1. Alvarez, I.F.
and R.G. Linderman. 1983. Effects of ethylene and
fungicide dips during cold storage on root regeneration and survival of western
conifers and their mycorrhizal fungi.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(5): 962-971.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Survival and growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa and Abies concolor seedlings, and
survival of mycorrhizal fungi on their roots were
assessed after cold storage with or without 5 p.p.m. ethylene in combination with 4 root treatments:
washed, dipped in Truban [etridiazole]
or Benlate sol. or not treated. Ethylene treatment
resulted in increased survival, apical bud burst, and new root formation in the
greenhouse if roots had not been washed or dipped in fungicide. None of the gas
storage or root treatments greatly affected seedling survival in the field.
Root washing decreased seedling vigour, especially in
fir. None of the root treatments or gas storage conditions affected root fungal
populations; bacterial and actinomycete populations
appeared to be affected and the response varied according to host species. Pisolithus tinctorius, which
formed mycorrhizae with 10-20% of the short roots of
the seedlings, did not survive cold storage. Thelephora
spp. and an ectendomycorrhizal
fungus both survived cold storage and rapidly colonized roots newly formed on
seedlings planted after cold storage.
2. Alvarez, I.F. and J.M. Trappe. 1983a. Dusting roots of Abies concolor and other conifers with Pisolithus
tinctorius spores at outplanting
time proves ineffective. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(5):
1021-1023.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
mechanical preparation
growth
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Dusting
roots of Abies concolor, Abies magnifica var. shastensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus ponderosa
with Pisolithus tinctorius
(Pt) spores when planted out produced no Pt mycorrhizae
at the end of the first growing season. In the 3rd yr occasional Pt mycorrhizae had formed on A. concolor.
Inoculations reduced seedling survival in some cases. High rates of spore
application may have desiccated roots of the true firs and spore amounts
applied need careful attention. Soil scarification and ripping significantly
promoted growth of A. concolor seedlings compared
with scarification alone.
3. Alvarez, I.F. and J.M. Trappe.
1983b. Effects of application rate and cold soaking pretreatment of Pisolithus spores on effectiveness as nursery inoculum on western conifers. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
13(3): 533-537.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Ponderosa
pine, Douglas fir, Shasta red (Abies magnifica var. shastensis), and
white fir (Abies concolor)
seedlings were inoculated in a bare root nursery with basidiospores
of Pisolithus tinctorius.
The spores were applied at 3 rates with or without cold/wet pretreatment of 7
or 21 days. Pretreatment did not affect spore efficiency as inoculum.
Only ponderosa pine increased growth in response to inoculation. Inoculations
in the greenhouse with a wider range of spore application rates revealed that a
higher concn. of spores was
needed to induce an increase in growth and mycorrhiza
formation of Douglas fir than ponderosa pine. These levels were much higher
than those used in nursery inoculations.
4. Amaranthus,
M.P. and D.A. Perry. 1987. Effect of soil transfer on ectomycorrhiza
formation and the survival and growth of conifer seedlings on old, nonreforested clear-cuts.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(8): 944-950.
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand health
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Small
amounts (150 ml) of soil from established conifer plantations and mature forest
were transferred to planting holes on 3 sites in the
5. Amaranthus,
M.P. and D.A. Perry. 1989a. Interaction effects of vegetation
type and Pacific madrone soil inocula
on survival, growth and mycorrhiza formation of
Douglas-fir. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 19(5): 550-556.
Keywords: planting operations
growth
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: One-yr-old
non-mycorrhizal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) seedlings were planted in 1985 in cleared
blocks within 3 adjacent vegetation types in SW Oregon, viz., whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida), annual
grass meadow, and an open stand of Oregon white oak (Quercus
garryana). Within subplots in each block, either
pasteurized or unpasteurized soil from a nearby
Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii)
stand was transferred to the planting holes of the seedlings; control seedlings
received no madrone soil. Second-year survival
averaged 92, 43 and 12% for seedlings planted on the manzanita,
meadow and oak sites, respectively. Growth differences generally paralleled
survival differences. Added madrone soil, whether
pasteurized or unpasteurized, did not influence
survival. Unpasteurized madrone
soil substantially increased the growth of seedlings on the manzanita
site, but not in the meadow or oak stand. Pasteurized madrone
soil did not affect growth in any of the vegetation types. Unpasteurized
madrone soil nearly tripled the number of mycorrhizal root tips forming on seedlings and resulted in
formation of a new mycorrhiza type on the manzanita site, although it had little or no effect on the
meadow or oak sites. These results suggest that manzanita
and madrone impose a biological pattern on soils that
stimulates Douglas fir growth and survival, and support results of other
studies indicating that root symbionts and rhizosphere organisms mediate interactions among plant
species.
