1. Birchler, T.M., R.
Rose and D.L. Haase. 2001. Fall fertilization with N
and K: effects on Douglas-fir seedling quality and performance.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 16(2): 71-79.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree morphology
tree/stand health
Abstract: Coastal
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
1+1 seedlings from coastal
2. Black, C.H. 1988. Interaction of phosphorus fertilizer form and soil medium on
Douglas-fir seedling phosphorus content, growth and photosynthesis.
Plant-and-Soil 106(2): 191-199.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
photosynthesis
Abstract:
Douglas-fir seedlings were grown in containers in peat-vermiculite or mineral
soil each amended with different levels of concentrated superphosphate
(CSP) or a granulated
3. Bledsoe, C.S. and R.J. Zasoski. 1983. Effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth
and nitrogen uptake by mycorrhizal Douglas-fir
seedlings. In Tree root systems and their mycorrhizas.
Ed. D. Atkinson. pp. 445-454.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree morphology
tree/stand health
Abstract: In a
greenhouse pot study, 1-yr-old mycorrhizal
(inoculated with Hebeloma crustuliniforme)
and non-mycorrhizal Douglas fir seedlings were grown
in sandy forest soil amended with 10% of clay minerals (bentonite
and/or kaolinite) and ammonium or nitrate fertilizer.
Ht. growth, root and shoot DM and accumulation of nitrogen and P were greater
in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal
seedlings, especially in the nitrate treatment. Ammonium interacted with kaolinite to reduce survival which again was poorer in the
absence of mycorrhiza.
4. Coleman, M., J. Dunlap, D. Dutton
and C. Bledsoe. 1987. Nursery and field evaluation of compost-grown conifer
seedlings. Tree-Planters' Notes 38(2): 22-27.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), noble fir (Abies procera) and ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) were raised in beds that had been treated with 0, 2, 4 or 6 inches
of compost (fir/hemlock sawdust and municipal sewage sludge, 3:1) at a nursery
in Carson, Washington. In autumn 1983, the 2+0 stock was lifted, stored until
spring 1984 and then planted out on
5. Coleman, M.D., C.S. Bledsoe and
B.A. Smit. 1990. Root hydraulic conductivity and
xylem sap levels of zeatin riboside
and abscisic acid in ectomycorrhizal
Douglas fir seedlings. New-Phytologist 115(2):
275-284.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree
morphology
tree
physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: The hypothesis that root hydraulic conductivity (LP) of ectomycorrhizal
root systems is greater than that of non-mycorrhizal
systems, and different to that of vesicular-arbuscular
(VA) mycorrhizas was tested in a greenhouse
experiment, by measuring hydraulic qualities of roots while accounting for
seedling size and P content. Plant growth substances (abscisic
acid and zeatin riboside)
expressed from roots during the experiments were also
measured. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria
bicolor and Hebeloma crustuliniforme,
and non-inoculated seedlings infected naturally with Thelephora
were grown under 3 rates of P fertilization (1, 10 and 100 micro M P). After 9
months, seedling morphology, tissue P concn., LP and plant growth substance concn.
in xylem sap were measured. Increased tissue P and
decreased root/shoot ratio correlated with increased LP in each mycorrhizal treatment; when adjusted for the effect of
these 2 factors, LP of Laccaria and Hebeloma seedlings was still lower than that of Thelephora seedlings. In a subsequent experiment, LP of
seedlings with Hebeloma and Rhizopogon
vinicolor mycorrhizas was
compared with that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings
(grown at 100 mM P) and no differences were found
among treatments. The lack of an ectomycorrhizal
effect on LP is quite different from the enhancement of host LP by VA mycorrhizas. Zeatin riboside concentrations of Thelephora-
and Hebeloma-infected seedlings were similar, yet
higher than with Laccaria. There was no relationship
between plant growth substances and LP in ectomycorrhizal
Douglas fir, despite lower zeatin riboside
concentrations for Laccaria-inoculated plants.
