 2 yr,
shoot/root ratios for the 2 groups were no different, yet the plants shaded in
their 1st year were significantly heavier (dry wt.) By proper use of shading
during development, larger 2+0 planting stock with good root development may be
produced. Such stock, grown without the use of costly fertilizer, may be better
suited to regeneration of droughty sites in the Pacific Northwest USA than the
usual 2+0 planting stock, nursery grown under full light.
OSU
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26. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1983. Growth, survival, and physiology of Douglas-fir seedlings following root
wrenching and fertilization. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(2):
270-278.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
tree/stand
health
tree
morphology
tree
physiology
growth
Abstract:
Seedlings at different nurseries on Vancouver Island were subjected to wrenching treatments during their 2nd year of growth
using a fixed blade at 20-25 cm below the bed surface. In the first experiment,
wrenching reduced water potential of trees on unirrigated loam soil by an av.
of 300 kPa during Aug. and Sept. Wrenched trees lifted in Oct. and stored at 2
degrees C until May, showed 25% higher survival than unwrenched trees 1 yr
after planting. Trees lifted in Dec. had uniformly high survival (98%) and
showed no effect of wrenching. Wrenched trees from irrigated plots had lower
shoot length relative growth rates (RGR) than unwrenched trees during the year
after planting. In the second experiment, wrenching treatments were applied to
seedlings, growing in a loamy sand, for different periods between 15 May and 11
Sept. as follows: (a) no wrenching, (b) early summer, (c) midsummer, (d) late
summer and (e) all summer. Three fertilizer treatments (none, and 2 amounts of
NPK) were applied to each wrenching treatment, and seedlings were lifted for
storage at 2 degrees C in Oct. and Dec. Stored trees and freshly lifted trees
were planted at 700 m alt. on 3 March. Wrenching increased root dry wt.,
particularly when additional fertilizer was applied, but had no measurable
effect on cold hardiness or root growth capacity. Nevertheless, late summer
wrenching increased survival 5 and 7% above control 1 and 2 yr after planting.
Wrenching had little subsequent effect on new shoot growth of planted trees
during the 2 yr after planting. However, late-summer wrenched trees showed significantly
more new shoot growth than all-summer wrenched trees. More fertilizer reduced
cold hardiness and survival of cold-stored trees, but increased root growth
capcity. Cold hardiness (measured by electrical impedance) was correlated with
survival of cold-stored trees after planting (rsuperscript 2 = 0.82). Root
growth capacity, averaged over all fertilizer treatments was closely correlated
with survival of stored and freshly lifted trees (rsuperscript 2 = 0.93).
Foliar nutrient concn. were reduced by wrenching, but fertilizing increased
nutrient reserves within the seedling.
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27. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1984a. Response of Douglas fir seedlings to phosphorus fertilization and
influence of temperature on this response. Plant-and-Soil 80(2): 155-169.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
carbon
allocation
tree
morphology
Abstract: In pot
experiments levels of P fertilizers equivalent to 300 kg/ha were adequate for
maximum growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) seedlings
over 14-18 weeks, and resulted in available soil P levels of 80 ppm after 15
weeks' growth. Maximum growth in pots was obtained with shoot P concentrations
of 0.18%-0.20%, with higher values at lower temperatures, but the optimum
concentration for one-year-old (1-0) nursery seedlings was 0.16% P. Growth of
seedlings was greatly restricted at a soil temperature of 5 degrees C and an
air temperature of 12 degrees C. At a soil temperature of 10 degrees C and an
air temperature of 14 degrees C seedling P requirement was greater than at soil
and air temperatures of 20 degrees C. Monoammonium phosphate was more effective
than calcium superphosphate in stimulating growth in pots and nursery beds.
Triple superphosphate was also effective in the nursery. Diammonium phosphate,
potassium dihydrogen phosphate and phosphoric acid had no advantages as P
sources in the nursery. Available P levels of 100-130 ppm, in the loamy sand
and sandy loam nurseries studied, and needle P concentrations of 0.18%, when
sampled in October, were associated with maximum growth of two-year-old (2-0)
seedlings. P fertilization decreased the root/shoot ratio, but did not alter
the allometric relationship of shoot to root. Improving the P status from a low
level increased the root growth capacity in 2-0 seedlings and P fertilization
of potted seedlings increased the dry weight/height ratio. Uptakes per seed bed
ha of 236 kg N, 31 kg P, 81 kg K and 73 kg Ca by 2-0 seedlings were comparable
with, or greater than, uptake rates of agricultural crops. Recoveries of 6-11%
of P from fertilizer were recorded in the nursery.
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28. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1984b. Seedling spacing in the nursery in relation to growth, yield, and
performance of stock. Forestry-Chronicle 60(6): 345-355.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree
morphology
carbon
allocation
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In 3
experiments at nurseries in coastal British Columbia Picea sitchensis, P.
glauca, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Thuja plicata and coastal and interior
varieties of Pseudotsuga menziesii were sown in May 1979, 1980 or 1982 and
grown at spacings ranging from 0.5 to 12 cm. A 1-cm increase in spacing
increased seedling dry wt. by 0.5-1.5 g and root collar diam. by 0.2-0.25 mm up
to a spacing of about 8-10 cm. Above this, response was less. Ht. of 2-yr-old
seedlings was increased slightly or even decreased by wider spacing. Height :
diameter ratios decreased sharply and shoot : root dry wt. decreased or
remained unchanged with wider spacing. The number of needle primordia in 2-0 P.
menziesii buds increased up to a spacing of 2 cm, and the number of 1st and 2nd
order branches were also increased by wider spacing. Increases in root growth
capacity were associated with wider spacing in T. plicata and Picea sitchensis.
In a test of 3 types of precision seeders, none produced anything like accurate
seed placement. Irregularity was increased by 10-20% non-viable seed and winter
mortality. Increased spacing of 2-5 cm between seedlings was justified by the
yield of acceptable seedlings only when the culling standard was increased to a
root collar diam. of about 6 mm. Three yr after planting out the survival of P.
glauca was increased 11% by wider spacing. After 2 yr P. sitchensis survival
was increased 13% by wider spacing. Both species grown at wider spacing
maintained a ht. and diam. advantage over those from close spacing.
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29. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1987. Importance of current photosynthate to new root growth in planted conifer
seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(8): 776-782.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree
physiology
photosynthesis
tree
morphology
Abstract: Reports
are given of 6 experiments. Two-yr-old seedlings of Douglas fir and Sitka spruce, labelled with 14CO2 in Oct. and kept outdoors,
contained 14C in old roots but little in new roots when placed in a growth
chamber in Jan. New roots were highly radioactive in seedlings labelled with
14CO2 after 12 days' growth in Jan., indicating that current photosynthate was
the primary C source for new roots. These results agreed with an experiment in
which the number and wt. of new roots on 1+1 Douglas fir transplants were
directly related to light intensity. Net photosynthesis (Pn) of similar Douglas
fir nursery stock after cold storage was inadequate to supply C for respiration
and new root growth under 16-h photoperiods of 200 micro E/msuperscript 2 per
s, although new root growth occurred. This suggested that reserves contributed
to respiration. Douglas fir seedlings began transpiration immediately after
planting in moist soil. Two-yr-old lodgepole pine seedlings grown outdoors over
winter with root systems maintained at <more or =>10 degrees C produced
more new roots in spring than seedlings grown outdoors without heated roots or
in a greenhouse; no relations were observed between new root growth and Pn.
OSU
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30. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1988a. Nursery growth of conifer seedlings using fertilizers of different
solubilities and application time, and their forest growth.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 18(2): 172-180.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
carbon
allocation
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Beginning
in May 1982, seedlings of Douglas fir and white spruce were grown for 2 yr in a
bare-root nursery in southern British Columbia. Seedlings were treated with four types of commercial
fertilizers (slow-release Osmocote, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate and
Hi-Sol, a soluble fertilizer with 20-20-20 NPK) at 2 different frequencies
during both years to give total N applications of 0, 210 or 350 kg/ha. In
addition, Douglas fir seedlings that had been grown for 2 yr without fertilizer
were treated with the same amounts of fertilizer as a late season treatment
during 1 Sep.-20 Oct. 1983.
Ammonium fertilizers produced larger seedlings than Osmocote and Hi-Sol. Dry
wt. increased with application rate, but frequency of application had only a
small effect. Fertilizer increased the proportion of stem dry matter and
decreased the proportion of needle and root dry matter. Dry wt. of 2+0 white
spruce seedlings was correlated with soil pH, extractable NO3 and available P
measured in Sep. of the first growing season. Douglas fir seedlings were
planted out in Mar. 1984. Late-season fertilized seedlings had greater N and P
tissue concn. than seedlings fertilized during the growing season. Survival and
growth rate after planting were also both greater in late-season fertilized
seedlings. Results suggested that fertilizer composition was more important
than fertilizer solubility for nursery growth.
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31. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1988b. Response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to some
different fertilizers applied at planting. New-Forests 2(2): 89-110.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
fertilization
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
Abstract: Four
fertilizer experiments to assess type of fertilizer, dosage and timing, were
conducted on eastern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. Two-yr-old, bare root planting stock was used except in
experiment 3, where container stock was compared with bare root stock. Little
growth response was obtained after one year, but height growth responses of 12
to 31% were measured after 3 to 6 yr with fertilizers supplying 8.4 to 16.8 g N
per tree. Growth responses were little affected by type of fertilizer and were
primarily due to N, with release rate having no marked effect. The exception to
this was triple superphosphate which did not increase growth but did increase
survival. Survival was reduced by ammonium sulphate and to a lesser extent by
Agriform (NPK). Container seedlings responded more to fertilization at planting
than bare root seedlings. Seedling N, P and K concn. and contents declined
following planting for 6 months and only started to recover after July.
Application of fertilizer caused a small increase in seedling nutrient concn.
regardless of date, but this had no detectable effect on dry weight measured 6
wk later.
OSU
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32. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1991a. Influence of container nursery regimes on drought resistance of
seedlings following planting. I. Survival and growth.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 21(5): 555-565.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
morphology
carbon
allocation
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In a 2
year study, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings, grown in Styroblock
containers in a container nursery from February to July 1988, were exposed to
three temperatures and three levels of drought stress applied factorially
during 18 July to 29 September 1988. Mean temperatures of 13, 16 and 20 degrees
C were imposed in growth chambers, in a cooled plastic house, and in an ambient
plastic house, respectively. Control, medium and severe levels of drought
stress were imposed in a series of eight cycles, resulting in mean xylem
pressure potentials of -0.32, -0.50 and -0.99 MPa, respectively. Seedlings were
kept in the ambient plastic house until January 1989, when they were lifted and
cold-stored until transplanting to covered 0.5-m deep sand beds, which provided
hygric, mesic, and xeric conditions for testing all species and treatments. At
the end of nursery growth, an increase in nursery temperature increased height
and height : diameter ratio in all species and shoot:root dry weight ratio in
Douglas fir and lodgepole pine. Increase in temperature also increased the number
of seedlings with large well-formed buds in white spruce, but reduced the
number in Douglas fir. Drought stress reduced height and dry weight in all
species and bud length in lodgepole pine. After 9 weeks in sand beds, low
nursery temperature increased survival (19% for lodgepole pine and white spruce
grown in the xeric bed), except for Douglas fir grown in the xeric bed. Nursery
drought stress also increased survival (16% for Douglas fir and lodgepole pine
in the xeric bed), but had little effect on white spruce. Low temperature and
drought stress treatments that increased survival also reduced height and dry
weight of lodgepole pine and white spruce after one growing season in sand
beds. Survival showed significant negative correlations with height, dry weight
and height:diameter and shoot : root weight ratios. Low nursery temperature
continued to affect growth 16 weeks after planting, increasing relative growth
rate and allometric ratio (K) of Douglas fir and reducing K of white spruce.
OSU
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33. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1991b. Influence of container nursery regimes on drought resistance of
seedlings following planting. II. Stomatal conductance, specific leaf area, and
root growth capacity. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 21(5): 566-572.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Seedlings
of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and
white spruce (Picea glauca) were grown in a container nursery from February to
July 1988 and then exposed to three temperatures and three levels of drought
stress applied factorially during mid-July to October 1988. Seedlings were
retained in a shelter house until January 1989, when they were cold-stored
until early May. Measurements of stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E),
and specific leaf area (SLA) were made at the end of the treatment period in September
1988 and again after growth the following year at the end of June. Root growth
capacity (RGC) was tested in early May 1989. Results were considered in
conjunction with performance of other samples of the same plants that had been
planted in sand beds in April 1989, where irrigation was regulated to provide
three levels of moisture stress. Low temperature (13 degrees C) generally
reduced gs and E, which were adjusted for xylem pressure potential, and SLA, in
all species by the time nursery treatment was completed at the end of
September. No effect of nursery temperature treatment on gs or E could be
detected when new needles were measured in June and July (after 9 to 12 weeks
of growth), but SLA of lodgepole pine increased with nursery temperature
treatment, and SLA of white spruce decreased with treatment. RGC was higher
for the 13 degrees C treatment than for the 16 and 20 degrees C treatments.
Survival of outplanted seedlings was mainly inversely related to nursery
temperature. Low nursery temperature reduced gs, E, and SLA and increased RGC. SLA of planted lodgepole pine increased with level of nursery
drought treatment, and severe nursery drought increased gs under stress, when
measured in June. No other effects of drought were detected, although drought
treatment was effective in increasing survival of planted seedlings. It is
suggested that other mechanisms, such as osmotic adjustment, were responsible
for the results observed.
OSU
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34. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1992a. Absolute and relative growth of Douglas-fir seedlings of different
sizes. Tree-Physiology 10(2): 141-152.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
Abstract: Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings of a single (Vancouver Island) seed source were grown in a nursery on Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, Canada, for two years to produce five different bare rooted stock
types through varying spacing and transplanting treatments: spacing of 1.2, 7.7
and 14.3 cm; 14 cm 1+1 transplant; and 14 cm container transplant. They were
then planted in the forest together with one-year-old container seedlings of
the same seed source (a sixth treatment). Stem volume mean relative growth rate
(Rv) was low immediately after planting for all stock types except the
container seedlings, and increased over the following 7.6 years. An 8-week
greenhouse test of the six stock types showed that dry weight mean relative
growth rate (Rw) generally decreased with seedling dry weight, but this effect
was less obvious after planting because only the three smaller stock types
showed a decrease in Rw with size. In another experiment, bare root Douglas fir
seedlings were grown at five different spacings (1.9, 2.8, 5.0, 7.4 and 10.6
cm) in a nursery for two years, and seedlings from each spacing treatment were
sorted into 'large' or 'small' by height. Resulting 10 treatments were
outplanted and stem volumes determined over 6.7 years. Effect of nursery
spacing on stem volume was linear up to 3.6 years after planting, but large
seedlings had greater stem volume than small seedlings throughout the 6.7 years
of the study. There was no indication that Rv decreased with time, but small
seedlings had a greater Rv than large seedlings. Relative growth rates of
2-year-old Douglas fir were depressed for a year or two after planting, but
then remained relatively constant, or increased during the ensuing 5 years.
Relative growth rates of smaller seedlings were greater than those of larger
seedlings so that relative biomass differences decreased with time, and the
time advantage of larger stock decreased. Absolute size differences increased
with time.
OSU
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35. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1992b. Changes in drought resistance and rootgrowth capacity of container
seedlings in response to nursery drought, nitrogen, and potassium treatments.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(5):740-749.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
carbon
allocation
tree
physiology
Abstract: Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and white spruce
(Picea glauca) seedlings, each represented by two seed lots, were grown in
Styroblock containers in a greenhouse and plastic shelter house from February
1989 to January 1990. The seedlings were exposed to two N treatments (20 and
200 mg/litre) and three K treatments (5, 25 and 100 mg/litre) arranged
factorially within three drought treatments. After winter storage, seedlings
from a complete set of treatments were planted into hygric, mesic and xeric
sand beds during 12-14 March. Increasing nursery drought stress increased
survival of Douglas fir and lodgepole pine after planting, and high N treatment
level increased survival of lodgepole pine and white spruce. Under xeric
conditions, combined nursery drought and high N treatments increased survival
of lodgepole pine by 33%, indicating the importance of nursery cultural regime
for stock quality. Increase in nursery drought stress did not decrease seedling
size by much; increase in N increased seedling size one season after planting.
A positive relation between shoot : root ratio and survival in lodgepole pine
and white spruce indicated that increase in N increased both shoot growth and
drought resistance over the N range investigated. Only Douglas fir showed an
interaction between drought and N treatment and a small response in both
survival and dry weight to K application. Root growth capacity, measured at the
time of planting, showed an approximate doubling in all species due to high N treatment,
and was also increased in white spruce by drought stress. Survival and root
growth capacity were poorly correlated, but dry-weight growth in sand beds was
well correlated with root growth capacity. Shoot dry weight and percentage N in
shoots measured after nursery growth were correlated with root growth capacity.
Manipulation of root growth capacity by changing nursery treatment was possible
without altering resistance to drought stress after planting.
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36. Dunsworth, B.G. 1985.
Three-yr survival and height growth of 2+0 bareroot Douglas-fir seedlings
treated with a Symbex root dip. Tree-Planters' Notes 36(1): 24-25.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Seedling roots were dipped in a sol. of Symbex [a stimulant containing
fertilizer and microorganisms?] diluted 40:1 with water, or water before
planting out in May 1980 on Vancouver Island, British
Columbia. Although
the ht. growth of Symbex-treated trees was significantly greater in 1981, there
were n.s.d. in total ht., ht. growth or survival after 3 growing seasons.
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37. Duponnois, R., J.
