1.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery operations
growth
genetic relationships
Abstract: In a
test to evaluate the ability to predict stem growth of families in the field
from nursery performance (i.e., early testing), 67 open-pollinated families and
66 full-sib families of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii) were sown in two nursery conditions, each replicated as separate
experiments: two bareroot nursery trials established in successive years in the
same nursery, and two container-sown greenhouse trials sown in different greenhouses
in the same year. First year heights in the seedling trials were compared to
mean stem volumes of the same open-pollinated families in eight 15-year-old
field progeny tests and the same full-sib families in eleven 12-year-old tests.
Family mean nursery-field correlations (rxy) were similar for all four seedling
trials for both open-pollinated (OP) and full-sib (FS) families, and generally
ranged between 0.30 and 0.40. Although low, it is shown that nursery-field
correlations of this magnitude can be quite useful in tree improvement
programmes. For example, based on the data in this study, it is estimated that
a single stage of family selection for first year seedling height would be
about 50% as effective in improving 15-year volume as direct selection for this
trait in field tests. Early testing, however, is probably of more practical
significance as a tool for culling families prior to out-planting field tests
in two-stage selection schemes. It is estimated that 25% of the OP families in
this study could have been culled in an early test (first stage selection),
with gain in 15-year volume after subsequent field testing and selection of the
remaining families (second stage selection) being nearly the same as if all
families had been field tested. Thus, early testing is an effective tool for
reducing the size and cost of field progeny tests without sacrificing genetic
gain.
2. Alvarez, I.F. and R.G.
Linderman. 1983. Effects of ethylene and fungicide dips during cold storage on
root regeneration and survival of western conifers and their mycorrhizal fungi.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(5): 962-971.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract:
Survival and growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa and Abies
concolor seedlings, and survival of mycorrhizal fungi on their roots were assessed
after cold storage with or without 5 p.p.m. ethylene in combination with 4 root
treatments: washed, dipped in Truban [etridiazole] or Benlate sol. or not
treated. Ethylene treatment resulted in increased survival, apical bud burst,
and new root formation in the greenhouse if roots had not been washed or dipped
in fungicide. None of the gas storage or root treatments greatly affected
seedling survival in the field. Root washing decreased seedling vigour,
especially in fir. None of the root treatments or gas storage conditions
affected root fungal populations; bacterial and actinomycete populations
appeared to be affected and the response varied according to host species.
Pisolithus tinctorius, which formed mycorrhizae with 10-20% of the short roots
of the seedlings, did not survive cold storage. Thelephora spp. and an
ectendomycorrhizal fungus both survived cold storage and rapidly colonized
roots newly formed on seedlings planted after cold storage.
3. Alvarez, I.F. and J.M.
Trappe. 1983b. Effects of application rate and cold soaking pretreatment of
Pisolithus spores on effectiveness as nursery inoculum on western conifers.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(3): 533-537.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Ponderosa
pine, Douglas fir, Shasta red (Abies magnifica var. shastensis), and white fir
(Abies concolor) seedlings were inoculated in a bare root nursery with
basidiospores of Pisolithus tinctorius. The spores were applied at 3 rates with
or without cold/wet pretreatment of 7 or 21 days. Pretreatment did not affect
spore efficiency as inoculum. Only ponderosa pine increased growth in response
to inoculation. Inoculations in the greenhouse with a wider range of spore
application rates revealed that a higher concn. of spores was needed to induce
an increase in growth and mycorrhiza formation of Douglas fir than ponderosa
pine. These levels were much higher than those used in nursery inoculations.