6. Donald, D.G.M. and D.G. Simpson.
1985. Shallow conditioning and late fertilizer application effects on the
quality of conifer nursery stock in
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree morphology
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: Eight
trials on 2+0 stock of Picea engelmannii,
P. glauca, P. sitchensis, Pinus contorta and Pseudotsuga menziesii (var. glauca and var. menziesii) in 4
nurseries were conducted to compare the effects of shallow conditioning
(undercutting and wrenching at 10 cm deep) with those of the standard
conditioning regime (undercutting and wrenching at 20 cm) on nursery
performance, storage and field performance. The application of a complete NPK
fertilizer 50 days before lifting was also evaluated. Shallow conditioning and
late fertilizer application improved the root growth capacity at lifting, but
could not replace cold exposure for hardening Pseudotsuga
menziesii. Shallow conditioning had little effect on
survival after planting and reduced initial ht. increment of all species.
Application of fertilizer just before lifting improved the early growth of the
trees without adversely affecting survival. Planting
seedlings some 5 cm deeper than they stood in the nursery improved
establishment.
7. Driessche,
R.v.-d. 1983. Growth, survival, and physiology of
Douglas-fir seedlings following root wrenching and fertilization.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(2): 270-278.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand health
tree morphology
tree physiology
growth
Abstract:
Seedlings at different nurseries on
8. Driessche,
R.v.-d. 1984a. Response of Douglas
fir seedlings to phosphorus fertilization and influence of temperature on this
response. Plant-and-Soil 80(2): 155-169.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
carbon allocation
tree morphology
Abstract: In pot
experiments levels of P fertilizers equivalent to 300 kg/ha were adequate for
maximum growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii)
seedlings over 14-18 weeks, and resulted in available soil P levels of 80 ppm after 15 weeks' growth. Maximum growth in pots was
obtained with shoot P concentrations of 0.18%-0.20%, with higher values at
lower temperatures, but the optimum concentration for one-year-old (1-0)
nursery seedlings was 0.16% P. Growth of seedlings was greatly restricted at a
soil temperature of 5 degrees C and an air temperature of 12 degrees C. At a
soil temperature of 10 degrees C and an air temperature of 14 degrees C
seedling P requirement was greater than at soil and air temperatures of 20
degrees C. Monoammonium phosphate was more effective
than calcium superphosphate in stimulating growth in
pots and nursery beds. Triple superphosphate was also
effective in the nursery. Diammonium phosphate,
potassium dihydrogen phosphate and phosphoric acid
had no advantages as P sources in the nursery. Available P levels of 100-130 ppm, in the loamy sand and sandy loam nurseries studied,
and needle P concentrations of 0.18%, when sampled in October, were associated
with maximum growth of two-year-old (2-0) seedlings. P fertilization decreased
the root/shoot ratio, but did not alter the allometric
relationship of shoot to root. Improving the P status from a low level
increased the root growth capacity in 2-0 seedlings and P fertilization of
potted seedlings increased the dry weight/height ratio. Uptakes per seed bed ha
of 236 kg N, 31 kg P, 81 kg K and 73 kg Ca by 2-0 seedlings were comparable
with, or greater than, uptake rates of agricultural crops. Recoveries of 6-11%
of P from fertilizer were recorded in the nursery.
9. Driessche,
R.v.-d. 1988a. Nursery growth of
conifer seedlings using fertilizers of different solubilities
and application time, and their forest growth.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 18(2): 172-180.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Beginning in May 1982, seedlings of Douglas fir and white spruce were grown for
2 yr in a bare-root nursery in southern
10. Driessche,
R.v.-d. 1988b. Response of
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
(Mirb.) Franco) to some different fertilizers
applied at planting. New-Forests 2(2): 89-110.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
fertilization
growth
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract: Four
fertilizer experiments to assess type of fertilizer, dosage and timing, were
conducted on eastern
11. Driessche,
R.v.-d. 1992b. Changes in drought resistance and rootgrowth capacity of container seedlings in response to
nursery drought, nitrogen, and potassium treatments.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(5):740-749.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
Abstract: Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii),
lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and white spruce (Picea
glauca) seedlings, each represented by two seed lots,
were grown in Styroblock containers in a greenhouse
and plastic shelter house from February 1989 to January 1990. The seedlings
were exposed to two N treatments (20 and 200 mg/litre)
and three K treatments (5, 25 and 100 mg/litre)
arranged factorially within three drought treatments.