Garbaye, D. Bouchard and J.L. Churin. 1993. The fungus-specificity of
mycorrhization helper bacteria (MHBs) used as an alternative to soil fumigation
for ectomycorrhizal inoculation of bare-root Douglas-fir planting stocks with
Laccaria laccata. Plant and Soil 157:257-262.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Mycorrhization
helper bacteria (MHBs) isolated and selected from the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii)-Laccaria laccata symbiotic system have previously been shown to be
fungus-specific: they promote ectomycorrhizal establishment of Laccaria laccata
but inhibit mycorrhizal formation by other fungi. In this paper, two
experiments in a nursery producing 2-yr-old bare rooted Douglas fir planting
stock confirmed the specificity of MHBs (9 strains were tested) under field
conditions. Mycorrhizal formation by Laccaria laccata, and the closely related
L. bicolor was promoted by the specific MHBs tested, but mycorrhizal formation
by Hebeloma cylindrosporum and a contaminant white fungus was inhibited; the
strain of Paxillus involutus used was only poorly infective and not affected by
MHBs. The experiments also showed that, by selectively helping the introduced
L. laccata against the resident symbionts, MHBs are an interesting alternative
(safer and easier) to soil fumigation for the success of routine controlled
mycorrhization of planting stock in forest nurseries. The MHB strain BBc6 (a
Pseudomonas fluorescens) is suggested as a suitable candidate for this system.
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38. Duryea, M.L. and S.K.
Omi. 1987. Top pruning Douglas-fir seedlings: morphology, physiology, and field
performance. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(11): 1371-1378.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
pruning
tree
phenology
tree/stand
health
growth
yield
Abstract:
Seedlings from 9 seed sources at 6 nurseries in Washington, Oregon and California
were treated with various pruning treatments including tall and short ht. (25
and 15 cm, respectively), early and late timing (6 wk after bud burst or 6 wk
after bud set, respectively), pruning twice or no pruning. Seedlings were
evaluated for phenology and quality, and graded in the nursery. For each seed
source, seedlings were planted at field sites in their own zone and on one
common site. Seedlings pruned tall and early began growing again within 5 wk
and set buds 2 wk later than unpruned seedlings. Shippable yield of seedlings
pruned tall and early and of unpruned seedlings were n.s.d, although more
pruned seedlings had multiple leaders. Pruned seedlings were smaller than
unpruned seedlings at the time of planting. Survival and growth were the same
for pruned and unpruned seedlings in the 1st year after planting. Pruned
seedlings grew more than unpruned seedlings in the 2nd year, but were still
shorter after 2 yr. Field growth was greater in seedlings pruned tall or early
than in seedlings pruned short or late. It is concluded that pruning should be
continued as a cultural practice if it benefits nurseries, but that late short
pruning should be avoided.
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39. Edgren, J.W. 1981.
Field performance of undercut coastal and Rocky Mountain Douglar-fir 2+0
seedlings. Tree-Planters' Notes 32(3): 33-36.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract: Seedlings
from 1 seed source each of Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (coastal) and
P. menziesii var. glauca (Rocky Mountain) were grown in a nursery in Washington and half were undercut at 15 cm below the surface at
1-yr-old. Seedlings were lifted in March the next yr (1968) and planted out at
2 sites in Oregon.
Survival of undercut coastal firs 3 yr after planting was significantly better
than controls. Survival of Rocky Mountain fir was not significantly affected by undercutting. Ht.
growth of control seedlings of both varieties was significantly greater in
their 1st season than that of undercut seedlings, but the differences
disappeared the following year.
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40. El Kassaby, Y.A.
1995. Evaluation of the tree-improvement delivery system: factors affecting
genetic potential. Tree Physiology 15:545-550.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery operations
seed orchard management
genetic relationships
reproduction
Abstract: Possible
causes of the genetic erosion that occurs during the fragmented phases of the
tree-improvement delivery system (a term used for the domestication process in
forest trees) are reviewed. The impacts of intentional and unintentional
directional selection during phenotypic selection, seed production (with its
associated reproductive-phenology asynchrony, fecundity differential and
varying propensity to inbreeding), seed processing and storage, and seedling
production are evaluated. Allozyme analysis data were used to compare
heterozygosity of first-generation seed orchards of western red cedar (Thuja
plicata), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) with that of their corresponding natural populations. In general, genetic
diversity and heterozygosity parameters of seed orchards are higher or similar
to those observed in their natural-population counterparts. However, parental
contribution to the resultant seed orchard seed crops is consistently
asymmetrical, and this is a major cause of genetic erosion. In most cases, less
than 20% of an orchard's clones contribute 80% of the cone crop, thus reducing
the effective population size. Because seed germination of coniferous tree
species is under strong maternal genetic control, the combined effects of
differences in reproductive output and germination, as well as of management
practices (e.g., simulated long-term storage of seed showed that loss of
viability during storage is genotype specific), cause unintentional directional
selection during seedling production. This review confirms the need for genetic
monitoring of each phase of the tree-improvement delivery system, so that
practical solutions can be developed to alleviate genetic erosion.
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41. El Kassaby, Y.A. 2000. Representation
of Douglas-fir and western hemlock families in seedling crops as affected by
seed biology and nursery crop management practices. Forest
Genetics 7(4): 305-315.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery operations
genetic relationships
tree/stand
health
reproduction
Abstract: The
impact of container-nursery management practices on the genetic representation
of seedling crops of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock
(Tsuga heterophylla) were evaluated. Two experiments, one for each species,
were conducted in British Columbia, Canada, to determine the cumulative effects of seed-donor
variation on germination parameters (percent and speed) and their interaction
with container-nursery practices of thinning and culling on the genetic
representation of each seed-donor in the resultant seedling crops. The
experimental work was conducted on seedlots that were represented with equal
contribution of seeds from 15 seed orchard parents (families). In each
experiment, a total of 25 920 seeds were sown in four different arrangements to
compare the crop development under single-, two-, and three-seeds per cavity
(seeds within cavity were selected randomly among the 15 families) and family
blocks (seeds within block belonged to one family). This experimental design
allowed determination of inter- and intra-family competition. Within each
experiment, a total of 15 015 cavities were used and the identity of every seed
within every cavity within each arrangement was maintained throughout the
study. Families were compared based on: (1) changes in their rank order from
seedling emergence (germination) to post-thinning and post-culling status, and
(2) relative performance of each family from seed contribution to seedling
production. Changes were observed in both assessments (i.e., rank and relative
contribution). Path analysis was used to determine the percent contribution of
each factor to seedling production. It was determined that seedling
germination, germinant thinning, and seedling culling all affected seedling
production, indicating the presence of several consecutive unintentional
bottlenecks in the process. Family sowing with culling standards that recognize
the growth differences among families in the nursery and single seed sowing after
understanding the inter-/intra-family competition are recommended for seedling
production to maintain seedling-crop family representation.
OSU
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42. El Kassaby, Y.A., K. Chaisurisri,
D.G.W. Edwards and D.W. Taylor. 1993. Genetic control of germination parameters
of Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, western redcedar, and yellow-cedar and its impact
on container nursery production. In Dormancy and barriers to
germination. Proceedings of an international symposium of IUFRO Project Group
P2.04-00 (Seed problems), Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Ed. D.G.W. Edwards. pp. 37-42.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery operations
genetic relationships
reproduction
Abstract: The
genetic control of germination parameters (germination capacity, peak value,
and germination value) in Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), western redcedar
(Thuja plicata Donn), and yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D.Don)
Spach.) was studied using wind-pollinated seeds collected from several seed
orchards. The extent of genetic control over rhese parameters was assessed
through the determination of broad-sense heritabilities. The impact of genetic
control of these parameters on the expected genetic diversity of container
nursery seedling crops is evaluated.
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43. El Kassaby, Y.A. and Y.S. Park. 1993. Genetic variation and correlation in growth,
biomass, and phenology of Douglas-fir diallel progeny at different spacings.
Silvae-Genetica 42(6): 289-297.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery operations
genetic relationships
growth
carbon allocation
tree phenology
Abstract: Parents
of coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) selected from natural stands on
sites ranging from 0 to 450 m altitude on Vancouver Island and in southeastern British Columbia were crossed and the resulting 104 full-sib families
evaluated for 3 years after germination. The full-sib families were produced by
a disconnected diallel mating scheme, consisting of 7 sets of 6-parent partial
diallels, grown under 2 spacing treatments in a nursery. The objectives of the
study were to determine the extent of genetic control of growth traits, biomass
distribution and allocation strategies, and vegetative phenology. Spacing had a
significant effect on 6 of the 11 traits studied. Significant GCA variance was
found for all traits except 1-year height. Individual tree narrow-sense
heritability varied from 0.06 to 0.69 for root dry weight and vegetative
phenology, respectively. Spacing x family interaction variance was significant
for only 2 traits. Two harvest indices, based on total and above-ground dry weights,
were used to assess dry matter allocation strategy and to explore potential
usefulness in tree breeding. Both indices had similar heritability estimates
and their genetic correlation was high (0.91), indicating that use of an index
based on above ground dry weight is a good surrogate for that based on total
dry weight. Genetic correlations among growth and biomass traits were generally
high, while those correlations with the harvest indices were variable.
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44. El Kassaby, Y.A. and A.J. Thomson.
1996. Parental rank changes associated with seed biology and nursery practices
in Douglas-fir. Forest Science 42:228-235.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery operations
reproduction
genetic relationships
tree/stand health
Abstract: The
impact of container-nursery management practices on the genetic composition of seedling
crops was evaluated in an experimental study in a seed orchard in British Columbia. The study was designed to determine the cumulative
effects of: (1) differences in parental reproductive output in bulk seedlots;
(2) parental variation in germination parameters (percentage and speed); and
(3) the interaction of these parameters with container-nursery practices of
thinning and culling, and their effect on the genetic representation of parents
in the resultant seedling crops. Results from the experimental study were
compared with predictions of a stochastic simulation designed to estimate the
consequences of differential parental seed contribution, and seed germination
percentage and germination speed on indicators of crop performance. The
experimental study was conducted on a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) bulk
seedlot that was representative of the differential seed contributions from 19
seed orchard parents. The nursery study included a total of 42 000 seeds. Seeds
were sown at three seeds per cavity. Within the 14 000 cavities used, the
identity of every seed was maintained throughout the study. Comparisons of
parents were made based on: (1) changes in their rank order from sowing to
postthinning and postculling status; and (2) relative performance from seed
contribution to seedling production. Changes were observed in both assessments.
Path analysis was used to determine the percentage contribution of each factor
to seedling production. It was determined that germination, thinning, and
culling contributed 66, 20, and 14%, respectively, to seedling production,
indicating the presence of three consecutive bottlenecks in the process. Single
seed or individual family sowing in the nursery was recommended for seedling
production to maintain genetic diversity.
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45. Folk, R.S., S.C.
Grossnickle, P. Axelrood and D. Trotter. 1999. Seed lot, nursery, and bud
dormancy effects on root electrolyte leakage of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 29(8): 1269-1281.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
photosynthesis
growth
tree
phenology
Abstract: The
effects of seed lot, nursery culture, and seedling bud dormancy status on root
electrolyte leakage (REL) of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were
assessed to determine if these factors should be considered when interpreting
REL for seedling quality. The relationships of REL to survival, net
photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gwv) mid-day shoot water potential (
Psi mid), root growth capacity (RGC), and relative height growth were
determined for each factor in experiments in 1994-95 in nurseries in British Columbia. Nursery culture had no effect on the relationship between
REL and all other measured attributes. Seed lot affected the relationship
between REL and Pn, Psi mid, and survival. However, critical REL (i.e., lowest
value associated with detectable root damage) and PS80 REL (i.e., level
associated with an 80% probability for survival) were similar between seed lots.
Bud dormancy status affected the relationship between REL and survival, RGC,
and relative height growth. Control levels of REL, critical REL, and PS80 REL
decreased as the number of days required for 50% terminal bud break declined.
Thus, terminal bud dormancy status must be known before REL can be used to
assess seedling quality. If the bud dormancy status of Douglas-fir populations
is known, then critical and PS80 REL levels may be useful as indices of root
damage.
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46. Frey Klett, P., J.L. Churin, J.C. Pierrat and J. Garbaye. 1999. Dose effect in the dual inoculation of an
ectomycorrhizal fungus and a mycorrhiza helper bacterium in two forest nurseries.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31:1555-1562.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
carbon
allocation
mycorrhizal
response
soil
properties
Abstract: Disinfected
soil at two Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) bare-root forest nurseries was
inoculated with three doses (8 X105, 8 X107 and 8 X109 cfu [colony forming
units]/m2) of the rifampicin-resistant mycorrhiza helper bacterium Pseudomonas
fluorescens strain BBc6R8 and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor
strain S238N. In one of the two nurseries, two doses of fungal inoculum (50 and
100 mg/m2 dry weight (DW) mycelium entrapped in alginate beads at the constant
dose of 1 litre/m2) were tested. For all bacterial treatments the density of P.
fluorescens BBc6R8 in the soil, determined by dilution plating, dropped below
the detection limit (10-2 cfu/g DW soil) 2 weeks after inoculation. Fifteen
weeks after inoculation, the introduced bacterium was detected by enrichment
only in the treatments inoculated with the highest bacterial dose. Two years
after inoculation, P. fluorescens BBc6R8 was not detected in the soil of any of
the bacterial treatments. Five months after inoculation and sowing, bacterial
inoculation significantly increased the percentage of mycorrhizal short roots
on plants inoculated with either low or high amounts of L. bicolor, in one of
the nurseries. The lowest bacterial dose increased mycorrhizal colonization
from 45 to 70% in plants inoculated with the low amount of fungal inoculum, and
from 64 to 77% in plants inoculated with the high amount of fungal inoculum.
The lowest bacterial dose increased mycorrhizal colonization more than the
highest bacterial dose. The same L. bicolor mycorrhizal index (70%) was
obtained with 50 mg/m2 DW mycelium plus the bacterium than with twice this
fungal dose and no bacterium (64%). Two years after inoculation, the height of
the mycorrhizal Douglas-firs in the other nursery was significantly increased
by the lowest bacterial dose (from 40.7 to 42.6 cm). It was indicated that
co-inoculating a helper bacterium together with an ectomycorrhizal fungus is an
efficient way to optimize controlled mycorrhization techniques for the
production of high-quality Douglas-fir planting stocks. It was confirmed that
BBc6R8 acts at a low population density (less than 10-2 cfu/g soil), this
contrasts with most PGPR [plant growth promoting rhizobacteria?] effects where
the minimal inoculation dose of 105 cfu/g soil is required to obtain the
beneficial effect.
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47. Gagnon, J., C.G.
Langlois, D. Bouchard, F.l. Tacon and F. Le Tacon. 1995. Growth and
ectomycorrhizal formation of container-grown Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated
with Laccaria bicolor under four levels of nitrogen fertilization. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research 25:1953-1961.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
carbon
allocation
tree
physiology
tree
morphology
mycorrhizal
response
soil
properties
Abstract:
Container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were inoculated
at the time of sowing with a Laccaria bicolor mycelial suspension produced in a
fermentor. They were grown in a peat moss-vermiculite substrate under four
levels of N fertilization (7.2, 14.4, 21.6 and 28.7 mg/seedling per season (N1,
N2, N3 and N4, respectively)) to determine the N level suitable for both
ectomycorrhizal development and seedling growth. After 18 weeks in the
greenhouse, seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor had 44%, 32%, 44% and 5% of
their short roots mycorrhizal when fertilized with N1, N2, N3 and N4,
respectively. Only when they were fertilized with N4 did the L. bicolor
seedlings have significantly greater shoot height than the controls. For the
other growth parameters, they were not significantly different from control
seedlings for any of the N levels. After 18 weeks, regardless of the level of
N, seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor had significantly lower N
concentrations (%) and contents (mg/seedling) than the uninoculated ones.
Consequently, for the same production of biomass, the mycorrhizal seedlings had
taken up less N than the nonmycorrhizal ones. The efficiency of applied N,
expressed in terms of produced biomass, decreased when the N fertilization
increased; mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings did not tend to be
different. The efficiency of the absorbed N also decrease with the level of
applied N, but less rapidly, and tended to be greater for the mycorrhizal
seedlings than for the nonmycorrhizal ones. Therefore, the mycorrhizal
infection improved the utilization of the absorbed N. N3 was the
best of the four N levels used, since it was the only one that maximized both
the ectomycorrhizal formation and the growth of the seedlings. In other words,
a total seedling N concentration of 1.6% and a substrate fertility of 52 p.p.m.
N are appropriate to optimize both the ectomycorrhizal development and the
growth of Douglas fir seedlings.
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48. Graff, J.E., Jr.,
R.K. Hermann and J.B. Zaerr. 1999a. Dry matter and nitrogen allocation in
western redcedar, western hemlock, and Douglas fir seedlings grown in low- and
high-N soils. Annals-of-Forest-Science 56(7): 529-538.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
Abstract: Seedlings
of western red cedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were transplanted into each of 48 pots with
soils of low or high levels of available NO3- (and total N) and assigned to one
of four treatments: unamended control; amendment with 60 mg kg-1 (NH4)2SO4;
amendment with 15 mg kg-1 of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) or
amendment with both (NH4)2SO4 and DCD. Dry weight and N content increments of
seedling tissues were determined after 8 weeks. Seedlings grown on the low-N
soil accumulated 65 % of the dry matter and 40 % of the N accumulated by
seedlings grown on the high-N soil. Retranslocation of N from year-old foliage
and the stem/branch components of western red cedar and Douglas fir, but not
western hemlock, was an important source of N for current-year foliage and
roots of low-N-grown seedlings. Western hemlock achieved the greatest relative
dry-matter increment (Loge(DMfinal) - Loge(DMinitial); RDMI) and relative N
increment (Loge(Nfinal) - Loge(Ninitial); RNI) in each soil and accumulated 35
% more N from the low-N and 10 % more N from the high-N soils than the other
species. The RDMI of western red cedar was intermediate between that of western
hemlock and Douglas fir, whereas its RNI on each of the soils was lowest. The
results suggest that western hemlock is more efficient than western red cedar
or Douglas fir in acquiring inorganic N, especially from low-N soils.
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49. Haase, D.L. and R.