4. Arnott, J.T. and D.
Beddows. 1982. Influence of Styroblock container size on field performance of
Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla and Picea sitchensis seeds were sown in April
1971 in BC/CFS Styroblocks sizes 2 and 8 with volumes of 40 and 125
cmsuperscript 3 respectively. The seedlings in the larger containers were kept
in a heated greenhouse for 2-3 months to stimulate growth to fill the
containers, before joining those in the smaller containers in an outdoor
shadehouse nursery. Seedlings were planted out in
5. Arnott, J.T. and F.T.
Pendl. 1994. Field performance of several tree species and stock types planted
in montane forests of coastal
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
growth
tree/stand health
wood
quality
Abstract: Planting
trials were established at sites within the Mountain Hemlock and montane
Coastal Western Hemlock biogeoclimatic zones. Six test areas were chosen within
each zone. Amabilis fir (Abies amabilis), noble fir (A. procera), yellow cedar
(Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) were the
species selected for planting in the Mountain Hemlock zone. In addition to
Abies amabilis and A. procera, western white pine (Pinus monticola), western
redcedar (Thuja plicata), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were planted in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone.
Plug (PSB 211), plug transplant and bareroot stock types were used for the
eight species across both zones. Seedlings were planted during the autumn (September/October)
and spring (May) in each of two successive years: 1978-79 and 1979-80.
Survival, growth and tree form 13 years after planting were used as indicators
of the reliability (a combination of tree survival and form) and productivity
of the planting treatment combinations. Noble fir and amabilis fir were the
most reliable species in the Mountain Hemlock zone; i.e. these species have
average survival rates higher than 80% and few form defects. Yellow cedar
crowns were badly broken by snow, which reduced the reliability of this species
in the early years of plantation establishment. The growth, survival and form
of mountain hemlock ranked between that of the true firs and yellow cedar.
Noble fir was by far the most productive species in the Mountain Hemlock zone.
Within the Coastal Western Hemlock zone no single species demonstrated a
superior combination of productivity or reliability. Douglas fir, western
hemlock and western redcedar were good species in the lower elevations of the
zone, whereas noble fir and amabilis fir were better species at the upper
elevational limits of the zone. Western white pines should be avoided until
rust-resistant seed sources are available. Little variation was found among the
three planting stock options and even less between the two planting seasons.
Plug transplant stock was more reliable than bareroot or plug stock;
productivity ranked from greatest to least in the following order within both
zones: plug transplant, bareroot and plug stock. This ranking among stock types
may well change as different stock types are developed. However, the relative
size and design differences among stock types, no matter when they become
available, will always have an effect on the ultimate reliability and
productivity of planted trees. Autumn planting gave significantly lower
survival in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone only.
6. Axelrood, P.E., M.
Neumann, D. Trotter, R. Radley, G. Shrimpton and J. Dennis. 1995. Seedborne
Fusarium on Douglas-fir: pathogenicity and seed stratification method to
decrease Fusarium contamination. New-Forests 9(1): 35-51.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: Twelve
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlots from coastal
7. Axelrood, P.E. and R.
Radley. 1991. Biological control of Fusarium on Douglas-fir seedlings.
Bulletin-SROP 14(8): 85-87.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: A
bacterial culture collection was established from the rhizosphere and
rhizoplane of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings collected from
nursery and forest locations in
8. Bare, B.B. 1981. Tax
effects of fertilization. In Proceedings:
Keywords: fertilization
economics
Abstract: This
paper describes the sensitivity of investment performance when fertilzization
activities are treated as expensed, capitalized, or amortized expenditures.