After winter storage, seedlings from a complete set of treatments were planted
into hygric, mesic and
xeric sand beds during 12-14 March. Increasing nursery drought stress increased
survival of Douglas fir and lodgepole pine after planting, and high N treatment level increased survival of lodgepole pine and white spruce. Under xeric conditions,
combined nursery drought and high N treatments increased survival of lodgepole pine by 33%, indicating the importance of nursery
cultural regime for stock quality. Increase in nursery drought stress did not
decrease seedling size by much; increase in N increased seedling size one
season after planting. A positive relation between shoot :
root ratio and survival in lodgepole pine and white
spruce indicated that increase in N increased both shoot growth and drought
resistance over the N range investigated. Only Douglas fir showed an
interaction between drought and N treatment and a small response in both
survival and dry weight to K application. Root growth capacity, measured at the
time of planting, showed an approximate doubling in all species due to high N
treatment, and was also increased in white spruce by drought stress. Survival
and root growth capacity were poorly correlated, but dry-weight growth in sand
beds was well correlated with root growth capacity. Shoot dry weight and
percentage N in shoots measured after nursery growth were
correlated with root growth capacity. Manipulation of root growth capacity by
changing nursery treatment was possible without altering resistance to drought
stress after planting.
12. Dunsworth,
B.G. 1985. Three-yr survival and height growth of 2+0 bareroot
Douglas-fir seedlings treated with a Symbex root dip.
Tree-Planters' Notes 36(1): 24-25.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Seedling roots were dipped in a sol. of Symbex [a
stimulant containing fertilizer and microorganisms?] diluted 40:1 with water,
or water before planting out in May 1980 on
13. Gagnon, J., C.G. Langlois, D. Bouchard, F.l. Tacon and F. Le Tacon. 1995.
Growth and ectomycorrhizal formation of
container-grown Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated with Laccaria
bicolor under four levels of nitrogen fertilization.
Canadian Journal of
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree morphology
mycorrhizal response
soil properties
Abstract:
Container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were inoculated at the time of sowing
with a Laccaria bicolor mycelial
suspension produced in a fermentor. They were grown
in a peat moss-vermiculite substrate under four levels of N fertilization (7.2,
14.4, 21.6 and 28.7 mg/seedling per season (N1, N2, N3 and N4, respectively))
to determine the N level suitable for both ectomycorrhizal
development and seedling growth. After 18 weeks in the greenhouse, seedlings
inoculated with L. bicolor had 44%, 32%, 44% and 5% of their short roots mycorrhizal when fertilized with N1, N2, N3 and N4,
respectively. Only when they were fertilized with N4 did the L. bicolor
seedlings have significantly greater shoot height than the controls. For the
other growth parameters, they were not significantly different from control
seedlings for any of the N levels. After 18 weeks, regardless of the level of
N, seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor had significantly lower N
concentrations (%) and contents (mg/seedling) than the uninoculated
ones. Consequently, for the same production of biomass, the mycorrhizal
seedlings had taken up less N than the nonmycorrhizal
ones. The efficiency of applied N, expressed in terms of produced biomass,
decreased when the N fertilization increased; mycorrhizal
and nonmycorrhizal seedlings did not tend to be
different. The efficiency of the absorbed N also decrease
with the level of applied N, but less rapidly, and tended to be greater for the
mycorrhizal seedlings than for the nonmycorrhizal ones. Therefore, the mycorrhizal
infection improved the utilization of the absorbed
14. Graff, J.E., Jr., R.K. Hermann
and J.B. Zaerr. 1999a. Dry matter
and nitrogen allocation in western redcedar, western
hemlock, and Douglas fir seedlings grown in low- and high-N soils.