Rose. 1993. Soil moisture stress induces transplant shock in stored and
unstored 2+0 Douglas-fir seedlings of varying root volumes. Forest-Science
39(2): 275-294.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract:
Transplant stock was induced by applying a range of soil water contents (6, 12,
18 or 24%) to unstored and cold-stored 2-yr-old (2 + 0) bareroot Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings graded by root volume. Moisture stress had
the greatest influence on morphological characteristics that express transplant
shock. Seedling terminal shoot growth, stem diameter growth, and needle length
increased with increased soil moisture content. In addition, number of needles
per centimeter on the terminal shoot greatly increased with increasing drought
stress. Under high drought stress, seedlings with relatively high root volumes
tended to exhibit reduced early growth, but later showed significantly
increased overall growth regardless of soil water content. In every case,
seedlings grown in the driest soil had the lowest dry weight components.
Similarly, seedlings with the smallest initial root volumes had the lowest dry
weights, and those with the largest root volumes had the greatest dry weights.
The results indicate that drought stress is a cause of transplant shock, and
that increased seedling root volume may enable seedlings to avoid shock
following outplanting to a specific site.
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50. Haase, D.L. and R.
Rose. 1994. Effects of soil water content and initial root volume on the
nutrient status of 2+0 Douglas-fir seedlings. New-Forests 8(3): 265-277.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
tree
physiology
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract: Two-year-old
bareroot Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from a NW Oregon
provenance were graded on the basis of four root-volume categories - 5 to 8, 9
to 10, 11 to 13, and 14 to 20 cmsuperscript 3 - and transplanted into pots and
subjected to one of four moisture-stress treatments (6, 12, 18, and 24% soil
water content) for 16 weeks. Macronutrient concentrations and contents of both
old (i.e. nursery-grown) and new (i.e. grown during moisture stress treatment)
foliar tissue were determined. A reduction in soil water content resulted in
high concn of phosphorus, potassium, and particularly nitrogen in both old and
new foliar tissue. This was attributed to reduced growth, translocation,
metabolic activity, and nutrient requirement in response to moisture stress.
Seedlings with relatively greater root volumes exhibited higher nutrient concn
and contents, as well as increased growth. Thus, increased total root biomass
per unit of soil area with increasing seedling root volume may have resulted in
greater nutrient use, supply, uptake, and storage. It is suggested that
relations between initial root volume and water stress can be applied to
nursery cultural practices in order to increase seedling adaptation to a
specific stress.
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51. Haase, D.L. and R.
Rose. 1998. Ten years of herbicide testing in PNW forest nurseries. In
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Weed Science,
Waikoloa, Hawaii, 10-12 March, 1998. pp. 50-52.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Nursery
trials were conducted in Oregon in 1987-96 to investigate the level of weed control and
phytotoxicity of herbicides applied to Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii),
noble fir (Abies procera), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), ponderosa pine (P.
ponderosa), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Pacific yew (Taxus
brevifolia), red alder (Alnus rubra) and bitterbrush (Picramnia pentandra)
seedlings. Results indicated that lactofen, metolachlor and clethodim gave good
weed control and caused little phytotoxicity. Notably, clethodim did not damage
T. heterophylla. Oxadiazon caused phytotoxic symptoms at high but not low
concentrations. However, clopyralid, isoxaben, pendimethalin, prodiamine and
thiazopyr were deemed unsuitable for some or all species in nurseries on the
basis of phytotoxic damage recorded in these and other trials.
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52. Haase, D.L., J.
Trobaugh and R. Rose. 1999. Douglas-fir container stock grown with
fertilizer-amended media: some preliminary results. Rocky Mountain Research
Station, USDA Forest Service National Proceedings: Forest and
Conservation Nursery Associations 1999, 2000, and 2001. RMRS P-24. 31-32 pp.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: This
paper presents the initial results of a study conducted in a nursery in Oregon,
USA, to quantify the response of container grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) seedlings to various fertilizer treatments (Simplot's 13-13-13 and
17-5-11, and Scotts Company's 18-5-12 and 15-9-10) in terms of height, stem
diameter and foliar nutrient content.
53. Haglund, W.A., K.W.
Russell and R.C. Holland. 1981. Moss control in container-grown conifer
seedlings. Tree-Planters' Notes 32(3): 27-29.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Seedlings
grown in styroblock containers were sprayed with 8 surfactants, or combinations
of surfactant and the fungicide captan. Phytotoxicity and moss control were
recorded 7 and 14 days after treatment and trees were measured after 30-60
days. The least phytotoxic surfactant was X77; this had no significant effect
on ht., stem diam. and total wt. of Pseudotsuga menziesii or Tsuga heterophylla
seedlings. Almost complete moss control was achieved with 40-80 lb captan and
2.5-10 gal X77 in 100 gal water applied to Abies procera seedlings; treatment
with the highest concn. (80 lb captan and 10 gal X77) was only phytotoxic when
the seedlings already had foliar injury. In Tsuga heterophylla treatment with
captan and X77 at various concn. caused tree injury only at 80-90 degrees F,
but not at 60-65 degrees F.
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54. Hahn, P.F. and A.J.
Smith. 1983. Douglas-fir planting stock performance comparison after the third
growing season. Tree-Planters' Notes 34(1): 33-39.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Three
types of containerized (40, 75 or 125 cmsuperscript 3 containers) and bare rooted
(2+1, 3+0 and plug-1 stock) seedlings were planted out in Oregon in Feb. 1979 on N. and S. facing slopes, clear felled in
1978. In general, containerized seedlings showed superior survival rates and
greater height growth - particularly on the harsh S. slope, and lower
reforestation costs. The 75-cmsuperscript 3 containerized seedlings are
recommended, except for N. facing and wet coastal areas, where brush
competition can be severe shortly after planting. In such areas, taller
bare-rooted seedlings performed better.
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55. Hamm, P.B., S.J. Cooley and E.M. Hansen. 1984. Response of Phytophthora spp.
to metalaxyl in forest tree nurseries in the Pacific Northwest. Plant-Disease 68(8): 671-673.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In
tests on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) at 2 commercial forest tree
nurseries in Ore., 1 application of Subdue (metalaxyl) suppressed root rot.
Of 3 P. spp. isolated from treated seedlings (P. megasperma, P. drechsleri and
P. pseudotsugae), only P. pseudotsugae decreased in isolation frequency because
of the fungicide. Survival of P. spp. in infected seedlings remained high after
treatment. At 1 nursery, 10 months after the first application, P. spp. were
isolated from 92% of the seedlings across fungicide treatments, whereas at the
2nd isolation frequencies from seedlings were 77, 70, 29 and 13%, respectively,
after 0, 1, 2 and 3 applications. P. was recovered from previously healthy
seedlings 8 wk after they were transplanted into naturally infested,
metalaxyl-treated soil.
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56. Helgerson, O.T. 1985.
Survival and growth of planted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
Franco) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) on a hot, dry site
in southwest Oregon. Tree-Planters' Notes 36(4): 3-6.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting
operations
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
One-yr-old containerized seedlings and 2-yr-old bare rooted seedlings of both
species were planted in Feb. 1982 on a W.-facing 35% slope on Tin
Pan Peak. The site receives <760 mm of precipitation annually.
Weeds were controlled with herbicides applied before and after planting.
Survival after 2 yr averaged 94% for all stock types; survival of bare rooted
seedlings (98-99%) was significantly better than that of containerized seedlings
(88-92%). Relative vol. growth was greater for pine than Douglas fir. After 2
yr, the 2+0 bare rooted pines were significantly larger than the 2+0 Douglas firs, despite a smaller starting size.
OSU Link
Non-OSU
Link
57. Helgerson, O.T.
1990b. Response of underplanted Douglas-fir to herbicide injection of
sclerophyll hardwoods in southwest Oregon. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 5(3): 86-89.
Keywords: nursery operations
release
treatments
chemical
release
stand
conditions
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Low-value broadleaf sclerophyll forests in SW Oregon,
typically composed of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), Pacific madrone
(Arbutus menziesii) and chinkapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla), may be converted
to commercially valuable Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) by underplanting.
Results are given of studies of container-grown plug and nursery-grown bareroot
fir seedlings planted out in March 1983 on plots in which all broadleaf stems
had been previously (September 1981) injected with triclopyr amine. Although
60% broadleaf cover was killed by injection, 7 years later ground cover was
significantly greater on these treated plots because of sprouting. Seedlings
planted beneath treated broadleaf trees experienced greater daytime, but less
predawn, moisture stress; plugs survived better than bareroots; and survival of
seedlings on treated plots was not significantly better until 2 years after
planting. Herbicide injection also resulted in increased height, diameter and
volume growth rates of Douglas fir seedlings, and is recommended for the
establishment of a conifer stand.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU Link
58. Helgerson, O.T., S.D.
Tesch, S.D. Hobbs and D.H. McNabb. 1989. Survival and growth of ponderosa
pine and Douglas-fir stocktypes on a dry low-elevation site in southwest Oregon. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 4(4): 124-128.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Two
stocktypes (1+0 container-grown plugs and 2+0 nursery-grown bareroots) of
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
were planted on a hot, droughty, low-altitude site near Medford, Oregon, which had burned in 1981. The main objective was to
assess the potential for reforesting this type of site. After 5 growing
seasons, bare rooted stock survived (98%) significantly better than plugs
(89%); survival did not differ significantly by species. Douglas fir was taller
than pine, pine was larger in diam., and the 2 species had approximately equal
stem volumes. Bare rooted stock was consistently larger than plugs. Results
show that these species and stocktypes can provide good reforestation after 5
yr on this type of site when seedlings are of good quality, are planted
properly, and are given good weed control.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU Link
59. Helgerson, O.T., S.D.
Tesch, S.D. Hobbs and D.H. McNabb. 1992. Effects of stocktype, shading, and
species on reforestation of a droughty site in southwest Oregon. Northwest-Science 66(2): 57-61.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract: On hot,
dry sites, shading may differentially increase survival of planted Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) according to seedling size, and Douglas fir may differ
from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in early survival and growth. The
survival and growth of Douglas fir seedlings (1+0 container-grown plugs and 2+0
bare-rooted seedlings, unshaded or shaded with cardboard shadecards at
planting) and unshaded 2+0 bare-rooted ponderosa pine were compared on a
droughty south facing clear felling in Oregon. The site was clear felled and
burned in 1982 and the seedlings were planted in 1983. Shading did not
significantly increase survival of plugs, possibly because of a wetter than
normal first summer, nor did shading affect growth of either Douglas fir stocktype 5 yr after planting. Bare-rooted Douglas fir
remained significantly larger than plugs, but relative growth rates for the
initially smaller plugs were significantly greater for diameter and volume.
Survival and growth of ponderosa pine tended to be better than those of Douglas
fir. It was concluded that both species appeared to be suitable for
reforestation after clear felling on sites subject to drought.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU
Link
60. Henry, C.L. 1987.
Growth response, mortality, and foliar nitrogen concentrations of four tree species
treated with pulp and paper and municipal sludges. In
The-forest-alternative-for-treatment-and-utilization-of-municipal-and-industrial-wastes.
Eds. Cole, D.W., C.L. Henry, and W.L. Nutter. University
of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 258-265.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
soil
properties
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
Abstract: Four
nursery beds at the University of Washington Charles Lathrop Pack Demonstration
Forest were each divided into plots that received 8 sludge treatments before
being planted with seedlings of Douglas fir, Abies procera or Pinus monticola,
or cuttings of Populus deltoides X P. trichocarpa. Each sludge and the
unamended soil were analysed for total solids, total C, P and K, total N and
NH4-N. Ht. and diam. were measured after planting in April 1984 and again in
Feb. 1985. N was determined in foliage sampled during Oct. (Populus) or Feb.
(other species). Addition of pulp and paper sludge alone and combined with
municipal sludge provided predictable growth responses when compared with the C
: N ratio of each treatment. Av. response was positive when the C : N ratio was
more favourable than that of untreated soil, but av. response was negative when
soil was treated with primary pulp and paper sludge with a very high C : N
ratio. Treatments that produced the greatest growth also increased seedling
mortality.
Non-OSU
Link
61. Henry, C.L., D.W.
Cole, T.M. Hinckley and R.B. Harrison. 1993. The use of municipal and pulp and
paper sludges to increase production in forestry.
Journal-of-Sustainable-Forestry 1(3): 41-55.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
fertilization
thinning
growth
tree/stand
health
soil
properties
Abstract: Because
of their high nutritional content and soil conditioning properties, municipal
and pulp and paper (P&P) sludges (biosolids) can serve as soil amendments
for nutritionally deprived or organically poor soils on forest sites. Studies
conducted over the past 20 years at an experimental forest site in Western
Washington, USA, have largely confirmed the potential of biosolids to
increase the productivity of many forest lands. These studies clearly
demonstrated that application of biosolids at environmentally acceptable rates
will result in growth responses for both young seedlings as well as established
stands. Municipal biosolids have been applied to a number of Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands. Young stands treated with 47 t/ha showed an
average of 72, 14 and 2% height responses for Site Class IV, III and II,
respectively, over a 10 year period. Thinned versus unthinned 55-year-old
Douglas fir treated with 142 dry t/ha averaged 43 and 48%, respectively, for
the 12 year period greater than controls. Average growth responses of 65 and
40% occurred in the 65-year-old stand for the Site Class IV and II, respectively,
from a 47 dry t/ha application. Growth response resulting from application of
P&P biosolids to a number of tree species (Douglas fir, Pinus monticola and
Abies procera in nursery beds, and plots of Populus deltoides x P. trichocarpa
rooted cuttings) has also been excellent. When properly applied, biosolids can
provide an excellent alternative to chemical fertilizers as a means of
enhancing forest production. Growth response is typically greater and lasts
longer when compared with chemical fertilizers.
OSU
Link
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Link
62. Hermann, R.K. and
D.P. Lavender. 1999. Douglas-fir planted forests. New-Forests 17(1/3): 53-70.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery operations
planting operations
site preparation
release treatments
fertilization
thinning
pruning
tree/stand protection
growth
yield
Abstract: A
combination of superior wood quality and high productivity has made Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) one of the premier timber trees in the world. As such,
it is grown as a plantation species in several countries in Europe and South
America, and in New
Zealand and Australia, as well as throughout its extensive natural range in
western North America. Decades of experience with the silviculture of young
stands have demonstrated that practices such as planting, the use of
genetically improved seedlings, precommercial and commercial thinning, and
fertilizing may dramatically increase the yield of industrial products over
that of natural forests. Further, such silviculture is compatible with the
production of desired amenities. Vigorous implementation of such practices
wherever Douglas fir is cultivated will increase the world's timber resources,
and be an effective strategy for reducing the pressure, occasioned by the
world's rapidly increasing population, to harvest the fragile tropical and
boreal forests.
OSU Link
Non-OSU Link
63. Hildebrand, D.M.,
J.K. Stone, R.L. James and S.J. Frankel. 2004. Alternatives to preplant soil
fumigation for Western forest nurseries.
Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service
General-Technical-Report PNW-GTR-608. ii + 27 p.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract: Field
trials were conducted at six bare-root forest tree (Pinus ponderosa,
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta and Abies magnifica var. shastensis)
nurseries in the Western United States: Bend Pine Nursery in Bend and J.
Herbert Stone Nursery in Central Point (Oregon), Coeur d'Alene Nursery and
Lucky Peak Nursery in Idaho, and Humboldt Nursery near McKinleyville and
Placerville Nursery near Camino (California). These field experiments compared
cultural treatments including timing and depth of sowing; bare fallow (with and
without periodic tilling); organic amendments including sawdust, composts, and
cover crops; mulches including pine needles, sawdust, and rice straw; and
fumigation with methyl bromide/chloropicrin or dazomet. Measured effects
included population levels of potential soil-borne pathogens (species of
Fusarium and Pythium), disease incidence, seedbed density, and sizes of conifer
seedlings. Several non-fumigation treatments resulted in production of
seedlings with densities and sizes similar to or better than those produced in
beds treated with chemical fumigation. Results varied within the nurseries
depending on conifer species, field history, and disease presence. Beneficial
cultural practices included: (1) incorporation of slowly decomposing organic
soil amendments, e.g., aged sawdust with additional nitrogen provided later to
seedlings; (2) bare fallowing with periodic tilling, and bare fallowing without
periodic tilling plus supplemental weed control; and (3) sowing of conifer seed
earlier and more shallow than sown conventionally, and covering seed with a
nonsoil mulch such as aged sawdust or hydromulch.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU Link
64. Hobbs, S.D., S.G. Stafford and R.L. Slagle. 1987. Undercutting conifer
seedlings: effect on morphology and field performance on droughty sites.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(1): 40-46.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree
morphology
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
One-yr-old barerooted Douglas fir and ponderosa pine seedlings in an Oregon nursery were subjected during Feb.-June 1980 to 5
undercutting treatments that varied by number and depth of cuts and seedling
phenology at time of treatment. Eight morphological variables were measured in
Jan. 1981 before planting the seedlings at 2 sites in Oregon. Seedling survival and growth was recorded annually for 4
yr. All treatments significantly reduced shoot growth in the nursery, but
changes in root system morphology depended on treatment severity and species.
Treatment effects were generally more pronounced in ponderosa pine than in
Douglas fir. Discriminant analysis showed that seedlings responded similarly in
all undercutting treatments relative to control seedlings that were not
undercut. No effects of undercutting were apparent after 4 yr in the field.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU
Link
65. Hobbs, S.D. and K.A. Wearstler, Jr. 1983. Performance of three
Douglas-fir stocktypes on a skeletal soil. Tree-Planters' Notes 34(3): 11-14.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract: Plug-1
bare rooted seedlings, initially grown in containers and transplanted to a
nursery for 1 yr, 2-0 bare rooted seedlings and 1-0 plug stock were planted on
a steep, severe site in the Siskiyon Mts., SW Oregon, in
1980. Height and diameter were recorded after planting and in the autumn in
1980 and 1981. Survival was 91% for 1-0 plug seedlings, 87% for plug-1
seedlings and 56% for 2-0 bare rooted stock. There were n.s.d. in height and
diameter growth.