Current Internal Revenue Service policy favors capitalization, but pending
revenue rulings are expected to recommend amortization. The impact of these
three alternatives on after-tax cash flows is illustrated by a numerical
example for the Douglas-fir zone of the
9. Berch, S.M. and A.L.
Roth. 1993. Ectomycorrhizae and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings preinoculated
with Rhizopogon vinicolor and outplanted on eastern
Keywords: nursery operations
mycorrhizal response
growth
Abstract: Ectomycorrhizal
colonization of container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) inoculated
with Rhizopogon vinicolor was determined after cold storage and one growing
season after outplanting (in March 1988) on a clear felled area on eastern
Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Inoculated Douglas fir seedlings were
taller than noninoculated controls when outplanted, but perhaps because of
browse damage, no growth differences were found after one growing season in the
field. R. vinicolor colonized all of the inoculated but none of the control
seedlings examined after cold storage. Volunteer Thelephora terrestris
colonized almost half of the control and 10% of the inoculated seedlings before
outplanting. After one field season, inoculated and control seedlings were
colonized by 15 ectomycorrhizal fungi each, only eight of which were found on
both. R. vinicolor persisted on the roots of inoculated plants, but was also
present in the field soil since the control seedlings also bore these
mycorrhizas after one growing season. The relative abundance of T. terrestris
decreased from the nursery to the field. The other common ectomycorrhizas in
the field included Mycelium radicis atrovirens, Cenococcum geophilum and types
resembling Tuber and Endogone.
10. Birchler, T.M., R.
Rose and D.L. Haase. 2001. Fall fertilization with N and K: effects on
Douglas-fir seedling quality and performance.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 16(2): 71-79.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Coastal
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 1+1 seedlings from coastal
11. Black, C.H. 1988.
Interaction of phosphorus fertilizer form and soil medium on Douglas-fir
seedling phosphorus content, growth and photosynthesis. Plant-and-Soil 106(2):
191-199.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
photosynthesis
Abstract:
Douglas-fir seedlings were grown in containers in peat-vermiculite or mineral
soil each amended with different levels of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) or
a granulated
12. Blake, J.I., R.
Linderman and D. Lavender. 1988b. Seedling vigor of Douglas fir and western
hemlock in relation to ethylene exposure levels and ethane production during
cold storage. In Proceedings: 10th
North American Forest Biology Workshop, 'Physiology and genetics of
reforestation',
Keywords: nursery operations
tree morphology
tree phenology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: The
effects were examined of ethylene treatment on Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga
heterophylla 2-yr-old bare root seedlings lifted in October or December (in a
nursery in
Non-OSU Link
13. Blake, J.I. and R.G.
Linderman. 1992. A note on root development, bud activity, and survival of
Douglas-fir, and survival of western hemlock and noble-fir seedlings, following
exposure to ethylene during cold storage. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
22(8): 1195-1200.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree morphology
tree phenology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Three
cold storage experiments were conducted with bare-root (2+0) Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from coastal
14. Bledsoe, C.S. and
R.J. Zasoski. 1983. Effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth and nitrogen
uptake by mycorrhizal Douglas-fir seedlings. In Tree root systems and
their mycorrhizas. Ed. D. Atkinson. pp. 445-454.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In a
greenhouse pot study, 1-yr-old mycorrhizal (inoculated with Hebeloma
crustuliniforme) and non-mycorrhizal Douglas fir seedlings were grown in sandy
forest soil amended with 10% of clay minerals (bentonite and/or kaolinite) and
ammonium or nitrate fertilizer. Ht. growth, root and shoot DM and accumulation
of nitrogen and P were greater in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal seedlings,
especially in the nitrate treatment. Ammonium interacted with kaolinite to
reduce survival which again was poorer in the absence of mycorrhiza.
15. Campbell, S.J. and
P.B. Hamm. 1989. Susceptibility of
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: One-yr-old
bare-rooted seedlings of 11 conifer species were inoculated with (a)
Phytophthora cactorum, (b) P. cryptogea, (c) P. drechsleri, (d) P. megasperma
or (e) P. pseudotsugae. Development of above-ground symptoms and root disease
was followed for 10 wk. Isolates of (a), (b) and (e) caused the most overall
mortality and isolates of (d) the least. Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, P.
monticola, Larix occidentalis, Libocedrus decurrens, Picea sitchensis and P.