Annals-of-Forest-Science 56(7): 529-538.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
Abstract: Seedlings
of western red cedar (Thuja plicata),
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla),
and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
were transplanted into each of 48 pots with soils of low or high levels of
available NO3- (and total N) and assigned to one of four treatments: unamended control; amendment with 60 mg kg-1 (NH4)2SO4;
amendment with 15 mg kg-1 of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) or
amendment with both (NH4)2SO4 and DCD. Dry weight and N content increments of
seedling tissues were determined after 8 weeks. Seedlings grown on the low-N
soil accumulated 65 % of the dry matter and 40 % of the N accumulated by
seedlings grown on the high-N soil. Retranslocation
of N from year-old foliage and the stem/branch components of western red cedar
and Douglas fir, but not western hemlock, was an
important source of N for current-year foliage and roots of low-N-grown
seedlings. Western hemlock achieved the greatest relative dry-matter increment
(Loge(DMfinal) - Loge(DMinitial); RDMI) and relative N increment (Loge(Nfinal) - Loge(Ninitial); RNI) in
each soil and accumulated 35 % more N from the low-N and 10 % more N from the
high-N soils than the other species. The RDMI of western red cedar was
intermediate between that of western hemlock and Douglas fir, whereas its RNI
on each of the soils was lowest. The results suggest that western hemlock is
more efficient than western red cedar or Douglas fir in acquiring inorganic N,
especially from low-N soils.
15. Haase,
D.L., J. Trobaugh and R. Rose. 1999. Douglas-fir
container stock grown with fertilizer-amended media: some preliminary results.
Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract: This paper
presents the initial results of a study conducted in a nursery in Oregon, USA,
to quantify the response of container grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) seedlings to various fertilizer treatments
(Simplot's 13-13-13 and 17-5-11, and Scotts Company's 18-5-12 and 15-9-10) in
terms of height, stem diameter and foliar nutrient content.
16. Henry, C.L. 1987. Growth
response, mortality, and foliar nitrogen concentrations of four tree species
treated with pulp and paper and municipal sludges. In
The-forest-alternative-for-treatment-and-utilization-of-municipal-and-industrial-wastes.
Eds. Cole, D.W., C.L. Henry, and W.L. Nutter.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
soil properties
growth
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract: Four
nursery beds at the University of Washington Charles
Lathrop Pack Demonstration Forest were each divided into plots that received 8
sludge treatments before being planted with seedlings of Douglas fir, Abies procera or Pinus monticola, or cuttings of Populus deltoides X P. trichocarpa. Each sludge and the unamended
soil were analysed for total solids, total C, P and
K, total N and NH4-N. Ht. and diam. were measured
after planting in April 1984 and again in Feb. 1985. N was determined in
foliage sampled during Oct. (Populus) or Feb. (other
species). Addition of pulp and paper sludge alone and combined with municipal
sludge provided predictable growth responses when compared with the C : N ratio of each treatment. Av. response was positive
when the C : N ratio was more favourable
than that of untreated soil, but av. response was negative when soil was
treated with primary pulp and paper sludge with a very high C : N ratio.
Treatments that produced the greatest growth also increased seedling mortality.
17. Henry, C.L., D.W. Cole, T.M. Hinckley
and R.B. Harrison. 1993. The use of municipal and pulp and paper sludges to increase production in forestry.