OSU Link
Non-OSU Link
66. Hung, L.L.L. and R.
Molina. 1986. Use of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata in forestry.
III. Effects of commercially produced inoculum on container-grown Douglas-fir
and ponderosa pine seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(4):
802-806.
Keywords: nursery operations
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: In
greenhouse experiments, a commercial vegetative inoculum of L. laccata formed
ectomycorrhizas on both Douglas fir and ponderosa pine. In trials at container
nurseries at Lebanon, Oregon, L. laccata successfully formed ectomycorrhizas on Douglas
fir, but roots of ponderosa pine seedlings were heavily contaminated with
Thelephora sp. It is concluded that commercially produced inoculum of L.
laccata can be used operationally in container nurseries, though further tests
are needed to assess the competitive effect of Thelephora sp. and the
performance of inoculated seedlings after planting in the field.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU
Link
67. Hung, L.L.L. and J.M.
Trappe. 1987. Ectomycorrhizal inoculation of Douglas-fir transplanted container
seedlings with commercially produced inoculum. New-Forests 1(2): 141-152.
Keywords: nursery operations
mycorrhizal
response
growth
Abstract: Commercially
produced vegetative inocula of Laccaria laccata and Hebeloma crustuliniforme successfully
formed ectomycorrhizae with Douglas fir transplanted container (plug + 1)
seedlings. After 4.5 months in containers, 83% and 90%, respectively, of short
roots were mycorrhizal. L. laccata- or H. crustiliniforme-inoculated seedlings
had significantly more mycorrhizal and total short roots than Pisolithus
tinctorius-inoculated (4% mycorrhizal root tips) or uninoculated control
seedlings. No significant differences were detected in seedling growth at the
end of the container phase. After transplantation and growth in nursery beds
for 17 months, mean new short root colonization of all seedlings was 80%. H.
crustuliniforme persisted as a dominant mycorrhizal fungus on seedlings
initially inoculated with this fungus. L. laccata-inoculated seedlings had 40%
of their short roots colonized by L. laccata and another 40% by the native
fungi Rhizopogon and Thelephora spp. All mycorrhizae of control seedlings and
those inoculated with P. tinctorius were formed by fungi native to the nursery
beds. A significant fungal treatment effect was detected for shoot height only.
Control seedlings were significantly taller than L. laccata-inoculated
seedlings after transplanting.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU Link
68. Jacobs, D.F., R. Rose and D.L. Haase. 2003a.
Development of Douglas-fir seedling root architecture in response to localized
nutrient supply. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 33(1): 118-125.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
tree
morphology
tree
physiology
growth
Abstract:
Three months following sowing, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
Franco) seedlings were transplanted into pots with controlled-release
fertilizer (CRF) applied at rates of 0, 8, 16, and 24 g/2200 cm3 soil as a
single uniform layer beneath the root system. Seedlings were destructively
harvested periodically, and roots were divided into vertical segments above
(S1), within (S2), and below (S3) the fertilizer layer. Two months following
transplant, the number of active root tips was positively correlated with CRF
rate in S1 and negatively correlated with rate in S2 and S3. At 6 months, root
penetration into S3 was severely restricted at 16 and 24 g. This was attributed
to detrimental changes in soil osmotic potential in S2. Fertilizer improved
seedling growth at 8 g after 6 months compared with controls but was inhibitory
at 24 g. Photochemical quantum yield was higher in all CRF treatments compared
with controls 3 months following transplant, which corresponded with rapid
initial CRF nutrient release. Despite improvements in nutrient release
technology with CRF, high application rates may result in excessive
concentrations of fertilizer nutrients in media, which can restrict root
penetration and negatively affect seedling growth. Conservative application
rates and improvements in CRF technology will help reduce the potential for
adverse effects on seedling development.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU
Link
69. Jacobs, D.F., R. Rose, D.L. Haase and P.D. Morgan.
2003b. Influence of nursery soil amendments on water relations, root
architectural development, and field performance of Douglas-fir transplants.
New-Forests 26(3): 263-277.
Keywords: nursery
operations
fertilization
tree
physiology
tree
morphology
growth
carbon
allocation
soil
properties
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
This experiment evaluated the influence of manure, peat, and vermiculite
incorporated at low and high rates (0.0118 and 0.0236 m3/m2) and under two soil
moisture regimes on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedling
(1+0 for 1+1) xylem water potential ( Phi xylem), whole-plant growth, root
architectural development, and subsequent field performance under fertilized
and non-fertilized conditions. Trends in soil moisture retention were observed
(high manure > high peat > control) but there were no differences in Phi
xylem. Root length in the wetter soil moisture experiment was initially (three
months) greatest for seedlings in high vermiculite and least in high manure but
there were no differences among treatments at lifting (eight months). Mean
height was greatest for seedlings grown in vermiculite and peat (wetter nursery
experiment) after two field seasons. Field fertilization (35 g/seedling) with
controlled-release fertilizer in the planting hole stimulated height growth
initially, but decreased height and diameter growth during the second growing
season. Dramatic improvements associated with the use of nursery soil
amendments were not realized, but the failure to identify negative effects, a
potential reduction in disease incidence, and improvement of nursery soil
physical and chemical properties may justify their use.
OSU Link
Non-OSU Link
70. Joseph, G. and R.G. Kelsey. 1999. Growth of
Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedlings with foliar applications of methanol
and ethanol. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 14(4): 183-185.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Ethanol and methanol have been reported to enhance the growth and development of
several agricultural and horticultural species. To test whether methanol or
ethanol stimulated growth of coast Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii) or ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)in the nursery, seedlings were
sprayed with concentrations of 1 to 10% (v/v) on the foliage twice a week for
13 wk during the growing season. Foliar applications of methanol and ethanol
neither significantly stimulated nor inhibited growth, and signs of damage at
these concentrations were lacking.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU Link
71. Kamm, J.A., P.D. Morgan, D.L. Overhulser, L.M.
McDonough, M. Triebwasser and L.N. Kline. 1983. Management practices for
cranberry girdler (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Douglas-fir nursery stock.
Journal-of-Economic-Entomology 76(4): 923-926.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zell.), a known pest of grasses and
cranberries, was shown in field-plot studies in Oregon and Washington State in
1980-81 to be a pest of seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) grown
in nurseries. The pyralid was capable of reproduction in nursery beds where
feeding larvae partially or completely girdled the taproot of seedlings.
Pheromone-trap collections indicated that grasslands bordering nurseries and
not nursery beds were the primary source of adults. In addition to Douglas fir,
several species of true fir were damaged by larvae, but no feeding damage was
observed on pine, cedar, hemlock or spruce. Insecticides applied to control
adults and larvae effectively reduced the incidence of damage. It was suggested
that, when possible, a pest management programme should include grasslands
bordering the nursery, control of weeds and the use of a non-food-plant cover
crop in the nursery.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU
Link
72. Kaya, Z. 1992. The effects of test environments on
estimation of genetic parameters for seedling traits in 2-year-old Douglas-fir.
Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 7(3): 287-296.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
nursery
operations
genetic
relationships
growth
tree
phenology
Abstract:
The effects of test environments (dry versus wet) on the estimation of genetic
parameters in seedling traits were studied in 160 open-pollinated families of
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) from southwestern Oregon. Seedlings from four populations were
grown in two test nursery environments between which a water potential
difference of -9 bars was created over two growing seasons, by withholding
water for 4 and 8 wk, respectively. Estimated genetic variances in most growth
and phenology traits were considerably higher for seedlings grown in the wet
environment than for those in the dry. Estimated genetic correlations between
the same traits measured in different test environments indicated that most
seedling traits studied for two growing seasons were genetically stable in both
environments, suggesting that genotype environment interaction in these traits
are weak. However, it is emphasized that the effect of test environment on
estimation of genetic parameters in seedling traits, especially in adaptive
seedling traits, should be evaluated very carefully when early evaluation of
genetic entries is practised in Douglas-fir, since these traits (budburst
timing, lammas growth and free growth) appear to be plastic in character.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU
Link
73. Kelsey, R.G., G. Joseph and E.A. Gerson. 1998. Ethanol
synthesis, nitrogen, carbohydrates, and growth in tissues from nitrogen
fertilized Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex
Laws. seedlings. Trees: Structure and Function 13(2): 103-111.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) were grown in a controlled environment and given nutrient solutions
containing 0 (-N) or 150 ppm nitrogen (+N). Seedling growth, and the
concentrations of N and carbohydrates in their tissues were affected by the
treatments. Metabolically active tissues, such as roots, incubated with a limited
supply of O2 became hypoxic faster and synthesized more ethanol than less
active tissues, such as needles. All tissues that were incubated for 4 h in N2
synthesized ethanol. Needles incubated in N2 and light had much lower
quantities of ethanol than needles in N2 and dark, suggesting that O2 from
photosynthesis limited internal anoxia. Most tissues from +N seedlings
synthesized greater quantities of ethanol in N2 anoxia than tissues from -N
seedlings, probably because they were able to produce more enzymes with a
greater availability of N. However, this increase in ethanol synthesis between
N treatments was most pronounced in the phloem. Ethanol and soluble sugar
concentrations were negatively related in needles and positively related in
roots of +N seedlings, but not -N seedlings. Starch concentrations had no
effect on the amount of ethanol produced by any tissue. Regardless of N
treatments, all tissues from ponderosa pine produced more N2-induced ethanol
than Douglas-fir, in part because its tissues contained different
concentrations of soluble sugars and N as a consequence of phenological
differences between the species. However, ponderosa pine tissues may also
maintain greater quantities of anaerobic enzymes, or their isoenzymes than
Douglas fir.
OSU Link
Non-OSU Link
74. Khan, S.R., R. Rose, D.L. Haase and T.E. Sabin. 1996.
Soil water stress: its effects on phenology, physiology, and morphology of
containerized Douglas-fir seedlings. New-Forests 12(1): 19-39.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree
physiology
tree
phenology
Abstract:
Containerized 3-month-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were
subjected to six moisture-stress treatment (ranging from 7 to 65% soil water
content by volume) for 12 weeks. At the end of this period, there were
significant differences in phenological, physiological, and morphological
responses among the seedlings in the various moisture-stress treatments. In
general, seedlings grown under very high or very low soil moisture conditions
were adversely affected, while those grown under moderate conditions (29 to 53%
water content) exhibited optimum growth, bud development, and nutrient and
starch reserves. The use of vector analysis was found to be helpful in data
interpretation. The results indicate the importance of closely monitoring
nursery moisture regimes in order to achieve the best seedling quality.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU Link
75. Krakowski, J. and Y.A. El-Kassaby. 2003. Effects of
stratification and simulated aging on germination of Douglas-fir seed from a
clonal seed orchard. Forest-Genetics 10(1): 65-70.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
health
reproduction
Abstract:
Seeds from 15 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) clones were germinated in a
factorial design with two pre-treatments (unstratified and stratified) and
seven simulated aging periods (0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 12 and 14 days). Simulated aging
consisted of high temperature (40 degrees C) and relative humidity (100%)
exposure, which simulates physiological stresses and consequent deterioration
in long-term storage. Seed deteriorated as aging treatments lengthened; no
germination occurred after 12 days. Germination parameters (capacity, peak
value, speed, completeness) were calculated, and pre-treatment and aging
effects evaluated using a mixed model analysis of variance. Germination completeness
and speed were higher after two days of aging for stratified seed, whereas only
peak value increased for unstratified seed. After four days aging, all
parameters decreased. Two days of aging enhanced germination capacity of
unstratified seed by 15%, but stratified seed was still 13% higher. Douglas-fir
seed should be stratified before germination, but unstratified seed can be
exposed to 40 degrees C and 100% humidity for two days to augment seedling
stock during the growing season. Ex situ Douglas-fir genetic resource
conservation, as well as more adequate representation of planted genotypes
across the landscape, can benefit from two days of aging, which would ensure
slowly-germinating genotypes are represented in the population.
OSU
Link
76. Lavender, D.P. and S.G. Stafford. 1985. Douglas-fir
seedlings: some factors affecting chilling requirement, bud activity, and new
foliage production. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(2): 309-312.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
tree
phenology
Abstract:
Potted 2-yr-old seedlings were exposed to a range of natural and artificial
environments at the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon
State University
during the autumn and winter before a 9-wk period in an environment designed to
permit active shoot growth. Seedling response demonstrated (i) that exposure to
a period of short (9 h), mild (20 degrees C) days prepared seedlings for the
beneficial effects of subsequent chilling (4.4 degrees C) temperatures and (ii)
that the physiology of dormancy of Douglas-fir seedlings may be adversely
affected by environments that differ markedly from those prevailing in the Pacific Northwest during the autumn.
OSU
Link
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Link
77. Litvak, M.E.,
J.V.H. Constable and R.K. Monson. 2002. Supply and demand processes as controls
over needle monoterpene synthesis and concentration in Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco]. Oecologia 132(3): 382-391.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
Abstract:
We measured the relative control that resource availability (as a
supply-side control) and wounding (as a demand-side control) exert on patterns
of monoterpene synthesis and concentration in Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] needles. While supply-side controls should alter
monoterpene production due to changes in the availability of substrate
(carbohydrates), demand-side controls alter the need for a defensive product.
We examined these relationships by measuring constitutive (preformed) and
wound-induced rates of monoterpene synthesis and pool sizes in trees grown
under ambient and elevated (ambient +200 micro mol mol-1) CO2, ambient and
elevated (ambient +4 degrees C) temperature, and in trees grown under four
levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, 100 and 200 micro g g-1 N by weight).
Monoterpene pool size decreased at elevated CO2, increased at elevated
temperature and did not change in response to nitrogen fertilization. Overall,
we did not find that foliar nitrogen, carbon balance, or rate of monoterpene
synthesis alone were consistent predictors of monoterpene concentration in
current-year Douglas fir needles. In addition, despite a wound-induced decrease
in monoterpene pool size, we found no evidence for induction of monoterpene
synthesis in response to wounding. The influence of either resource
availability or wounding on rates of monoterpene synthesis or accumulation
cannot be explained by traditional supply-side or demand-side controls. We
conclude that monoterpene synthesis in first-year Douglas fir needles is controlled
by fairly conservative genetic mechanisms and is influenced more by past
selection than by current resource state.
OSU Link
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78. Lu, S., K.G. Mattson, J.B. Zaerr and J.D. Marshall.
1998. Root respiration of Douglas-fir seedlings: effects of N concentration.
Soil-Biology-and-Biochemistry 30(3): 331-336.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
carbon
allocation
tree
morphology
tree
physiology
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract:
Six-month-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were grown at three
N concentrations and with controlled root temperatures in Oregon,
USA.
Measurements of root respiration were conducted on undisturbed root systems by
passing humidified air with 1000 micro l/litre CO2 through root boxes onto an
infrared gas analyser. The effects of N on soil respiration were sought by
examining total root respiration rate per seedling, specific root respiration
rate/g root dry wt, and root dry wt after N fertilization. Total respiration
rates of seedlings grown at 50 mg N/litre concentration were significantly
higher than those grown at 10 or 200 mg N/litre. Seedlings grown at N
concentration of 200 mg/litre had significantly smaller roots than those grown
at the two lower N concentrations. The specific respiration rate increased as N
concentration was increased from 10 to 50 mg N/litre, but remained constant as
N was further increased from 50 to 200 mg/litre. The increase of total
respiration rate with the increase in N concentration from 10 to 50 mg/litre
was attributed to the increase in specific respiration, whereas the subsequent
decrease in total respiration with the increase in N concentration from 50 to
200 mg/litre was attributed to the decrease in root dry wt. The depression of
soil respiration after the addition of N fertilizers to relatively fertile soil
may be explained by reduced root and mycorrhizal mycelial growth.
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79. MacDonald, J.E. 1996. Early development of bud
dormancy in conifer seedlings. In Plant dormancy: physiology,
biochemistry and molecular biology. Ed. G.A. Lang. Wallingford, UK: CAB
INTERNATIONAL. pp. 193-199.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
phenology
Abstract:
A study is reported on 1-yr-old coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii) nursery seedlings on Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, with the aim of
determining whether there was a difference in dormancy development in response
to short-day or moderate moisture stress treatments. Successful dormancy
induction was obtained during the first week of both types of treatment, but
the phenology of dormancy development was different, being earlier in the
short-day treatment. Of the short-day treatments tested (3-6 wk), dormancy
development was earliest for the 4-wk duration.
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80. Malavasi, M.d.-M., S.G. Stafford and D.P. Lavender.
1985. Stratifying, partially redrying and storing Douglas-fir seeds: effects on
growth and physiology during germination. Annales-des-Sciences-Forestieres
42(4): 371-383.
Keywords: nursery
operations
reproduction
growth
Abstract:
Douglas fir seeds collected from one coastal and one inland source in
Oregon, USA, were stratified at 3 degrees C for 28 days at 45% m.c., and then redried
to 35% or 25% m.c. and/or stored at 3 degrees C for 1 or 3 months. Redrying
stratified seeds to 35% m.c. did not affect the m.c. of embryos or
gametophytes, but redrying to 25% m.c. reduced the m.c. of all seed structures.
Three months storage did not alter moisture distribution within seeds.
Stratification reduced the germination % of seeds from the inland source, but
hastened germination speed of seeds from both sources. Redrying stratified
seeds to 35% and 25% m.c. increased seed vigour and seedling length and dry
weight. Storing stratified seeds without redrying them generally reduced seed
vigour. These results suggest that it would be advantageous to redry seeds to a
range of 25-35% m.c. directly before sowing in order to produce vigorous seedlings
or allow expression of stratification benefits.