engelmannii showed tolerance to the root disease, Abies grandis and Pseudotsuga
menziesii showed intermediate susceptibility and A. magnifica and Tsuga
mertensiana were quite susceptible. Results are discussed in relation to
management of conifer nurseries in the
16. Castellano, M.A. and
J.M. Trappe. 1985. Ectomycorrhizal formation and plantation performance of
Douglas-fir nursery stock inoculated with Rhizopogon spores.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(4): 613-617.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Basidiospores (0, 106, 107 or 108) of 7 species of hypogeous, ectomycorrhizal
fungi were applied to 1-msuperscript 2 plots sown with 4 conifer species
(Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus lambertiana, Abies concolor and Tsuga
heterophylla) in a bare-root nursery in
17. Castellano, M.A. and
J.M. Trappe. 1991. Pisolithus tinctorius fails to improve plantation
performance of inoculated conifers in southwestern
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Bare
root seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta), white fir (Abies concolor), and grand fir (Abies grandis) were
inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius and subjected to standard nursery and
cold storage practices. At age 2 years, seedlings were assessed for mycorrhizal
status, and were planted out on a variety of sites in
18. Chanway, C.P. 1997.
Inoculation of tree roots with plant growth promoting soil bacteria: an
emerging technology for reforestation. Forest-Science 43(1): 99-112.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Results
from studies performed with beneficial asymbiotic tree root associated bacteria
are reviewed in this article in relation to the possible uses of such
microorganisms for artificial forest regeneration. The review includes sections
on plant growth promoting bacteria for pine (Pinus spp.), spruce (Picea spp.),
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Seedling
root systems are colonized heavily by asymbiotic soil bacteria, many of which
have the potential to influence plant growth significantly. A heterogeneous
group of these microorganisms is well known for their ability to colonize roots
and stimulate growth of agricultural plant species, sometimes doubling seedling
biomass accumulation only a few weeks after inoculation, but more usually
resulting in less spectacular biomass gains (e.g., 15%-30% greater than
uninoculated controls within a growing season). Plant growth promoting soil
bacteria may exert such effects through a variety of mechanisms, and include
microorganisms that stimulate seedling emergence or infection by symbiotic
fungi and bacteria. Other plant beneficial soil bacteria possess biological
control activity or are capable of transforming plants genetically. Inoculation
of tree seedlings with such bacterial before outplanting would be an
inexpensive, environmentally benign, and easily applied nursery treatment, but
comparatively little work has been performed with these microorganisms in forestry.
Recent results with various tree species, however, indicate that seedling
performance can be significantly enhanced through bacterial inoculation of root
systems: pine and spruce biomass increased 32%-49% 1 yr after inoculation and
outplanting at a reforestation site. In addition, infection by desired species
of ectomycorrhizal fungi can also be enhanced by inoculation with certain
strains of root colonizing bacteria.
19. Chanway, C.P., R.A.
Radley and F.B. Holl. 1991. Inoculation of conifer seed with plant growth promoting
Bacillus strains causes increased seedling emergence and biomass.
Soil-Biology-and-Biochemistry 23(6): 575-580.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract: Seeds of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and white spruce (Picea glauca) were collected from
3 sites in
20. Coleman, M., J.
Dunlap, D. Dutton and C. Bledsoe. 1987. Nursery and field evaluation of
compost-grown conifer seedlings. Tree-Planters' Notes 38(2): 22-27.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), noble fir (Abies procera) and
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were raised in beds that had been treated with
0, 2, 4 or 6 inches of compost (fir/hemlock sawdust and municipal sewage
sludge, 3:1) at a nursery in Carson, Washington. In autumn 1983, the 2+0 stock
was lifted, stored until spring 1984 and then planted out on
21. Coleman, M.D., C.S.
Bledsoe and B.A. Smit. 1990. Root hydraulic conductivity and xylem sap levels
of zeatin riboside and abscisic acid in ectomycorrhizal Douglas fir seedlings.