Journal-of-Sustainable-Forestry 1(3): 41-55.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
fertilization
thinning
growth
tree/stand health
soil properties
Abstract: Because
of their high nutritional content and soil conditioning properties, municipal
and pulp and paper (P&P) sludges (biosolids) can serve as soil amendments for nutritionally
deprived or organically poor soils on forest sites. Studies conducted over the
past 20 years at an experimental forest site in
18. Hildebrand, D.M., J.K. Stone,
R.L. James and S.J. Frankel. 2004. Alternatives to preplant
soil fumigation for Western forest nurseries. Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
Abstract: Field
trials were conducted at six bare-root forest tree (Pinus
ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii,
Pinus contorta and Abies magnifica var. shastensis) nurseries in the Western United States: Bend
Pine Nursery in Bend and J. Herbert Stone Nursery in Central Point (Oregon),
Coeur d'Alene Nursery and Lucky Peak Nursery in Idaho, and Humboldt Nursery
near McKinleyville and Placerville Nursery near
Camino (California). These field experiments compared cultural treatments
including timing and depth of sowing; bare fallow (with and without periodic
tilling); organic amendments including sawdust, composts, and cover crops;
mulches including pine needles, sawdust, and rice straw; and fumigation with
methyl bromide/chloropicrin or dazomet. Measured
effects included population levels of potential soil-borne pathogens (species
of Fusarium and Pythium),
disease incidence, seedbed density, and sizes of conifer seedlings. Several
non-fumigation treatments resulted in production of seedlings with densities
and sizes similar to or better than those produced in beds treated with
chemical fumigation. Results varied within the nurseries depending on conifer
species, field history, and disease presence. Beneficial cultural practices
included: (1) incorporation of slowly decomposing organic soil amendments,
e.g., aged sawdust with additional nitrogen provided later to seedlings; (2)
bare fallowing with periodic tilling, and bare fallowing without periodic
tilling plus supplemental weed control; and (3) sowing of conifer seed earlier
and more shallow than sown conventionally, and covering seed with a nonsoil mulch such as aged sawdust or hydromulch.
19. Jacobs, D.F., R. Rose and D.L. Haase. 2003a. Development of Douglas-fir seedling root architecture
in response to localized nutrient supply. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
33(1): 118-125.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree morphology
tree physiology
growth
Abstract: Three
months following sowing, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco)
seedlings were transplanted into pots with controlled-release fertilizer (CRF)
applied at rates of 0, 8, 16, and 24 g/2200 cm3 soil as a single uniform layer
beneath the root system. Seedlings were destructively harvested periodically,
and roots were divided into vertical segments above (S1), within (S2), and
below (S3) the fertilizer layer. Two months following transplant, the number of
active root tips was positively correlated with CRF rate in S1 and negatively
correlated with rate in S2 and S3. At 6 months, root penetration into S3 was
severely restricted at 16 and 24 g. This was attributed to detrimental changes
in soil osmotic potential in S2. Fertilizer improved seedling growth at 8 g
after 6 months compared with controls but was inhibitory at 24 g. Photochemical
quantum yield was higher in all CRF treatments compared with controls 3 months
following transplant, which corresponded with rapid initial CRF nutrient
release. Despite improvements in nutrient release technology with CRF, high
application rates may result in excessive concentrations of fertilizer
nutrients in media, which can restrict root penetration and negatively affect
seedling growth. Conservative application rates and improvements in CRF
technology will help reduce the potential for adverse effects on seedling
development.