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81. Margolis, H.A. and R.H. Waring. 1986a. Carbon and
nitrogen allocation patterns of Douglas-fir seedlings fertilized with nitrogen
in autumn. I. Overwinter metabolism. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(5):
897-902.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Dormant Douglas fir seedlings (2+0) in a western Oregon nursery were fertilized
with ammonium nitrate in Oct. 1983 and harvested for biochemical analyses
before fertilization and in Nov. 1983 and Feb. and Mar. 1984. Free amino acid
(FAA) concn. and total N in the needles of fertilized seedlings showed a large
increase 1 month after fertilization. FAA concn. of fertilized seedlings
decreased in needles during winter, but remained stable in stems and fine
roots. Just before budbreak in mid-Mar., FAA concn. increased significantly in
needles and stems. Total N increased 1 month after fertilization, remained
stable during winter and tended to decrease just before budbreak. Starch and
total nonstructural carbohydrate concn. of needles and stems were lower in
fertilized than in unfertilized seedlings just before budbreak. When data from
all harvests were combined, sugar concn. of fine roots were lower in fertilized
seedlings. The depletion of carbohydrate reserves following N fertilization
probably reflected increased maintenance respiration which required synthesis
of additional enzymes.
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82. Margolis, H.A. and R.H. Waring. 1986b. Carbon and
nitrogen allocation patterns of Douglas-fir seedlings fertilized with nitrogen
in autumn. II. Field performance. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(5):
903-909.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
tree
phenology
growth
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Douglas fir seedlings (2+0), unfertilized or fertilized with ammonium nitrate
in Oct. 1983, were planted out in Feb. 1984 near Corvallis,
Oregon. Rye grass was grown on half the
plots to induce water stress during the typical summer drought. Sucrose was
applied to soil around each seedling to stimulate microbial growth and thus to
immobilize nitrogen in the microbial biomass and create nitrogen stress in
Douglas fir. Fertilized seedlings had earlier budbreak, produced more shoot
growth and had higher relative growth rates, net assimilation rates and leaf
area ratios than unfertilized seedlings. Grass significantly increased predawn
moisture stress in both fertilized and unfertilized seedlings by early Aug. By
3 Sep., unfertilized seedlings growing with grass were significantly more
stressed than other seedlings. Fertilizer did not have a significant effect on
concn. of free amino acids and total N at the end of the growing season, but
grass competition affected both N and carbohydrate chemistry.
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Link
83. McClain, K.M. and D.P. Lavender. 1988. Tissue water
relations and survival of conditioned conifer seedlings during drought stress. In
Proceedings: 10th North American Forest Biology Workshop, 'Physiology and genetics
of reforestation', University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, July 10-22, 1988. Eds. J. Worrall, J.
Loo-Dinkins and D.P. Lester. pp. 177-185.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 23-week-old
seedlings were subjected to an 8-week drought stress period on two soil types
(sandy clay loam and loamy sand) in protected cold frames in a nursery in
Oregon in July-August 1984. Before transplanting, treatments consisting of
daily or weekly irrigations, combined with 0 or 100 p.p.m. KCl, were applied to
the seedlings for 6 weeks. The results showed that weekly irrigated (stress
conditioned) seedlings maintained higher water potentials than daily irrigated
(non-stress conditioned) seedlings. Decreases in water potential were more
rapid for seedlings grown on sand than for seedlings grown on loam. By the end
of the assessment period, relative water contents of Douglas fir on sand and
loam were 88.3% and 91.5%, respectively, and 72.7% and 81.8%, respectively, for
jack pine. Turgor pressures were maintained at higher levels in Douglas fir
than in jack pine on both soil types. On sand, mortality in both species was
dependent on conditioning treatment, indicating that stress conditioning
enhanced seedling drought resistance during a period of rapidly increasing soil
water deficit. KCl treatment was not implicated in response to drought, but
increased mortality of jack pine on sandy clay loam.
Non-OSU
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84. McCreary, D.D., D.P. Lavender and R.K. Hermann. 1990.
Predicted global warming and Douglas-fir chilling requirements.
Annales-des-Sciences-Forestieres 47(4): 325-330.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
nursery
operations
tree
phenology
growth
Abstract:
Containerized Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from warm
coastal and cool mountainous Oregon seed sources, grown under natural
conditions, were chilled at constant temperatures of 5, 7 or 9 degrees C for 9,
11, 13 or 15 weeks beginning in mid-October. After a growth period of 9 weeks
following chilling, degree of budbreak and dry weight of new shoot growth were
measured. The longest and coldest chilling treatment produced the greatest
growth response for all seed sources. Results are discussed with reference to
predicted global warming, in particular the potential difficulty of reducing
Douglas fir chilling requirements through tree breeding programmes.
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Link
85. McKay, H.M. 1994. Frost hardiness and cold-storage
tolerance of the root system of Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix
kaempferi and Pinus sylvestris bare-root seedlings.
Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 9(3): 203-213.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
During the winter of 1990-91, fine roots of 2-year-old, undercut and wrenched
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix kaempferi [L. leptolepis], Pinus sylvestris, and
Picea sitchensis (Alaskan, Queen Charlotte Islands and Oregon provenances) were
tested using electrolyte leakage for frost hardiness and tolerance to storage
at +1 degrees C for 30 and 90 days as excised roots. Pseudotsuga menziesii and
Pinus sylvestris showed only minor changes in root frost hardiness with a
maximum of -4 degrees C and -7 degrees C respectively. Larix leptolepis and
Picea sitchensis developed much greater root frost hardiness; L. leptolepis had
a maximum hardiness of -12 degrees C while Picea sitchensis (Queen
Charlotte Islands) reached -13 degrees C during the winter. The
root frost hardiness of Picea sitchensis increased with the provenance's
latitude. There were clear species and provenance differences in the level of
long-term cold-storage tolerance attained, increasing in the order Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Pinus sylvestris and Picea sitchensis (Oregon), L. leptolepis, Picea sitchensis (Queen Charlotte Islands), and Picea sitchensis (Alaskan).
In spite of highly significant correlations between root electrolyte leakage
after cold-storage and frosting tests, root frost hardiness did not accurately
indicate all aspects of long-term cold tolerance and has limitations as a means
of determining safe cold-storage dates.Tr.
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86. McLeod, A.A., R.C. Evans and R.K. Scagel. 1993.
Conversion of understocked salal sites at Woss Lake, British Columbia.
B.C. Ministry of Forests FRDA-Report 194. vi + 15 p.
Keywords: nursery
operations
site
preparation
mechanical
preparation
fertilization
growth
tree/stand
health
economics
Abstract:
A trial comparing the effect of spot scarification and slow release NPK
fertilizer application on stock types of coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
was conducted in a 25-year-old backlog site occupied by a thick carpet of salal
(Gaultheria shallon) in the CWHxm2 habitat of Vancouver Island, British
Columbia. Bare root and container stock types were planted and treated, and
mortality and growth were measured for 3 years. Despite the high
fertilizer-related mortality of the bare-root stock type in the first year, the
3-year height growth performance of all treatments was better but more variable
than that of the untreated seedlings. The value of site preparation and
fertilizer for stimulating early growth varied by stock type. Bare-root stock
did not respond strongly enough to fertilizer or site preparation to justify
the cost of either of these treatments. Container stock types did not respond
strongly enough to site preparation alone to justify the high cost of site
preparation. The largest growth gains in the container stock types were
associated with the combination of site preparation and fertilization.
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Link
87. Minore, D., H.G. Weatherly and P.G. Cunningham. 1993.
Sowing at 1.5-cm (0.6-inch) depth produces heaviest Douglas-fir roots in small
containers. Tree-Planters' Notes 44(3): 122-124.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
morphology
growth
reproduction
Abstract:
Sowing seeds of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) at five depths in Leach
Super Cells indicated that the only benefit of deep sowing in small containers
occurred at a depth of 1.5 cm. Sowing at this depth produced heavier roots
without a significant reduction in seedling emergence. Sowing at greater depths
significantly reduced seedling emergence and growth.
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Link
88. Mohammed, G.H., K.R. Patel and W.E. Vidaver. 1989. The
control of adventitious root production in tissue-cultured Douglas-fir.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 19(10): 1322-1329.
Keywords: nursery
operations
reproduction
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract:
Rooting percentage and root number in tissue-cultured Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) were examined to assess the influence of rooting
substrate, the concentrations of sucrose and boron in the rooting medium, shoot
height, and shoot generation. Peat/perlite was a better substrate than agar,
producing 70% compared with 0% rooted shoots, respectively. On peat/perlite,
cell divisions were organized and were associated with tracheid nests, whereas
on agar proliferation was neither organized nor restricted to the nests. An
optimum sucrose concentration of 4% was found for the production of nodular or
rooted shoots. At 4% sucrose and 3 mg/litre boric acid, 100% of the shoots
rooted, and the mean root number was 11. Rooting percentage and root number
were significantly greater with shoots that were 3 cm tall rather than 2 or 1
cm tall. Shoot responses were more rapid in third and fourth generation shoots,
with at least 80% rooted or nodular after 4 weeks, compared with only 36% from
the second generation.
OSU
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Link
89. Molina, R. and J. Chamard. 1984. Use of the
ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata in forestry. II. Effects of fertilizer
forms and levels on ectomycorrhizal development and growth of container-grown
Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
13(1): 89-95.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
mycorrhizal
response
growth
Abstract:
[See FA 44, 2464] Seedlings were grown in peat/vermiculite medium with or
without pre-germination inoculation with L. laccata, using three rates of
soluble NPK fertilizer (low, high, and a combination of low changed to high) or
full or half strength of a slow-release fertilizer. Ectomycorrhizal development
was excellent for both hosts regardless of fertilizer treatment;
ectomycorrhizal short roots averaged 93.6% for Douglas fir and 94.5% for
ponderosa pine. Inoculation did not affect the size of Douglas fir but
significantly reduced growth of ponderosa pine at low fertility.
OSU
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Link
90. Muller, C., E. Falleri, E. Laroppe and M. Bonnet
Masimbert. 1999. Drying and storage of prechilled Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga
menziesii, seeds. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research 29:172-177.
Keywords: nursery
operations
reproduction
Abstract:
Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, seeds exhibit relative dormancy as they do
not germinate at suboptimum temperature (15°C), whereas at optimum temperature
(20°C) some germination occurred. Thus, germination at 15°C was chosen to
estimate dormancy release. In the first experiment, seeds were prechilled at
32% moisture content (MC) for 0-34 weeks at 3°C. Long chilling treatments
enhanced germinability and, more markedly, germination speed both at 20°C and
at 15°C. Seeds pretreated for the longest periods were then dried to 6.7% MC
and stored up to 6 months without any detrimental effect on germination at
15°C. In the second experiment, seeds from a second seedlot were prechilled for
18 weeks and then stored at three different MCs (6.7, 7.2 and 8.1%) over a
period of 17 months. Seeds stored at the lowest MC germinated fastest and to
the highest percentage both at 15 and 20°C. In the nursery, seedling emergence
tests confirmed results from this experiment.
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Link
91. Newton,
M., E.C. Cole and D.E. White. 1993. Tall planting stock for enhanced growth and
domination of brush in the Douglas-fir region. New-Forests 7(2): 107-121.
Keywords: nursery
operations
site
preparation
prescribed
fire
release
treatments
chemical
release
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Two long-term experiments in Oregon
followed the development of planted stock of various sizes, origins, and
species. In one experiment, multi-year comparisons of container, 2+0 bare
rooted, and 3-yr-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) transplants showed a
strong positive relation between initial height and long-term (10-14 yr) growth
under a range of site conditions with high probability of brush development. In
another experiment, Douglas fir, western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) were planted on brushfield sites (disturbed by
logging 0 and 4 yr previously) where salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) was or had
been dominant. Half the seedlings were released with glyphosate 6 months after
planting. Western hemlock and Douglas fir bare rooted stock all grew well if
planted in a fresh burn, despite rapid regrowth of salmonberry, but virtually
all seedlings less than 60 cm tall except Sitka spruce were killed by 4-yr-old
salmonberry if not released. Release improved growth of seedlings in the fresh
burn by 6%, gaining an average of about 0.6 year toward reaching a height of 6
m. Release improved growth of survivors in 4-yr-old salmonberry by 51% in
height, 72% in diameter, and 325% in volume at age 12 yr. Sitka spruce grew well until damaged by
insects. Western hemlock growth was equal to or greater than that of Douglas
fir of comparable initial height. In all comparisons, the probability of being
overtopped by brush decreased with increasing initial stock height, and the
effect of suppression on growth was also inversely related to initial height.
Tall wilding seedlings had comparable advantages to nursery-grown seedlings,
although Sitka
spruce survival was not reliable.
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92. Owston, P.W., W.G. Thies and W. Fender. 1986. Field
performance of Douglas-fir seedlings after treatment with fungicides.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(6): 1369-1371.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract:
Douglas fir seedlings grown in containers with pasteurized or
unpasteurized potting mixture, and treated in the nursery with benomyl, captan,
fenaminosulf or ethazol [etridiazole], or left untreated (control) were planted
out in the Cascade Range, western Oregon.
The seedlings from all treatments appeared to be in similar condition at the
time of planting, except for variations in ht. After 7 yr, seedlings grown in
pasteurized potting mixture had better survival than those grown in
unpasteurized mixture. Benomyl-treated seedlings in pasteurized potting mixture
had significantly better survival than control seedlings in pasteurized mixture
and seedlings treated with ethazol and grown in unpasteurized potting mixture
had significantly lower survival than control seedlings in unpasteurized
mixture. Ht. differences after 7 yr were n.s.d. between treatments. Benomyl,
captan and ethazol appeared to have no detrimental effect on the development of
mycorrhizas after planting non-mycorrhizal seedlings. There were insufficient
seedlings to determine the effects of fenaminosulf on mycorrhizas.
OSU
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93. Parke, J.L., R.G. Linderman and C.H. Black. 1983a. The
role of ectomycorrhizas in drought tolerance of Douglas-fir seedlings.
New-Phytologist 95(1): 83-95.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
photosynthesis
tree
physiology
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract:
Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings were watered daily or conditioned to
cyclic drying and re-wetting of the soil. Net photosynthesis rates of
mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings watered daily were similar but
drought-stressed mycorrhizal seedlings fixed CO2 at a rate 10 times that of
non-mycorrhizal ones. Total leaf water potentials of mycorrhizal plants were
lower than those of non-mycorrhizal plants but they recovered more rapidly.
Non-mycorrhizal seedlings and those inoculated with 4 ectomycorrhizal fungi
were allowed to dry, then re-watered and compared for their ability to tolerate
and recover from drought. Those inoculated with Rhizopogon vinicolor were the
least affected by drought. Net photosynthetic rate of R.-inoculated seedlings
24 h after re-watering was 7 times greater than that of non-mycorrhizal
seedlings. The transpiration rate of R.-inoculated seedlings was low before
desiccation, declined rapidly during the drought period and, after re-watering,
quickly resumed a rate higher than that for other treatments.
OSU
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Link
94. Peterson, M. and J.R. Sutherland. 1989. Grey mould
control by seedling canopy humidity reduction through under-bench ventilation
and styroblock aeration. B.C. Ministry of Forests FRDA-Report 077. 15 p.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
morphology
Abstract:
The potential for grey mould control on Douglas-fir seedlings was investigated
using under-bench ventilation and aerated styroblocks. Twenty-five percent of
all ventilated styroblock seedlings were infected with Botrytis cinerea while
75% of the control seedlings showed signs of infection. The reduced incidence
of grey mould in the ventilated treatments was attributed to a more rapid
drying of the seedling canopy following watering. The lowest frequency of ideal
conditions for B. cinerea infection by spore germination was observed in the
seedling canopy of the treatment receiving unheated, forced air ventilation.
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95. Peterson, M.J. and J.R. Sutherland. 1990. Controlling
gray mold on container-grown Douglas-fir by modified styroblocks and
under-bench, forced air ventilation. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 5(3):
75-79.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
The control of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was investigated in Vancouver,
Canada. Incidence of
mould on seedlings sown in June 1988 and assessed January 1989 was reduced in 3
treatments of modified styroblocks (vertical holes, allowing air movement from
below): vented with heated, forced air; vented with unheated, forced air; and
vented with unheated, unforced air. Overall, mould occurred on 25% of
7-month-old seedlings in vented styroblocks, compared with >75% incidence in
unmodified styroblocks. No significant differences in seedling height or root
collar diameter among treatments were observed. Use of ventilated styroblocks
is recommended, to reduce both losses from grey mould and fungicide usage in
nurseries.
OSU
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96. Peterson, M.J. and S.E. Tuller. 1987. Die-back of
container-grown Douglas-fir seedlings: associated microclimate. B.C. Ministry
of Forests FRDA-Report 035. vii + 43 p.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Microclimate associated with needle-tip dieback of Pseudotsuga
menziesii seedlings in containers was studied in 2 greenhouses in British
Columbia. The effects of 2 kinds of grit cover on
soil temperature were also examined.
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Link
97. Pilz, D. and R.M. Znerold. 1986. Comparison of
survival enhancement techniques for outplanting on a harsh site in the western
Oregon Cascades. Tree-Planters' Notes 37(4): 24-28.
Keywords: nursery
operations
planting
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract:
Bare rooted 2+0 seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii survived and grew
better during the first year than container-grown 1+0 stock on a droughty site.
After 3 yr, survival still differed significantly, but height growth did not.
Shading improved survival and growth. Application of a liquid suspension of
spores of Pisolithus tinctorius was ineffective and no mycorrhizas developed
from this fungus.
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Link
98. Poulsen, K.M. 1996. Prolonged cold, moist pretreatment
of conifer seeds at controlled moisture content. Seed Science and Technology
24:75-87.