New-Phytologist 115(2): 275-284.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree morphology
tree physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: The
hypothesis that root hydraulic conductivity (LP) of ectomycorrhizal root
systems is greater than that of non-mycorrhizal systems, and different to that
of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas was tested in a greenhouse experiment,
by measuring hydraulic qualities of roots while accounting for seedling size
and P content. Plant growth substances (abscisic acid and zeatin riboside)
expressed from roots during the experiments were also measured. Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungi
Laccaria bicolor and Hebeloma crustuliniforme, and non-inoculated seedlings
infected naturally with Thelephora were grown under 3 rates of P fertilization
(1, 10 and 100 micro M P). After 9 months, seedling morphology, tissue P
concn., LP and plant growth substance concn. in xylem sap were measured.
Increased tissue P and decreased root/shoot ratio correlated with increased LP
in each mycorrhizal treatment; when adjusted for the effect of these 2 factors,
LP of Laccaria and Hebeloma seedlings was still lower than that of Thelephora
seedlings. In a subsequent experiment, LP of seedlings with Hebeloma and
Rhizopogon vinicolor mycorrhizas was compared with that of non-mycorrhizal
seedlings (grown at 100 mM P) and no differences were found among treatments.
The lack of an ectomycorrhizal effect on LP is quite different from the
enhancement of host LP by VA mycorrhizas. Zeatin riboside concentrations of
Thelephora- and Hebeloma-infected seedlings were similar, yet higher than with
Laccaria. There was no relationship between plant growth substances and LP in
ectomycorrhizal Douglas fir, despite lower zeatin riboside concentrations for
Laccaria-inoculated plants.
22. Copes, D.L. and N.L.
Mandel. 2000. Effects of IBA and NAA treatments on rooting Douglas-fir stem
cuttings. New-Forests 20(3): 249-257.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: The
effectiveness of 6 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and four 1-napthaleneacetic acid
(NAA) concentrations, 4 combinations of IBA and NAA concentrations, and control
were tested for their ability to enhance rooting frequency of Douglas-fir
[Pseudotsuga menziesii] cuttings. Two IBA and one NAA treatments were also
compared to the control for quality of root system. Between 1984 and 1998, six
independent studies were conducted in mist or fog environments with the 14
clones. Auxin concentrations tested ranged from 0 to 123 mM IBA and 0 to 10 mM
NAA. Auxin, clone and auxin by clone effects were significant in every study,
although individual clone analyses showed only two clones to differ significantly
for auxin. All auxin treatments except the 10 mM NAA treatment induced
significantly greater rooting percentage than the control, but no single auxin,
auxin concentration or combination of auxins was clearly superior in every
study. The 10 mM NAA concentration was the only concentration tested that
reduced rooting percentage to less than the control. Both NAA and IBA appeared
to have broad ranges of root-enhancing activity. However, within the effective
range of IBA evaluated, 24.6 or 49.3 mM produced the greatest rooting
percentage in 4 of 5 studies testing IBA. NAA solutions with concentrations
between 2.5 and 7.5 mM NAA generally resulted in similar rooting success.
Rooting responses to increased IBA and NAA were both nonlinear; rooting decreased
with both too little and too much auxin. Combinations of IBA and NAA in the
same solution did not increase rooting percentage above what was achieved with
one auxin. For root system quality, auxin treated cuttings in one study, had
significantly better root systems than control, but there was no difference in
the other study in which root quality was estimated.
23. DeYoe, D.R., H.R.
Holbo and K. Waddell. 1986. Seedling protection from heat stress between
lifting and planting. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 1(4): 124-126.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Seven
protective treatments were evaluated for preventing overheating of 2+0 Douglas
fir seedlings in Kraft paper bags. Trials were conducted in May 1982 at
24. Donald, D.G.M. and
D.G. Simpson. 1985. Shallow conditioning and late fertilizer application
effects on the quality of conifer nursery stock in
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree morphology
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: Eight
trials on 2+0 stock of Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, P. sitchensis, Pinus
contorta and Pseudotsuga menziesii (var. glauca and var. menziesii) in 4
nurseries were conducted to compare the effects of shallow conditioning
(undercutting and wrenching at 10 cm deep) with those of the standard
conditioning regime (undercutting and wrenching at 20 cm) on nursery
performance, storage and field performance. The application of a complete NPK
fertilizer 50 days before lifting was also evaluated. Shallow conditioning and
late fertilizer application improved the root growth capacity at lifting, but
could not replace cold exposure for hardening Pseudotsuga menziesii. Shallow
conditioning had little effect on survival after planting and reduced initial
ht. increment of all species. Application of fertilizer just before lifting
improved the early growth of the trees without adversely affecting survival.