20. Kelsey, R.G., G. Joseph and E.A. Gerson. 1998. Ethanol synthesis, nitrogen, carbohydrates,
and growth in tissues from nitrogen fertilized Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. seedlings. Trees: Structure and Function 13(2): 103-111.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree physiology
Abstract:
Seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) were grown in a controlled environment and given nutrient solutions
containing 0 (-N) or 150 ppm nitrogen (+N). Seedling growth, and the concentrations of N and carbohydrates in
their tissues were affected by the treatments. Metabolically active tissues,
such as roots, incubated with a limited supply of O2 became hypoxic faster and
synthesized more ethanol than less active tissues, such as needles. All tissues
that were incubated for 4 h in N2 synthesized ethanol. Needles incubated in N2
and light had much lower quantities of ethanol than needles in N2 and dark,
suggesting that O2 from photosynthesis limited internal anoxia. Most tissues
from +N seedlings synthesized greater quantities of ethanol in N2 anoxia than
tissues from -N seedlings, probably because they were able to produce more
enzymes with a greater availability of N. However, this increase in ethanol
synthesis between N treatments was most pronounced in the phloem. Ethanol and
soluble sugar concentrations were negatively related in needles and positively
related in roots of +N seedlings, but not -N seedlings. Starch concentrations
had no effect on the amount of ethanol produced by any tissue. Regardless of N
treatments, all tissues from ponderosa pine produced more N2-induced ethanol
than Douglas-fir, in part because its tissues contained different
concentrations of soluble sugars and N as a consequence of phenological
differences between the species. However, ponderosa pine tissues may also
maintain greater quantities of anaerobic enzymes, or their isoenzymes
than Douglas fir.
21.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract: We
measured the relative control that resource availability (as a supply-side
control) and wounding (as a demand-side control) exert on patterns of monoterpene synthesis and concentration in Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] needles. While supply-side controls should
alter monoterpene production due to changes in the
availability of substrate (carbohydrates), demand-side controls alter the need
for a defensive product. We examined these relationships by measuring
constitutive (preformed) and wound-induced rates of monoterpene
synthesis and pool sizes in trees grown under ambient and elevated (ambient
+200 micro mol mol-1) CO2, ambient and elevated (ambient +4 degrees C)
temperature, and in trees grown under four levels of nitrogen fertilization (0,
50, 100 and 200 micro g g-1 N by weight). Monoterpene
pool size decreased at elevated CO2, increased at
elevated temperature and did not change in response to nitrogen fertilization.
Overall, we did not find that foliar nitrogen, carbon balance, or rate of monoterpene synthesis alone were consistent predictors of monoterpene concentration in current-year Douglas fir
needles. In addition, despite a wound-induced decrease in monoterpene
pool size, we found no evidence for induction of monoterpene
synthesis in response to wounding. The influence of either resource
availability or wounding on rates of monoterpene
synthesis or accumulation cannot be explained by traditional supply-side or
demand-side controls. We conclude that monoterpene
synthesis in first-year Douglas fir needles is controlled by fairly
conservative genetic mechanisms and is influenced more by past selection than
by current resource state.
22. Lu, S., K.G. Mattson, J.B. Zaerr and J.D. Marshall. 1998. Root respiration of
Douglas-fir seedlings: effects of N concentration.
Soil-Biology-and-Biochemistry 30(3): 331-336.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree morphology
tree physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Six-month-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were grown at three N concentrations
and with controlled root temperatures in
23. Margolis, H.A. and R.H. Waring. 1986a. Carbon and nitrogen allocation patterns of
Douglas-fir seedlings fertilized with nitrogen in autumn. I. Overwinter metabolism. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
16(5): 897-902.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree physiology
Abstract: Dormant
Douglas fir seedlings (2+0) in a western Oregon nursery were fertilized with
ammonium nitrate in Oct. 1983 and harvested for biochemical analyses before
fertilization and in Nov. 1983 and Feb. and Mar. 1984. Free
amino acid (FAA) concn. and
total N in the needles of fertilized seedlings showed a large increase 1 month
after fertilization. FAA concn.
of fertilized seedlings decreased in needles during
winter, but remained stable in stems and fine roots. Just before budbreak in mid-Mar., FAA concn. increased significantly in needles and stems. Total N
increased 1 month after fertilization, remained stable during winter and tended
to decrease just before budbreak. Starch and total
nonstructural carbohydrate concn. of
needles and stems were lower in fertilized than in unfertilized seedlings just
before budbreak. When data from all
harvests were combined, sugar concn. of fine roots were lower in fertilized seedlings. The depletion
of carbohydrate reserves following N fertilization probably reflected increased
maintenance respiration which required synthesis of additional enzymes.