Keywords: nursery
operations
reproduction
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Cold pretreatment of imbibed seed (stratification) and seed kept at
controlled moisture contents for 3-14 weeks was tested for commercial seedlots
of Abies nordmanniana, Abies procera, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Picea
sitchensis in order to give recommendations for nursery practice. The
temperature tolerance of treated seed was tested by germinating seed at four
temperature regimes. It was possible to pretreat Abies nordmanniana seed at
controlled moisture content, but the performance was not improved compared to
the traditional six weeks stratification of imbibed seed. For Abies procera
seed pretreatment at controlled moisture content for 2 + 8 weeks (2 weeks
imbibed followed by 8 weeks at controlled moisture content) or more,
significantly improved the performance at the germination temperatures 15 and
30°C. For Pseudotsuga menziesii seed pretreatment at controlled moisture
content for up to 2 + 12 weeks was superior, especially at low germination
temperatures, and it was possible to redry pretreated seed to 8% moisture
content without loss of the pretreatment effect or germination capacity. For
Picea sitchensis seeds the controlled moisture content method for a duration of
7-10 weeks proved efficient and pretreated seed of this species also tolerated
redrying. It is recommended that these improved pretreatment methods should be
introduced into the nurseries.
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99. Puttonen, P. 1987. Abscisic acid concentration in
Douglas-fir needles in relation to lifting date, cold storage, and postplanting
vigor of seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(5): 383-387.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
tree
phenology
Abstract:
Spring-lifted seedlings (2+0) were grown outside in pots at Corvallis,
Oregon, in 1982. In late July pots were
watered weekly to induce dormancy. From early Sep., plants received either a
natural photoperiod or an extended (16 h) photoperiod for 6 wk. In mid-Nov.
1982 or mid-Jan. 1983, the plants were lifted and stored in a cold room (4
degrees C) for 25 days, bare rooted in polyethylene bags in the dark, or in
pots in the dark or with an 8 h photoperiod. After storage, seedlings were
planted in a cold frame or in pots in a growth room with 16-h photoperiod and
day/night temp. of 21/16 degrees . In Sep. 1983, seedling ht., length of leader
for 1982 and 1983, root collar diam. and survival were recorded. ABA
concn. in needles was analysed after 48h and 25 days in storage, after 48h in a
cold frame or growth room and at bud break. Lifting times and storage
treatments did not have a significant effect on ABA concn. Seedling vigour was not indicated by
ABA concn. There were
treatment differences in performance after storage. Compared with seedlings
lifted in mid-Jan., those lifted in mid-Nov. had reduced survival and more days
to bud burst.
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100. Radwan, M.A. 1992. Effect of forest floor on growth
and nutrition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings with and without
fertilizer. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(9): 1222-1229.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of four different
forest soils from western Washington, USA, on growth and shoot nutrients of
potted Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla) seedlings, in the absence and presence of forest floor, and with
and without N and P fertilizers. Nine-month-old seedlings from low-altitude
seed sources were used, and seedlings were grown for 2 years in a roofed
lathhouse. Soils were of the Klone, Vesta, Bunker, and Shelton series; samples of Klone and Vesta
soils, and of Bunker and Shelton
soils (to 20 cm depth), were collected from western hemlock and Douglas fir
stands, respectively. Forest floor samples were
collected from the same sites. Fertilizer was added as ammonium nitrate at 100
kg N/ha and triple superphosphate at 226 kg P/ha. The forest floor, at 70
g/7.6-litre pot, and the N and P fertilizers were added to the top of the
planting pots without mixing. The P, N, K, Ca and Mg contents of the forest
floor, mineral soils and shoots were measured. The forest floors and mineral
soils differed by source in many of the chemical characteristics determined.
Overall, seedling growth of Douglas fir and western hemlock was better in the
Klone and Shelton
soils than in the Bunker and Vesta soils. Seedlings, especially those of
western hemlock, grew better in soils with forest floor than without forest
floor. The N fertilizer reduced seedling growth of both species and, in some
soils, reductions were more in soils with forest floor. The P fertilizer
improved seedling growth of both species in all soils, and with one exception,
growth was much greater in the presence than in the absence of the forest
floor. With both species, soil, forest-floor, and fertilizer treatments affected
concentrations and contents of the various shoot nutrients determined. The
nutritional changes observed varied by nutrient and reflected differences in
uptake of native and fertilizer nutrients, as well as changes in shoot dry
weight. The results demonstrate the importance of the forest floor to growth
and nutrition of Douglas fir and western hemlock seedlings, especially when
fertilizers are used.
OSU
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101. Radwan, M.A., J.S. Shumway, D.S. DeBell and J.M.
Kraft. 1991. Variance in response of pole-size trees and seedlings of
Douglas-fir and western hemlock to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 21(10): 1431-1438.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
fertilization
tree
physiology
growth
Abstract:
A study was made of the effects of N, P and NP fertilizer treatments
on plant nutrients and growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Three trials were conducted, (1) and (2)
on pole-size trees at two different sites in Washington and (3) on potted seedlings in a
lathhouse; only T. heterophylla was studied in (2). Soil series were Bunker for
Douglas fir and Klone for western hemlock in trials 1 and 3, and Vesta in trial
2. Nitrogen fertilizers used were urea in trial 1 and ammonium nitrate in the
other two trials; P was applied as triple superphosphate in all three trials.
For each species in trial (1), P was applied at 0, 100, 300 and 500 kg P/ha and
N was applied at 0 and 224 kg N/ha in a factorial design. In trial (2), P was
applied at 0, 100 and 300 kg P/ha and N was applied at 0 and 112 kg N/ha in a
factorial design. In trial (3), N and P were applied individually to seedlings
at a rate of 100 kg N/ha and 226 kg P/ha. In general, fertilizer treatments
changed the levels of some plant-tissue nutrients of the pole-size trees and
potted seedlings. Neither height nor basal area growth of the trees were
significantly affected by any of the treatments in the first two trials.
Seedling growth of both Douglas fir and western hemlock was improved by P
fertilizer, but was negatively affected by N fertilizer. The results clearly
show differences between pole-size trees and seedlings in response to N and P
fertilizers. It is concluded that N should not be applied where soils are high
in N and low in P, and that P applications should be confined to sites with
low-P soils, when trees are young, before canopy closure.
OSU
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102. Randall, W. and G.R. Johnson. 1998. The impact of
environment and nursery on survival and early growth of Douglas-fir, noble fir,
and white pine - a case study. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 13(4):
137-143.
Keywords: nursery
operations
planting
operations
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Survival and third-year height were examined on 2383 reforestation
units in Cascade Range of western Oregon,
USA, from 1983
to 1994, to determine which factors affect reforestation success. The three
species examined made up 92% of the total trees planted in the region. Survival
of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) varied by as much as 20% from year to
year. The most significant factor affecting reforestation success was the
nursery that provided the seedlings. Nursery affected both survival and height
of Douglas fir and height for noble fir (Abies procera) and white pine (Pinus
monticola). No nursery was best for all species. Other factors that were
important for all three species were the administrative unit where the seedlings
were planted, initial plant height, aspect, and length of storage prior to
planting. Other significant factors that were important for Douglas fir were
seed origin, planting month, protection, stock type, and aspect. For noble fir,
other important factors were planting month and stock type; for white pine, the
other important factor was slope. Altitude of the seed source and the planting
unit affected Douglas fir survival and height but did not affect the other two
species. This supports the smaller altitudinal bands for Douglas fir compared
with noble fir and white pine.
OSU
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Non-OSU Link
103. Ritchie, G.A. 1984. Effect of freezer
storage on bud dormancy release in Douglas-fir seedlings.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 14(2): 186-190.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
phenology
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Two-yr-old seedlings from 4 western Washington and Oregon provenances were
lifted from the nursery on Dec. 11, 1979 and Jan. 21, Feb. 13 and March 11, 1980,
following the accumulation of about 600, 1170, 1550, and 1800 chilling hours
(temp. less than 5 degrees C), respectively. They were tested for bud dormancy
intensity and vigour immediately after lifting and following 2 and 6 months in
freezer (-1 degrees C) storage. Dormancy weakened exponentially with
accumulated nursery chilling, with seedlings from all 4 provenances responding
similarly. The rate of dormancy release was substantially retarded by freezer
storage, so that by late March stored seedlings were more dormant than those
remaining in the nursery beds. Dormancy weakened in storage more rapidly in
high-altitude provenances than in provenances from lower altitudes.
Early-lifted seedlings lost dormancy more rapidly in storage than did late-lifted
seedlings. Vigour following a 6-wk greenhouse trial was good or excellent in
all but the Dec.-lifted unstored seedlings and the March-lifted unstored and
6-month stored seedlings.
OSU
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104. Ritchie, G.A. 1986. Relationships among bud dormancy
status, cold hardiness, and stress resistance in 2+0 Douglas-fir. New-Forests
1(1): 29-42.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
phenology
carbon
allocation
Abstract:
Seedlings were lifted from a western Washington
nursery on six dates spanning the 1980-81 lifting season. On each date samples
of seedlings were subjected to the following treatment: tumbling for 5 min,
desiccation of roots for 30 min at 30 degrees C and 2.1 kPa vapour deficit,
exposure of shoots to temp. of -10 degrees C, -15 degrees C or -20 degrees C
for 2 h, and unstressed control. On two lift dates sub-samples of seedlings
were placed into -1 degrees C storage and held for 2 months before the above
treatments were administered. Bud dormancy status was determined, using a bud
break test, on seedlings from each lift date before and after storage. After
one growing season in the field, percent survival, vigour, height growth and
shoot and root weight were determined on stressed and unstressed seedlings.
Survival and vigour were less affected by treatments than were height and
weight. Severity of stress was in the order -20 degrees C>-15 degrees
C>desiccation> handling>-10 degrees C. Degree of cold injury was directly
related to seedling dormancy status whether dormancy status had been attained
in the nursery from natural chilling or in frozen storage. Seedlings in a
mid-range of dormancy release (between deep rest and quiescence) were most
resistant to all imposed stresses.
OSU
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105. Ritchie, G.A., J.W. Keeley and P.A. Ward. 1997.
Effects of shade and root confinement on the expression of plagiotropic growth
in juvenile-origin Douglas-fir rooted cuttings.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 27(7): 1142-1145.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment was to determine why juvenile-origin Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) rooted cuttings, which remain plagiotropic
(branch-like) when grown in containers in shaded greenhouses, become orthotropic
(vertical) after they are transplanted to an outdoor environment. Plagiotropic
rooted cuttings (mean angle from vertical = 45-50 degrees ) from three full-sib
families were transplanted into an outdoor nursery in Olympia, Washington, and
subjected to four treatments consisting of a factorial of (1) shaded or
unshaded and (2) bareroot or confined roots. After two growing seasons,
treatments had significantly affected plant size and biomass in the order
unshaded-bareroot > shaded-bareroot > unshaded-confined >
shaded-confined, but plants in all treatments had become nearly orthotropic. It
is concluded that neither shading nor root confinement is, but other greenhouse
environmental conditions are, responsible for the persistence of plagiotropic growth.
OSU
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106. Ritchie, G.A., Y. Tanaka and S.D. Duke. 1992.
Physiology and morphology of Douglas-fir rooted cuttings compared to seedlings
and transplants. Tree-Physiology 10(2): 179-194.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
phenology
tree
physiology
growth
tree
morphology
carbon
allocation
Abstract:
Cuttings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) from three
open-pollinated families were rooted in two types of tray and then grown for
1.5 years in a nursery in Washington State.
During their second winter they were sampled periodically and tested for cold
hardiness, dormancy status, root growth potential and various morphological
characteristics. Two-year-old seedlings and transplants were tested
concurrently for comparison. Rooted cuttings, seedlings and transplants cold
hardened at similar rates during early winter, achieving the same level of
midwinter hardiness (LT50 = -18 degrees C) in early January. However, rooted
cuttings remained hardier later into spring than did seedlings or transplants.
Rooted cuttings exhibited deeper dormancy in early winter than seedlings or
transplants but these differences disappeared after January. Root growth
potentials of all three stock types remained above threshold values established
for transplants throughout winter. Rooted cuttings had greater stem diameter,
higher stem diameter : height ratio, and greater root weight than either
seedlings or transplants. This may reflect lower growing densities for rooted
cuttings. Root : shoot ratios of rooted cuttings were greater than for
seedlings and similar to those of transplants. Rooted cuttings also had deeper
and coarser root systems, which probably reflected lack of wrenching at the nursery.
OSU
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107. Ritchie, G.A., Y. Tanaka, R. Meade and S.D. Duke.
1993. Field survival and early height growth of Douglas-fir rooted cuttings:
relationship to stem diameter and root system quality.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 60(3-4): 237-256.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
In 1990, three studies involving 11 half-sib families of Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) rooted cuttings were established at three sites in
western Washington State
(two with low regeneration difficulty (RD) and one with high RD). One of the
studies, a grading study, compared performance of nine classes of rooted
cuttings based on stem diameter and root system quality. A second, cull, study
evaluated five different types of putative culls. A third study determined the
correlation between number of initial roots and field performance. In the
grading study, survival and height growth reflected stem diameter and relative
root quality on all three sites. Mean survival by treatment was in the range
92-100%, 82-97% and 66-87% for good, fair and poor relative root quality,
respectively. First year height growth varied from approximately 10 cm to 20 cm
and was greatest on low RD sites. Second year height growth was from 3 to 4x
greater than first year height growth on low RD sites and 2 to 3x greater on
the high RD site. Performance of seedlings and transplants was nearly identical
to that of rooted cuttings of corresponding stem diameter and root system
quality. In the cull study, only trees with stem diameter <less or =>4 mm
were deemed true culls owing to significantly reduced survival and height
growth. In the root number study, rooted cuttings generally increased in size
in the nursery in proportion to root number. However, after 2 years in the
field, root number was a very poor predictor of survival and height growth.
Results are discussed in the context of the development of culling standards
for rooted cuttings of Douglas fir nursery stock, and the use of root
morphology as an indicator of stock plant quality and potential.
OSU
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108. Rose, R., M. Atkinson, J. Gleason and T. Sabin. 1991.
Root volume as a grading criterion to improve field performance of Douglas fir
seedlings. New-Forests 5(3): 195-209.
Keywords: nursery
operations
fertilization
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Three Oregon seed sources of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were
grown as 2+0 bare-root seedlings, and graded into three root-volume categories
(<9, 9-13, and >13 cmsuperscript 3) before outplanting in Columbia
County, Oregon in January 1987. The following were assessed: (1) differences in
survival and growth after one and two growing seasons in the field; (2)
relation(s) of seedling height after one and two seasons to preplanting nursery
root volume, total fresh weight, root-collar diameter, and height; and (3)
differences in field performance due to application of NPK fertilizer at
planting. Field survival was >90% among all root-volume categories.
Seedlings in the largest category grew significantly better than those in the
two smaller categories over two seasons. Fertilization at time of planting had
no effect on survival or growth because of shallow placement (3 cm below soil
surface) of the fertilizer pellet. The results suggest that using root volume
as well as height and diameter as a seedling grading parameter is worthwhile
where morphological quality must be maximized to improve field performance.
OSU
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Non-OSU Link
109. Rose, R., J.F. Gleason and M. Atkinson. 1993.
Morphological and water-stress characteristics of three Douglas-fir stocktypes
in relation to seedling performance under different soil moisture conditions.
New-Forests 7(1): 1-17.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
phenology
tree
physiology
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract:
Phenology, morphology, frost hardiness and response to moisture stress were
examined for three Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stocktypes grown from
the same seed lot in a nursery near Olympia, Washington,
USA. The types were
mini-plugReg. transplants (MPT), 1+1 bareroot transplants (1+1), and 2+0
bareroot seedlings (2+0). In the late summer and autumn before lifting, 2+0
seedlings set bud before 1+1 seedlings and 1+1 seedlings before MPT seedlings.
The 2+0 seedlings appeared slowest to acquire frost hardiness and seemed to
deharden most rapidly in spring. Although 2+0 seedlings were taller than the
MPT stocktype, MPT and 2+0 seedlings were relatively similar in other
morphological respects, but 1+1 seedlings were much larger. All stocktypes were
potted on 20 January 1989,
placed in a greenhouse, and subjected to 39%, 18%, 16%, or 6% soil water-content
(% dry weight) until the end of the experiment in mid-July 1990. The largest
decrease in pre-dawn xylem water potential occurred with 16% and 6% soil water
content; pre-dawn xylem water potential averaged over the three stocktypes
generally declined 219% from low to high soil moisture stress. The 1+1
seedlings used more water than the other two stocktypes, and at maximum soil
moisture stress, plant moisture stress increased in the order MPT < 2+0 <
1+1. During the 6-month greenhouse experiment, the larger 1+1 stocktype showed
the most absolute growth, but the smaller stocktypes grew more on a relative
scale. Growth of the stocktypes appeared to be related to differences in
morphology and water-use patterns as the seedlings competed for available water
within each pot. The results show that MPT seedlings, a new stocktype,
performed as well as the more traditionally used 2+0 and 1+1 seedlings and that
stocktype selection is important in reforestation efforts.
OSU
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Non-OSU Link
110. Rose, R. and D.L. Haase. 1995. Effect of the
antidesiccant Moisturin on conifer seedling field performance. Tree-Planters'
Notes 46(3): 97-101.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Two concentrations of the antidesiccant Moisturin were applied to Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings
after lifting by either dipping or spraying. Seedlings were outplanted to 5
typically dry sites in Oregon and to a garden
plot at Oregon State University.
Seedling performance was assessed at the end of the first growing season.
Despite trends in plant moisture stress measurements that suggest reduced
transpirational loss, there were no significant treatment effects on height
growth, survival, or stem diameter growth at any of the study sites nor in the
garden plot.
OSU Link
Non-OSU
Link
111. Rose, R. and D.L. Haase. 2000. The use of coir as a
containerized growing medium for Douglas-fir seedlings. Native-Plants-Journal
1(2): 107-111.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
carbon
allocation
tree
physiology
tree
morphology
soil
properties
Abstract:
In response to environmental concerns and the need for peatland
conservation, alternative growing media for conifer seedling production must be
investigated. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were grown in 6
media; components included peat moss, peat moss amended with sawdust, and 2
sources of coir (coconut fibre) mixed with and without peat moss. Coir had
higher pH, P, K, and Na and lower Ca and N than peat moss and a peat
moss-sawdust mixture. Bulk densities of coir and coir-based media were lower
than those in peat moss and a peat moss-sawdust mixture. After 21 weeks,
seedlings grown in coir-based media were significantly smaller and had lower
foliar N and Ca than those grown in peat moss. Because of coir' many favourable
qualities, further research is recommended using culturing regimes specific to
the substrate's nutrient properties.