Planting seedlings some 5 cm deeper than they stood in the nursery improved
establishment.
25. Drew, A.P. 1983.
Optimizing growth and development of 2-0 Douglas-fir seedlings by altering
light intensity. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(3): 425-428.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
carbon
allocation
Abstract:
Seedlings were grown outdoors in
26. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1983. Growth, survival, and physiology of Douglas-fir seedlings following root
wrenching and fertilization. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(2):
270-278.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand health
tree morphology
tree physiology
growth
Abstract:
Seedlings at different nurseries on
27. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1984a. Response of Douglas fir seedlings to phosphorus fertilization and
influence of temperature on this response. Plant-and-Soil 80(2): 155-169.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
carbon allocation
tree
morphology
Abstract: In pot
experiments levels of P fertilizers equivalent to 300 kg/ha were adequate for
maximum growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) seedlings
over 14-18 weeks, and resulted in available soil P levels of 80 ppm after 15
weeks' growth. Maximum growth in pots was obtained with shoot P concentrations
of 0.18%-0.20%, with higher values at lower temperatures, but the optimum
concentration for one-year-old (1-0) nursery seedlings was 0.16% P. Growth of
seedlings was greatly restricted at a soil temperature of 5 degrees C and an
air temperature of 12 degrees C. At a soil temperature of 10 degrees C and an
air temperature of 14 degrees C seedling P requirement was greater than at soil
and air temperatures of 20 degrees C. Monoammonium phosphate was more effective
than calcium superphosphate in stimulating growth in pots and nursery beds.
Triple superphosphate was also effective in the nursery. Diammonium phosphate,
potassium dihydrogen phosphate and phosphoric acid had no advantages as P
sources in the nursery. Available P levels of 100-130 ppm, in the loamy sand
and sandy loam nurseries studied, and needle P concentrations of 0.18%, when
sampled in October, were associated with maximum growth of two-year-old (2-0)
seedlings. P fertilization decreased the root/shoot ratio, but did not alter
the allometric relationship of shoot to root. Improving the P status from a low
level increased the root growth capacity in 2-0 seedlings and P fertilization
of potted seedlings increased the dry weight/height ratio. Uptakes per seed bed
ha of 236 kg N, 31 kg P, 81 kg K and 73 kg Ca by 2-0 seedlings were comparable
with, or greater than, uptake rates of agricultural crops. Recoveries of 6-11%
of P from fertilizer were recorded in the nursery.
28. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1984b. Seedling spacing in the nursery in relation to growth, yield, and
performance of stock. Forestry-Chronicle 60(6): 345-355.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In 3
experiments at nurseries in coastal British Columbia Picea sitchensis, P.
glauca, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Thuja plicata and coastal and interior
varieties of Pseudotsuga menziesii were sown in May 1979, 1980 or 1982 and
grown at spacings ranging from 0.5 to 12 cm. A 1-cm increase in spacing
increased seedling dry wt. by 0.5-1.5 g and root collar diam. by 0.2-0.25 mm up
to a spacing of about 8-10 cm. Above this, response was less. Ht. of 2-yr-old
seedlings was increased slightly or even decreased by wider spacing. Height :
diameter ratios decreased sharply and shoot : root dry wt. decreased or
remained unchanged with wider spacing. The number of needle primordia in 2-0 P.
menziesii buds increased up to a spacing of 2 cm, and the number of 1st and 2nd
order branches were also increased by wider spacing. Increases in root growth
capacity were associated with wider spacing in T. plicata and Picea sitchensis.