24. Margolis, H.A. and R.H. Waring. 1986b. Carbon and nitrogen allocation patterns of
Douglas-fir seedlings fertilized with nitrogen in autumn. II. Field
performance. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(5): 903-909.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree phenology
growth
tree physiology
Abstract: Douglas
fir seedlings (2+0), unfertilized or fertilized with ammonium nitrate in Oct.
1983, were planted out in Feb. 1984 near
25. Molina, R. and J. Chamard. 1984. Use of the ectomycorrhizal
fungus Laccaria laccata in
forestry. II. Effects of fertilizer forms and levels on ectomycorrhizal
development and growth of container-grown Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine
seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(1): 89-95.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
mycorrhizal response
growth
Abstract: [See FA
44, 2464] Seedlings were grown in peat/vermiculite medium with or without
pre-germination inoculation with L. laccata, using
three rates of soluble NPK fertilizer (low, high, and a combination of low
changed to high) or full or half strength of a slow-release fertilizer. Ectomycorrhizal development was excellent for both hosts
regardless of fertilizer treatment; ectomycorrhizal
short roots averaged 93.6% for Douglas fir and 94.5% for ponderosa pine.
Inoculation did not affect the size of Douglas fir but significantly reduced
growth of ponderosa pine at low fertility.
26. Radwan, M.A. 1992. Effect of forest floor on
growth and nutrition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings with and
without fertilizer. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(9):
1222-1229.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
Abstract: Experiments
were conducted to determine the effects of four different forest soils from
western Washington, USA, on growth and shoot nutrients of potted Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
seedlings, in the absence and presence of forest floor, and with and without N
and P fertilizers. Nine-month-old seedlings from low-altitude seed sources were
used, and seedlings were grown for 2 years in a roofed lathhouse.
Soils were of the Klone, Vesta,
Bunker, and
27. Radwan, M.A., J.S. Shumway, D.S. DeBell and J.M. Kraft. 1991. Variance in response of
pole-size trees and seedlings of Douglas-fir and western hemlock to nitrogen
and phosphorus fertilizers. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 21(10):
1431-1438.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
fertilization
tree physiology
growth
Abstract: A study
was made of the effects of N, P and NP fertilizer treatments on plant nutrients
and growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla). Three trials were conducted, (1) and
(2) on pole-size trees at two different sites in
28. Thompson, G. 1995. Nitrogen
fertilization requirements of Douglas-fir container seedlings vary by seed
source. Tree-Planters' Notes 46(1): 15-18.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree morphology
Abstract: Growth
of container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) from different seed sources from western
29. Wang, X. and D. Zabowski. 1998. Nutrient composition of Douglas-fir rhizosphere and bulk soil solutions. Plant-and-Soil 200(1):
13-20.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
soil properties
Abstract: A study
was conducted during 1995-96 at Weyerhaeuser Rochester Seedling Nursery and the
White River District of the Weyerhaeuser Tree Farm, Washington, to investigate
the nutrient composition of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] rhizosphere soil
solution in soils belonging to the Nisqually and Pitcher soil series,
respectively, and to compare rhizosphere solution
with that of bulk soil solution. Fertilized (urea, ammonium sulfate, calcium
nitrate, and triple superphosphate) and unfertilized
Nisqually soils were also compared. Soil solutions were collected using
centrifugation. Nutrient concentrations in the rhizosphere
solutions were typically higher than that of bulk soil solutions when no
fertilizer was applied, but differences in the concentrations of nutrients
between the rhizosphere and bulk soil solutions were
masked by the addition of fertilizers. With a higher concentration of NH4
relative to NO3 in the rhizosphere soil solution, the
solution pH of the rhizosphere was lower than that of
the bulk soil, but with a lower concentration of NH4 relative to NO3, the
solution pH of the rhizosphere was higher than that
of the bulk soil solution.