OSU
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Link
112. Rose, R., D.L. Haase, F. Kroiher and T. Sabin. 1997.
Root volume and growth of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir seedlings: a summary
of eight growing seasons. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 12(3): 69-73.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Survival, growth, and stem volume were determined for 2+0 bare-root
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
seedlings, 8 growing seasons after planting in 1987 on sites near,
respectively, Wamic or Vernonia, Oregon. For each species, seedlings from three
seedlots were assigned to one of three root-volume categories (<4.5, 4.5-7
and >7 cmsuperscript 3 for ponderosa pine; <9, 9-13 and >13
cmsuperscript 3 for Douglas fir). On a dry harsh ponderosa pine site on the
eastern slopes of Mt. Hood, where gopher [Thomomys sp.] and cattle damage
decreased the number of seedlings, more seedlings in the highest root-volume
category survived (70%) than in the smaller root-volume categories (62% and
50%). Douglas fir on a good site in the Coast
Range showed significantly greater
height and stem volume for the largest root-volume category, whereas annual
shoot growth and survival did not differ. Root volume is one of several
potentially useful criteria for predicting long-term growth and survival after
outplanting.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU Link
113. Rose, R. and J.S. Ketchum. 2003. Interaction of
initial seedling diameter, fertilization and weed control on Douglas-fir growth
over the first four years after planting. Annals-of-Forest-Science 60(7):
625-635.
Keywords: nursery
operations
fertilization
release
treatments
chemical
release
growth
tree/stand
health
stand
conditions
Abstract:
Planting larger stock, fertilizer application and added years of weed control
are often employed to increase growth rate of plantations. We evaluated these
techniques using a replicated factorial study design repeated in two diverse
locations in western Washington
State, USA.
Two different sizes of planting stock, NPK fertilizer application at planting
and in the following year, and two or three years of weed control using
herbicides were tested. No significant interactions among the treatment levels
were found with all treatments influencing Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
growth in an additive manner. Fourth year stem volume gains were greatest from
planting larger initial stock: planting seedlings 2 mm larger in basal diameter
resulted in fourth-year stem volume gains of 35 and 43%. The fertilizer
application treatments used produced early gains, but they were short lived.
The third-year weed control treatment had no observable effect on fourth-year
stem volume or on volume growth in years three or four.
OSU
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114. Scagel, C.F., R.G. Linderman and R.K. Scagel. 2000.
Ten-year growth and survival of Douglas-fir seedlings treated with plant growth
regulating substances at transplant. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
30(11): 1778-1787.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
morphology
Abstract:
Commercially available plant growth regulators (PGRs) or moisture
retention gels, applied to the roots of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
before planting, can modify IAA levels in roots, root growth responses, and
tree survival. Two different 1+0 stock types (PSB313B and PSB323, interior and
coastal Douglas fir, respectively, the latter
having a larger root mass) were treated with IBA, ethephon (Ethrel), alginate,
or a combination of IBA and alginate. New root growth and IAA levels in roots
were measured 2 weeks after planting, and aboveground growth and tree survival
were monitored over 10 growing seasons after planting in May 1988 on a site
clear felled in winter 1988 in British Columbia, Canada; no site preparation
was carried out. Treatment with IBA or the combination of IBA and alginate
increased IAA conjugate and free IAA levels in roots, root growth, and tree survival.
Alginate treatment alone increased new root growth and tree survival, but did
not increase free IAA levels in roots. Ethephon treatment increased free IAA
levels and root growth, but had no effect on IAA conjugates or tree survival. A
cost analysis suggested that use of certain PGRs or alginate decreased the cost
required to attain target stocking and increased tree size. The results suggest
that application of PGRs or other root-promoting materials to the roots of
Douglas fir before planting has the potential to be a cost-beneficial method
for increasing root growth and tree survival.
OSU
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Non-OSU
Link
115. Schowalter, T.D. 1987. Abundance and distribution of
Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) in two conifer nurseries in western Oregon.
Environmental-Entomology 16(3): 687-690.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Seasonal patterns of abundance and distribution of Lygus hesperus were
observed at 2 conifer nurseries in western Oregon
during 1985. Abundance differed significantly among conifer seedling types (age
class-species combinations) and sampling dates. Highest densities were observed
in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) seedlings
germinated during 1985, in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings
germinated in 1984 and in late July samples. Significant interaction between
seedling type and sample date reflected a shift in L. hesperus occurrence among
seedling types during the growing season, especially from 1984 Douglas fir
seedlings early in the season to 1985 seedlings later in the season. This shift
coincided with the dispersal of the first L. hesperus generation and with pruning
of the 1984 seedlings for height control. The results indicate that L. hesperus
abundance and distribution in conifer nurseries result from L. hesperus
phenology in combination with seasonal changes in the spatial pattern of
available resources. The implications for nursery management are discussed.
OSU
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Non-OSU
Link
116. Schowalter, T.D. 1988. Tree breeding and insects:
effect of insects on the genetic diversity of Douglas-fir.
Northwest-Environmental-Journal 4(2): 346-347.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
reproduction
genetic
relationships
Abstract:
Two studies on the effects of insects on Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii] seed and seedling production in Oregon
are summarized. In the first study, seed losses due to Douglas fir cone gall
midge [Cecidomyiidae] and Douglas fir seed chalcid [Megastigmus spermotrophus]
were studied. It is suggested that resistance to these pests may be a heritable
trait and that tree position within a stand can modify genetically-controlled
susceptibility to insect attack. The second study indicated that
genetically-controlled susceptibility of seedlings to attack by lygus bug
[Lygus sp.] could be modified by their proximity to alternative food plants.
OSU
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117. Schowalter, T.D. and J.D. Stein. 1987. Influence of
Douglas-fir seedling provenance and proximity to insect population sources on
susceptibility to Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) in a forest nursery in
western Oregon.
Environmental-Entomology 16(4): 984-986.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
The effect of Lygus hesperus feeding on seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) was measured in seedlings representing 2 elevation zones, for each
of 2 seed zones, and each of 2 seedling age classes in a forest nursery in Oregon
during 1984. Damage frequency and height reduction both indicated significant
effects of seed source. Examination of seedling distance from the nursery's
west boundary with a lucerne field (a major source of L. hesperus in the
nursery) indicated a significant effect of proximity to alternative hosts.
These results suggest that seedling susceptibility to damage by L. hesperus is
a function of seedling condition and location within the vegetation matrix.
OSU
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Link
118. Schuch, U.K.,
M.L. Duryea and L.H. Fuchigami. 1989. Dehardening and budburst of Douglas-fir
seedlings raised in three Pacific Northwest nurseries.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 19(2): 198-203.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
phenology
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Two-yr-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from 2 seed
sources raised in 3 nurseries in Oregon
and Washington were tested to see
how nursery location affected dehardening (the seasonal transition from a
frost-resistant to a frost-susceptible condition) and budburst between Jan. and
Mar. 1986. The seedlings were measured with a whole-plant freezing test. In
general, seedlings raised at the nursery at the highest alt., and in a few
cases trees from the most northerly nursery, were more frost resistant than
trees from a coastal nursery. From Jan. to Mar., seedlings from the highest
(975 m) seed source had less hardy stem tissue than seedlings from the coastal
source (450 m). A growth-chamber experiment confirmed the outdoor dehardening
studies. A constant temp. of + 5 degrees C with a 16-h photoperiod maintained
cold hardiness, whereas +10 and 15 degrees C with a 16-h photoperiod promoted
rapid dehardening after 20 d. The nursery environment influenced budburst;
trees raised in the coastal nursery burst bud significantly earlier than trees
from the other 2 nurseries. Trees of different provenances from the same
nursery burst terminal buds only 2 d apart.
OSU
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Non-OSU
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119. Simpson, D.G. 1984. Filmforming antitranspirants:
their effects on root growth capacity, storability, moisture stress avoidance,
and field performance of containerized conifer seedlings. Forestry-Chronicle
60(6): 335-339.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
physiology
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
One of 6 antitranspirants was sprayed on Pinus contorta, Picea glauca,
Tsuga heterophylla and Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings before or after a 12-wk
storage period at 2 degrees C. Root growth capacity and pre-dawn water
potential were measured immediately after treatment or after storage. Sample
seedlings were planted out in British
Columbia in April and May 1981 and survival and
growth recorded after one season (Sept.). XEF-4-3561-A, Wilt Pruf, Folicote and
Vapor Gard increased moisture stress avoidance (water potential) in all
species. Plantgard and Clear Spray increased it only in T. heterophylla. Root
growth capacity was reduced by Folicote and Vapor Gard in Pinus contorta, and
by XEF, Wilt Pruf and Vapor Gard in Pseudotsuga menziesii. Growth in the first
season was reduced by XEF and Wilt Pruf in P. menziesii, T. heterophylla and
Picea glauca, and by Vapor Gard in T. heterophylla and Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Growth in Pinus contorta was significantly increased by Wilt Pruf and
unaffected by the others. Further trials of Wilt Pruf and XEF on Pinus contorta
are recommended.
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120. Simpson, D.G. 1990. Frost hardiness, root growth
capacity, and field performance relationships in interior spruce, lodgepole
pine, Douglas-fir, and western hemlock seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
20(5): 566-572.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Interior spruce (Picea glauca-P. engelmannii complex), lodgepole pine
(Pinus contorta), interior and coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were grown from seed for 20 wk in
containers in a greenhouse, with 18-h photoperiods. Seedlings were then
acclimatized under natural daylength and temperature conditions at Vernon, British Columbia, for up to 12 wk (7
September-1 December). To create planting stock batches of varying quality, at
2-wk intervals during the acclimatization period separate samples of seedlings
were taken (1) for immediate measurement of foliage frost hardiness or (2) for
overwinter storage at 2 degrees C (western hemlock and coastal Douglas fir) or
-2 degrees C (interior spruce, lodgepole pine and coastal Douglas fir). After
storage, samples were used either for root growth capacity (RGC) measurement or
for outplanting at various forest sites in British
Columbia. In all species, frost hardiness and RGC
increased with increasing weeks of acclimatization. Frost hardiness and RGC
were correlated with each other in western hemlock, lodgepole pine and Douglas
fir, and with field performance (survival or growth) in interior spruce,
lodgepole pine and Douglas fir.
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121. Sorensen, F.C. 1996. Effects of length of seed
chilling period and sowing date on family performance and genetic variances of
Douglas-fir seedlings in the nursery. New-Forests 12(3): 187-202.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
phenology
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Seeds of four full-sibling Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) families
(F) - randomly chosen from about 30 control-pollinated crosses in a
second-growth stand in the central Oregon Cascade Range (USA) - were moist
chilled (C) for 14, 33, and 77 days and sown (S) 29 March, 26 April, and 24 May
at two densities (D = 111 and 200 seeds/msuperscript 2), grown for 2 years in
nursery beds and phenology and size traits recorded. The study was analysed in
two parts: part I evaluated seed treatment effects and their interactions with
families; and part II investigated the effect of treatments on genetic
variances, particularly among-family ( sigma superscript 2F) and within-plot (
sigma superscript 2w) components and the intraclass correlation for families
(tf). In part I there were large and highly significant differences associated
with C and S and among F for all traits. Early S combined with long C resulted
in early emergence and gave large seedlings with little loss and damage. Many
interactions between C and F, and S and F, were significant. Interactions
involved rank changes for size but not for phenology traits, and were larger
for CxF than for SxF. Seedling density affected seedling size but not
phenology, did not interact with seed treatments, and interacted significantly
but weakly with families. In part II, C and S, but not D, had significant
effects on sigma superscript 2F, sigma superscript 2w, and tf, but not in a
predictable manner. Because of significant interactions, it is recommended that
standardized seed treatments be used in family nursery tests. This should help
to keep the results from these tests as repeatable as possible. Long chilling
and sowing as early as practicable are recommended to minimize disease losses
and winter damages and to provide good nursery stock.
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122. Sorensen, F.C. 1997. Effects of sib mating and wind
pollination on nursery seedling size, growth components, and phenology of
Douglas-fir seed-orchard progenies. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 27(4):
557-566.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
nursery
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
morphology
tree
phenology
Abstract:
Polymix outcross (X), full-sib (FS), and wind-pollination (WP)
families were produced on 25 seed trees and 10 half-sib families on 10 of the
same trees in a Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii seedling seed orchard in Oregon.
Seedlings were raised at 2 sowing densities for 2 years in the nursery, and
inbreeding depression (ID) in seedling size related to inbreeding effect on
growing season length and growth rate. Seedling mortality was light and not
affected by inbreeding. Mean ID for 2-year size traits was 6% (height) and
about 8% (diameter) per 10% increase in F, the inbreeding coefficient, and was
linear with the increase in F over the range of F used. Both amount of ID and
its fit to linearity differed greatly among seed trees. Elongation season was
significantly and slightly shorter for FS than for X families; second-year
relative elongation rate was nonsignificantly larger for FS than for X
families. Inbred families had nonsignificantly larger within-plot variance and
significantly larger coefficients of within-plot variance than X families.
Sowing density was not a significant factor except in diameter and
height/diameter ratio. Results are discussed in terms of plant growth habit and
possible gene action. WP compared with X families were significantly shorter by
3.8% and significantly smaller in diameter by 4.6%, with much variation among
family groups. About half of the height difference could be explained by seed
weight; the remainder could have been due to pollen contamination or natural
inbreeding. Progenies of the two pollen types did not differ for phenological
traits, even though the seed orchard was in a drier, more inland location than
the parent-tree locations. Progenies of WP had nonsignificantly larger
within-plot variance than X progenies.
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123. Sorensen, F.C. and R.K. Campbell. 1985. Effect of
seed weight on height growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
Franco var. menziesii) seedlings in a nursery.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(6): 1109-1115.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
nursery
operations
growth
reproduction
Abstract:
Seeds of different mean wt. were produced within each of 10 young Douglas fir
trees in a second growth stand in Oregon by leaving some developing cones
unbagged and by enclosing others in paper bags for 164 days (from shortly
before floral bud flush) or for 117 days (from 26 days after floral buds had
been at max. receptivity for pollen). Bagging increased numbers of filled seeds
per cone and wt. of individual seeds; 117 days in a bag increased seed wt. by
an av. 10.7%. Seed from wind pollinated cones (unbagged or bagged after 26 days
receptivity to pollen) were sown in an outdoor nursery at Corvallis, Oregon.
Bagging did not affect numbers of cotyledons, but 1st-yr epicotyl length and
2nd-yr total ht. increased by 9.1 and 4.0% respectively. Relations between seed
wt. and seedling growth are compared with other reports and inconsistencies are
discussed. A growth model was used to project seed wt. differences to later
ages and practical implications of long-term effects of seed wt. on plant size,
of increasing seed size by cultural techniques and of grading seed lots by size
were considered.
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124. St-Clair, J.B. and W.T. Adams. 1991a. Effects of seed
weight and rate of emergence on early growth of open-pollinated Douglas-fir
families. Forest-Science 37(4): 987-997.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
nursery
operations
reproduction
genetic
relationships
growth
Abstract:
Open-pollinated seeds were collected from 39 Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
var. menziesii) families in second-growth stands in the Coast
Range of west-central Oregon
(150-500 m altitude) in autumn 1985. Seed weight, time of emergence, and three
measures of seedling size were recorded for each family in order to assess family
variation in seed weight and emergence, and the influence of these seed traits
on early growth. Seeds were dewinged, cleaned and stored at 0 degrees C. In
April 1986, seeds and germinants were sown at a depth of 8 mm to test whether
using germinants minimized seed effects on early growth. To evaluate the effect
of competition on the relationships of seed weight and rate of emergence to
seedling size, individuals of families were planted in mixed-family blocks at
close spacing (4x4 cm), in single (pure) family blocks at close spacing (4x4
cm) and in mixed family blocks at a wide, noncompetitive spacing (16x16 cm).
Families differed significantly in seed weight, total emergence percentage and
rate of emergence. However, correlations of seed weight to rate of emergence,
and seed weight and rate of emergence to seedling size, were not strong. Using
germinants was ineffective in diminishing seed effects. Interfamily competition
had a minor influence on enhancing the effect of seed traits on seedling growth.
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125. St-Clair, J.B. and W.T. Adams. 1991b. Relative family
performance and variance structure of open-pollinated Douglas-fir seedlings
grown in three competitive environments. Theoretical-and-Applied-Genetics
81(4): 541-550.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
nursery
operations
genetic
relationships
growth
Abstract:
Open-pollinated Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) var. menziesii families
were tested in 3 contrasting competitive environments to test the hypothesis
that relative performance as measured by total seedling dry weight is dependent
upon distance or genotype of neighbours. The 3 environments included (1) a
mixture of individuals from all families sown at close spacing, (2) single
(pure) family blocks sown at close spacing, and (3) individuals from all
families sown at a wide, non-competitive spacing. Despite occasional large
changes in rank between competitive environments and only moderate correlations
of family means between competitive environments, the family x competitive
environment interaction was non-significant. Furthermore, families did not
differ significantly in competitive ability or density tolerance. The
competitive environment in which seedlings were grown, however, had a large
effect on estimates of variance components, which in turn led to large
differences in estimates of heritability and genetic gain. Evaluation of
families in mixture resulted in the largest estimates of heritability, while
evaluation in pure family blocks resulted in the lowest. Analysis of correlated
response to selection indicated that testing and selection in mixture resulted
in the largest estimated gain, even if progeny of selected individuals are
subsequently grown in a pure or non-competitive environment.
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126. Stein, W.I. 1984. Wrenching Douglas-fir seedlings in
August: immediate but no lasting effects.