In a test of 3 types of precision seeders, none produced anything like accurate
seed placement. Irregularity was increased by 10-20% non-viable seed and winter
mortality. Increased spacing of 2-5 cm between seedlings was justified by the
yield of acceptable seedlings only when the culling standard was increased to a
root collar diam. of about 6 mm. Three yr after planting out the survival of P.
glauca was increased 11% by wider spacing. After 2 yr P. sitchensis survival
was increased 13% by wider spacing. Both species grown at wider spacing
maintained a ht. and diam. advantage over those from close spacing.
29. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1987. Importance of current photosynthate to new root growth in planted conifer
seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(8): 776-782.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree physiology
photosynthesis
tree
morphology
Abstract: Reports
are given of 6 experiments. Two-yr-old seedlings of Douglas fir and
30. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1988a. Nursery growth of conifer seedlings using fertilizers of different
solubilities and application time, and their forest growth.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 18(2): 172-180.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Beginning
in May 1982, seedlings of Douglas fir and white spruce were grown for 2 yr in a
bare-root nursery in southern
31. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1988b. Response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to some
different fertilizers applied at planting. New-Forests 2(2): 89-110.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
fertilization
growth
tree/stand health
tree
physiology
Abstract: Four
fertilizer experiments to assess type of fertilizer, dosage and timing, were
conducted on eastern
32. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1991a. Influence of container nursery regimes on drought resistance of
seedlings following planting. I. Survival and growth.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 21(5): 555-565.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In a 2
year study, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings, grown in Styroblock
containers in a container nursery from February to July 1988, were exposed to
three temperatures and three levels of drought stress applied factorially
during 18 July to 29 September 1988. Mean temperatures of 13, 16 and 20 degrees
C were imposed in growth chambers, in a cooled plastic house, and in an ambient
plastic house, respectively. Control, medium and severe levels of drought
stress were imposed in a series of eight cycles, resulting in mean xylem
pressure potentials of -0.32, -0.50 and -0.99 MPa, respectively. Seedlings were
kept in the ambient plastic house until January 1989, when they were lifted and
cold-stored until transplanting to covered 0.5-m deep sand beds, which provided
hygric, mesic, and xeric conditions for testing all species and treatments. At
the end of nursery growth, an increase in nursery temperature increased height
and height : diameter ratio in all species and shoot:root dry weight ratio in
Douglas fir and lodgepole pine. Increase in temperature also increased the number
of seedlings with large well-formed buds in white spruce, but reduced the
number in Douglas fir. Drought stress reduced height and dry weight in all
species and bud length in lodgepole pine. After 9 weeks in sand beds, low
nursery temperature increased survival (19% for lodgepole pine and white spruce
grown in the xeric bed), except for Douglas fir grown in the xeric bed. Nursery
drought stress also increased survival (16% for Douglas fir and lodgepole pine
in the xeric bed), but had little effect on white spruce. Low temperature and
drought stress treatments that increased survival also reduced height and dry
weight of lodgepole pine and white spruce after one growing season in sand
beds. Survival showed significant negative correlations with height, dry weight
and height:diameter and shoot : root weight ratios. Low nursery temperature
continued to affect growth 16 weeks after planting, increasing relative growth
rate and allometric ratio (K) of Douglas fir and reducing K of white spruce.
33. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1991b. Influence of container nursery regimes on drought resistance of
seedlings following planting. II. Stomatal conductance, specific leaf area, and
root growth capacity. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 21(5): 566-572.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Seedlings
of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and
white spruce (Picea glauca) were grown in a container nursery from February to
July 1988 and then exposed to three temperatures and three levels of drought
stress applied factorially during mid-July to October 1988. Seedlings were
retained in a shelter house until January 1989, when they were cold-stored
until early May. Measurements of stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E),
and specific leaf area (
34. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1992a. Absolute and relative growth of Douglas-fir seedlings of different
sizes. Tree-Physiology 10(2): 141-152.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
Abstract: Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings of a single (
35. Driessche, R.v.-d.
1992b. Changes in drought resistance and rootgrowth capacity of container
seedlings in response to nursery drought, nitrogen, and potassium treatments.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(5):740-749.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
carbon allocation
tree
physiology
Abstract: Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and white spruce
(Picea glauca) seedlings, each represented by two seed lots, were grown in
Styroblock containers in a greenhouse and plastic shelter house from February
1989 to January 1990. The seedlings were exposed to two N treatments (20 and
200 mg/litre) and three K treatments (5, 25 and 100 mg/litre) arranged
factorially within three drought treatments. After winter storage, seedlings
from a complete set of treatments were planted into hygric, mesic and xeric
sand beds during 12-14 March. Increasing nursery drought stress increased
survival of Douglas fir and lodgepole pine after planting, and high N treatment
level increased survival of lodgepole pine and white spruce. Under xeric
conditions, combined nursery drought and high N treatments increased survival
of lodgepole pine by 33%, indicating the importance of nursery cultural regime
for stock quality. Increase in nursery drought stress did not decrease seedling
size by much; increase in N increased seedling size one season after planting.
A positive relation between shoot : root ratio and survival in lodgepole pine
and white spruce indicated that increase in N increased both shoot growth and
drought resistance over the N range investigated. Only Douglas fir showed an
interaction between drought and N treatment and a small response in both
survival and dry weight to K application. Root growth capacity, measured at the
time of planting, showed an approximate doubling in all species due to high N treatment,
and was also increased in white spruce by drought stress. Survival and root
growth capacity were poorly correlated, but dry-weight growth in sand beds was
well correlated with root growth capacity. Shoot dry weight and percentage N in
shoots measured after nursery growth were correlated with root growth capacity.
Manipulation of root growth capacity by changing nursery treatment was possible
without altering resistance to drought stress after planting.
36. Dunsworth, B.G. 1985.
Three-yr survival and height growth of 2+0 bareroot Douglas-fir seedlings
treated with a Symbex root dip. Tree-Planters' Notes 36(1): 24-25.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Seedling roots were dipped in a sol. of Symbex [a stimulant containing
fertilizer and microorganisms?] diluted 40:1 with water, or water before
planting out in May 1980 on
37. Duponnois, R., J.
Garbaye, D. Bouchard and J.L. Churin. 1993. The fungus-specificity of
mycorrhization helper bacteria (MHBs) used as an alternative to soil fumigation
for ectomycorrhizal inoculation of bare-root Douglas-fir planting stocks with
Laccaria laccata. Plant and Soil 157:257-262.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Mycorrhization
helper bacteria (MHBs) isolated and selected from the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii)-Laccaria laccata symbiotic system have previously been shown to be
fungus-specific: they promote ectomycorrhizal establishment of Laccaria laccata
but inhibit mycorrhizal formation by other fungi. In this paper, two
experiments in a nursery producing 2-yr-old bare rooted Douglas fir planting
stock confirmed the specificity of MHBs (9 strains were tested) under field
conditions. Mycorrhizal formation by Laccaria laccata, and the closely related
L. bicolor was promoted by the specific MHBs tested, but mycorrhizal formation
by Hebeloma cylindrosporum and a contaminant white fungus was inhibited; the
strain of Paxillus involutus used was only poorly infective and not affected by
MHBs. The experiments also showed that, by selectively helping the introduced
L. laccata against the resident symbionts, MHBs are an interesting alternative
(safer and easier) to soil fumigation for the success of routine controlled
mycorrhization of planting stock in forest nurseries. The MHB strain BBc6 (a
Pseudomonas fluorescens) is suggested as a suitable candidate for this system.