Pacific-Northwest-Forest-and-Range-Experiment-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service
Research-Paper PNW-RP-317. 12 p.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
morphology
growth
carbon
allocation
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Seedlings in a nursery in Oregon
were wrenched in their 2nd growth season in 1976. Wrenched and unwrenched
seedlings were sampled at intervals from Aug. 1976 until Jan. 1977, and
measured. The entire bed was lifted in Jan. and 100 treated and 100 control
seedlings were planted out. After 24 days (Aug.), the number of lateral roots,
shoot length, and root dry wt. were significantly smaller in wrenched
seedlings. Shoot/root ratio was also smaller and remained so until early Oct.
By late Oct., shoot length and the number of lateral roots were significantly
greater in wrenched seedlings. During the first 5 yr after planting out, there
were n.s.d. between wrenched and unwrenched trees in survival and growth, which
were both good.
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127. Stein, W.I. 1988. Nursery practices, seedling sizes,
and field performance. In: Proceedings, combined meeting of the
Western Forest Nursery Associations; 1988 August 8-11; Vernon, British
Columbia. Tech Coord. T.D. Landis. Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment
Station, USDA Forest
Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-167. 15-18 pp.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Highlights are presented from a large cooperative study in Oregon
to determine the combined effects of nursery cultural practices on the size and
field performance of 2+0 Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] seedlings.
Seedlings were grown in 3 nurseries using seed from 7 sources; field plantings
were made over 3 yr on 28 sites in SW Oregon.
Seedbed density had more effect than irrigation frequency, undercutting or
wrenching on seedling size, and survival and growth 4 yr after planting.
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128. Steinfeld, D., D. Davis, S. Feigner and K. House.
2002. Fall versus spring transplanting of container seedlings: a comparison of
seedling morphology. In National
Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery
Associations 1999, 2000, and 2001, USDA-Forest-Service
Rocky-Mountain-Research-Station RMRS-P-24. 196-200 pp.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
morphology
Abstract:
In a study in Oregon, USA,
containerized seedlings of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), sugar pine
(Pinus lambertiana), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western redcedar
(Thuja plicata), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) transplanted in the
early fall and later in the early spring were compared for differences in stem
diameter, height, root area, and shoot area. Fall-transplanted Pseudotsuga
menziesii and the Thuja plicata showed an increase in stem diameter of 13 (2.0
mm) and 4% (0.4 mm), respectively. Fall-transplanted seedlings developed larger
root systems - Picea engelmannii by 18%, Pinus lambertiana by 48%, Pseudotsuga
menziesii by 58%, and Tsuga heterophylla by 47%.
Non-OSU
Link
129. Stjernberg, E.I. 1997. Mechanical shock during
transportation: effects on seedling performance. New-Forests 13(1/3): 401-420.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
A study was carried out to monitor shocks to seedling planting stock
during transport from nursery to the planting site in normal commercial
reforestation operations. Size and exact time of mechanical shocks were measured
by a recorder placed inside seedling boxes. Seedling shipments by refrigerated
semi-trailer, 5-t truck, pickup truck, small trailer and all-terrain vehicles
were monitored in Alberta
and British Columbia.
Number of shocks, peak acceleration and average drop height were tabulated for
travel on both paved and gravel roads. Twenty-two trials involving 7 conifer
species (Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii; western hemlock [Tsuga
heterophylla]; western red cedar [Thuja plicata]; amabilis fir [Abies amabilis];
white spruce, Picea glauca; lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta; Engelmann spruce,
Picea engelmannii) were established at nurseries and field locations covering
several ecological zones in both provinces. Frozen-stored, cool-stored, and
freshly lifted seedlings were used in the trials. Seedlings were given 2
mechanical stress treatments by dropping them 30 times from 0.5 or 1 m height.
Control seedlings were not dropped. Treatments were applied to nursery-trial
seedlings not exposed to normal handling and transport, and to field-trial
seedlings after transport to the planting site. Six root growth potential tests
were made with treated and control seedlings in conjunction with the nursery
trials. Seedling survival and volume growth were recorded for two growing
seasons and the results are statistically analysed. They indicated that
seedlings should not be affected by normal transport and handling activities -
some of the shock treatments tested were much more stressful than those
resulting from normal procedures. There was some evidence that mechanical
shocks could reduce the growth and survival of bare rooted stock, but normal
mechanical stresses had no effect on containerized stock. However, it is
recommended that care be taken to reduce extreme mechanical shocks during
planting stock transportation.
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130. Sumaryono and G. Crabtree. 1989. Differential
tolerance of woody nursery crop seedlings to napropamide. Weed-Technology 3(4):
584-589.
Keywords: nursery
operations
release
treatments
chemical
release
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Field studies at Corvallis, Oregon and greenhouse experiments were
conducted to evaluate the tolerance to napropamide of black locust (Robinia
pseudoacacia), honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos), apple, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Japanese black pine (Pinus
thunbergii) in the seedling stage. Deciduous species were more susceptible to
napropamide than coniferous species. Apple had the slowest seed germination and
root development and was more susceptible. The deciduous species had more
secondary roots in the shallow soil layer which contained most of the herbicide
than the coniferous species. The roots of all woody species tested in vitro
were inhibited significantly by contact with the herbicide, but only shoot
growth of apple and black locust was inhibited. Injury to woody nursery crop
seedlings may be avoided by delaying herbicide application.
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131. Tanaka, Y., B. Carrier, A. Dobkowski, P. Figueroa and
R. Meade. 1988. Field performance of mini-plug transplants.
Rocky-Mountain-Forest-and-Range-Experiment-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service
General-Technical-Report RM-GTR-167. 172-181 pp.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Mini-plug transplants (MPTs) are grown for 5-6 months in the greenhouse under extended
daylength and are transplanted by machine into nursery beds in May when the
plants are 4-5 inches tall. Seedlings are grown for one season before planting.
Field performance of MPTs was compared with that of other stock types of
Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] in 6 regions of Washington and Oregon. Based on survival, vigour and height
growth, MPTs generally performed as well as or better than other bare rooted
stock. Because of their smaller initial height, MPTs had less total height than
other stock types after 3 yr. MPTs were not preferred over other stock types in
terms of frequency of big-game browsing and rabbit clipping, but, because of
their small size, they were unable to withstand heavy animal damage.
132. Thompson, G. 1995. Nitrogen fertilization
requirements of Douglas-fir container seedlings vary by seed source.
Tree-Planters' Notes 46(1): 15-18.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree morphology
Abstract:
Growth of container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) from
different seed sources from western Washington,
northern Idaho and western Montana
was evaluated following application of 100, 150, or 200 p.p.m. nitrogen during
the rapid growth phase. The optimum level of N varied between seed sources for
height, stem diameter, and bud growth, as well as for root shoot ratio. Target
seedling specifications were met adequately for the westernmost sources at 100
and 150 p.p.m. N, whereas eastern sources required 150 or 200 p.p.m. Nitrogen
levels should thus be tailored to individual Douglas fir seed sources to
maximize the number of shippable seedlings per lot.
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Link
133. Trappe, J.M. 1983. Effects of the herbicides bifenox,
DCPA, and napropamide on mycorrhiza development of ponderosa pine and Douglas
fir seedlings in six western nurseries. Forest-Science 29(3): 464-468.
Keywords: nursery
operations
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract:
The herbicides were each applied (for weed control) at 2 rates to beds
of seedlings in nurseries in California,
Oregon and Washington.
Seedlings were lifted 7-8 months after sowing and the roots examined for
mycorrhizae. No herbicide treatment significantly reduced the proportion of
feeder roots colonized or the number of mycorrhizal types, compared with
controls. Ponderosa pine seedlings treated with DCPA [chlorthal-dimethyl] had a
significantly greater proportion of mycorrhizal feeder roots than those treated
with the other herbicides (but n.s.d. from controls), and a significantly
greater mean number of mycorrhizal types than controls or the napropamide
treatment. Douglas fir seedlings treated with napropamide had significantly
more mycorrhizal types than those treated with DCPA or bifenox (but were n.s.d.
from controls).
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134. Trotter, D.B. and G.M. Shrimpton. 1989. Oxyfluorfen
(Goal) trials with bareroot forest seedlings in British Columbia 1987. B.C. Ministry of
Forestry FRDA Report 092. vi + 22 p.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
health
stand
conditions
Abstract:
Oxyfluorfen was evaluated at various rates for weed control and crop
tolerance on 1+0 and 2+0 bare rooted seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) at Surrey Nursery, British
Columbia.
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Link
135. Tung, C.H., J. Batdorff and D.R. DeYoe. 1986a.
Survival and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings with spot-spraying, mulching and
root-dipping. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 1(4): 108-111.
Keywords: nursery
operations
release
treatments
chemical
release
manual
release
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
In trials near Coos Bay, Oregon,
480 bare-rooted 2+0 Douglas fir seedlings, half of which had roots treated with
Terra Sorb (a hydrolysed starch material capable of absorbing large amounts of
water), were planted on a harsh site where several regeneration attempts had
failed. After planting, seedlings received no further treatment, or glyphosate
or paper mulch were applied around seedlings for 1 or 2 yr. Root dipping in
Terra Sorb did not enhance survival or growth. Survival was significantly
greater after the third season when competing vegetation was controlled with
mulch or glyphosate during the first one or two seasons. Survival of seedlings
treated twice with glyphosate was 26, 23 and 21% greater, respectively, than
seedlings receiving one glyphosate treatment and one or two mulch applications.
Ht. growth was n.s.d. among treatments.
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136. Tung, C.H., L. Wisniewski and D.R. DeYoe. 1986b. Effects
of prolonged cold storage on phenology and performance of Douglas-fir and noble
fir 2+0 seedlings from high-elevation sources.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(3): 471-475.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
phenology
tree/stand
health
growth
carbon
allocation
Abstract:
Seedlings of Douglas fir and noble fir (Abies procera) were lifted on 7 Nov. 1981 and 1 Mar. 1982 at Wind River
Nursery, Washington, and stored at 1-2 degrees C until planting during the
third week of June 1982 at 1500 m alt. in the Oregon Cascade Range. There was
no difference in survival of Douglas fir attributable to storage treatment
during the first two growing seasons. Noble fir seedlings stored for 7 months
survived better during the first season than seedlings stored for 3 months, but
no difference was evident after the second growing season. Time of bud burst
did not differ between treatments for either species and no difference between
treatments in rate of bud burst was seen in Douglas fir. Rate of bud burst was
significantly greater in noble fir seedlings stored for 7 months than in those
stored for 3 months. Shoot/root ratio decreased significantly during the first
season for both species and treatments, but stabilized during the second
season. Regardless of species, no differences were found in ht. growth and
diam. increment between storage treatments. Results suggest that seedlings of
these species originating from high alt. sources can be lifted in autumn and
cold-stored for 7 months without adverse effects on performance after planting.
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137. Turner, J. and S.J. Mitchell. 2003. The effect of
short day treatments on containerized Douglas-fir morphology, physiology and
phenology. New-Forests 26(3): 279-295.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree
morphology
tree
physiology
photosynthesis
tree
phenology
Abstract:
The effect of short day treatments ('blackout') on Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) container seedlings at the time of lift
and following cold storage was investigated. Variables measured included
height, root collar diameter (RCD), root growth capacity (RGC), photosynthetic
efficiency after -18 degrees C freezing (PEF), and days to terminal bud break
(DBB). From one to four blackout dormancy induction treatments were started on
three dates (July 12, July 26, and August 10) with 10 or 20 d between multiple
blackouts. Increasing the number of blackout treatments resulted in lower RCD,
lower DBB in the late winter/early spring, and higher PEF in the early fall.
Later blackout start dates decreased PEF in the early fall, and increased
overall height and late fall RGC as compared to earlier blackout start dates.
Nurseries growing Douglas-fir seedlings from coastal Pacific
Northwest provenances should be aware that blackout regimes can
decrease RGC in the late fall, and cause quicker dormancy release in the early
spring. Coastal Douglas-fir can be lifted and planted in the early fall, when
RGC and DBB are relatively high. If planting between February and April is
necessary, seedlings given blackout should be cold stored in January to
maintain an adequate level of dormancy, RGC and PEF.
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138. Vargas-Hernandez, J.J., W.T. Adams and D.G. Joyce.
2003. Quantitative genetic structure of stem form and branching traits in
Douglas-fir seedlings and implications for early selection. Silvae-Genetica
52(1): 36-44.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
nursery
operations
growth
genetic
relationships
wood
quality
Abstract:
Open-pollinated (OP) and full-sib (FS) families of coastal Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) were grown in two replicated nursery
regimes to evaluate the magnitude and repeatability of genetic parameter
estimates for stem form (stem sinuosity, forking) and branching (number, length
and angle of branches) traits in 2-year-old seedlings, and the relationships of
these traits with stem growth. With data from older trees of the OP families
growing in the field (ages 12 and 24), genetic control of similar traits was
compared at the different ages, and nursery-field correlations (rxy) were
estimated. With the exception of forking, estimates of family heritability
(h2f) were moderate to strong for stem form and branching traits in seedlings
(0.32<less or =>h2f<less or =>0.94; mean=0.73), and similar to
growth traits (0.45<less or =>h2f<less or =>0.90; mean=0.75).
Family performance and estimates of genetic parameters were relatively stable
across nursery regimes and family type. Genetic relationships among traits in
seedlings were similar to those observed in older field-grown trees, indicating
that these traits are controlled by similar sets of genes in the two age
classes. Nursery-field correlations between comparable traits were consistent
across nursery regimes, but rxy was strong enough to be useful for early
testing purposes (i.e. | rxy | <more or =>0.30), only for number of
whorls with steep-angled branches (WSAB), branch length, and branch angle in
older trees. Predicted gains from early selection for these or correlated
traits were at least 40-50% of those expected from selection at older ages.
Because of unfavourable genetic correlations, selection for stem growth potential
alone at the seedling stage is expected to produce unfavourable impacts on WSAB
and stem sinuosity in older trees. To avoid such negative effects on wood
quality, both stem form and branching traits should be included as selection
criteria in Douglas fir breeding programmes.
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139. Wang, X. and D. Zabowski. 1998. Nutrient composition
of Douglas-fir rhizosphere and bulk soil solutions. Plant-and-Soil 200(1):
13-20.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
soil
properties
Abstract:
A study was conducted during 1995-96 at Weyerhaeuser Rochester Seedling
Nursery and the White River District of the Weyerhaeuser Tree Farm, Washington,
to investigate the nutrient composition of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii]
rhizosphere soil solution in soils belonging to the Nisqually and Pitcher soil
series, respectively, and to compare rhizosphere solution with that of bulk
soil solution. Fertilized (urea, ammonium sulfate, calcium nitrate, and triple
superphosphate) and unfertilized Nisqually soils were also compared. Soil
solutions were collected using centrifugation. Nutrient concentrations in the
rhizosphere solutions were typically higher than that of bulk soil solutions
when no fertilizer was applied, but differences in the concentrations of
nutrients between the rhizosphere and bulk soil solutions were masked by the
addition of fertilizers. With a higher concentration of NH4 relative to NO3 in
the rhizosphere soil solution, the solution pH of the rhizosphere was lower
than that of the bulk soil, but with a lower concentration of NH4 relative to
NO3, the solution pH of the rhizosphere was higher than that of the bulk soil
solution.
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140. Wheeler, N.C. 1987. Effect of paclobutrazol on
Douglas fir and loblolly pine. Journal-of-Horticultural-Science 62(1): 101-106.
Keywords: seed
orchard management
nursery operations
growth
Abstract:
Paclobutrazol (1.0 and 10.0 mg/10 cc pot) significantly reduced the
growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus taeda seedlings when applied as a
soil drench to newly germinated, container-grown trees. Shoot growth was generally
inhibited more than root growth. Older trees (3- to 9-year-old) were not
affected appreciably by a soil drench or stem injection. Dose response varied
significantly among half-sib families for nearly all growth traits. It is
suggested that the utility of paclobutrazol as a growth regulating agent in
conifer seed orchards appears to be limited, although it may find use in
container-grown conifer nurseries.
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141. Wigmore, B.G. and J.H. Woods. 2000. Cultural
procedures for propagation of rooted cuttings of Sitka spruce, western hemlock, and Douglas-fir
in British Columbia.
B. C. Ministry of Forests Research Program Working Paper WP-46. 30 p.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
reproduction
Abstract:
The use of rooted cuttings is explored as a means of bulking-up
genetically improved families of Sitka
spruce (Picea sitchensis), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) for reforestation. The number of propagules
produced from a small quantity of seed can be multiplied by taking cuttings
from seedling stock plants. All methods are developed for 1-year-old cutting
production in containers for consistency with most operational seedling
production in British Columbia.
This report describes cultural techniques for growing stock plants and rooted
cuttings of Sitka
spruce, western hemlock, and Douglas-fir, based on 3 years of nursery research
and observations. It is concluded that 1-year container cutting production is
technically feasible for Sitka
spruce and western hemlock, but plagiotropism problems (including cuttings with
bent stems and those with unflushed terminal buds and bent sub-terminal
branches) could not be overcome for the production of 1-year-old cuttings of
Douglas-fir. A discussion of plagiotropism is included.
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142. Yarris, L. 1983. Cranberry girdlers eat trees, too.
Agricultural-Research-USA 31(12): 14-15.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Field observations and pheromone-trap monitoring carried out in
Oregon, USA, by J.A. Kamm & L.M. McDonough showed that adults of the
cranberry girdler [Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zell.)], which is a serious pest of
cranberries and grasses, migrated into nurseries of Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii], where eggs were laid and the hatching larvae fed on tap-roots,
reducing seedling quality and vigour and in some cases killing the seedlings.
This problem could be practically eliminated by applying diazinon to nurseries
during the flight period of the pest, usually from mid-June to mid-July,
followed by 1 or 2 applications of chlorpyrifos to control any larvae. In
addition, wherever possible, grasslands bordering a nursery should be re-seeded
to a crop on which C. topiaria does not feed, to reduce migration into the
nursery, and weeds should be removed from vacant beds and a non-host cover crop
planted.
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