6. Amaranthus,
M.P. and D.A. Perry. 1989b. Rapid root tip and mycorrhiza
formation and increased survival of Douglas-fir seedlings after soil transfer.
New-Forests 3(3): 259-264.
Keywords: planting operations
mycorrhizal response
root development
tree/stand health
Abstract: In
order to re-inoculate soil with mycorrhizal fungi,
small amounts (about 150 ml) of soil from an established Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation
were added to planting holes when Douglas fir seedlings were planted on an old,
unrevegetated clearcut in
the
7. Battista, C.d., D. Bouchard, F.
Martin, B. Genere, J.M. Amirault
and F.l. Tacon. 2002.
Survival after outplanting of the ectomycorrhizal
fungus Laccaria bicolor S238N inoculated on Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
(Mirb.) Franco) cuttings.
Annals-of-Forest-Science 59(1): 81-92.
Keywords: nursery operations
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Selected
strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi can be inoculated in
forest nurseries to improve survival and growth of seedlings or cuttings after
field transplantation. The survival of the American strain Laccaria
bicolor S238N on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) cuttings was evaluated in nursery and field
conditions (Oregon, USA) three years after outplanting
using morphological and PCR/RFLP of nuclear rDNA
spacers. The comparison of the mycorrhizal status of
Douglas fir cuttings at the end of the nursery phase and two years after outplanting show several behaviours
among the ectomycorrhizal fungi naturally occurring
in the nursery or artificially introduced. The naturally occurring Rhizopogon type disappeared after outplanting,
while the inoculated strain Laccaria bicolor S238N
and an unknown type (1/2 ITS ribotype) survived and
competed with the naturally occurring fungi of the outplanting
site. Only one indigenous type (1/3 ITS ribotype)
seemed occurring in the outplanting site where Cenococcum geophilum was almost
completely absent.
8. Berch, S.M. and A.L. Roth. 1993. Ectomycorrhizae
and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings preinoculated
with Rhizopogon vinicolor
and outplanted on eastern
Keywords: nursery operations
mycorrhizal response
growth
Abstract: Ectomycorrhizal
colonization of container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) inoculated with Rhizopogon
vinicolor was determined after cold storage and one
growing season after outplanting (in March 1988) on a
clear felled area on eastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Inoculated
Douglas fir seedlings were taller than noninoculated
controls when outplanted, but perhaps because of
browse damage, no growth differences were found after one growing season in the
field. R. vinicolor colonized all of the inoculated
but none of the control seedlings examined after cold storage. Volunteer Thelephora terrestris colonized
almost half of the control and 10% of the inoculated seedlings before outplanting. After one field season, inoculated and control
seedlings were colonized by 15 ectomycorrhizal fungi
each, only eight of which were found on both. R. vinicolor
persisted on the roots of inoculated plants, but was also present in the field
soil since the control seedlings also bore these mycorrhizas
after one growing season. The relative abundance of T. terrestris
decreased from the nursery to the field. The other common ectomycorrhizas
in the field included Mycelium radicis atrovirens, Cenococcum geophilum and types resembling Tuber and Endogone.
9. Busse,
M.D., G.O. Fiddler and A.W. Ratcliff. 2004. Ectomycorrhizal
formation in herbicide-treated soils of differing clay and organic matter
content. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 152:23-34.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical release
growth
tree morphology
tree/stand health
soil properties
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Herbicides
are commonly used on private timberlands in the western
10. Castellano,
M.A. and J.M. Trappe. 1985. Ectomycorrhizal formation
and plantation performance of Douglas-fir nursery stock inoculated with Rhizopogon spores. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
15(4): 613-617.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Basidiospores (0, 106, 107 or 108) of 7 species of hypogeous, ectomycorrhizal fungi
were applied to 1-msuperscript 2 plots sown with 4 conifer species (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus lambertiana, Abies concolor and Tsuga heterophylla) in a
bare-root nursery in
11. Castellano, M.A. and J.M. Trappe. 1991. Pisolithus
tinctorius fails to improve plantation performance of
inoculated conifers in southwestern
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Bare
root seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), white fir (Abies concolor), and grand fir (Abies grandis) were inoculated
with Pisolithus tinctorius
and subjected to standard nursery and cold storage practices. At age 2 years,
seedlings were assessed for mycorrhizal status, and
were planted out on a variety of sites in
12. Chanway,
C.P. 1997. Inoculation of tree roots with plant growth promoting soil bacteria:
an emerging technology for reforestation. Forest-Science 43(1): 99-112.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Results
from studies performed with beneficial asymbiotic
tree root associated bacteria are reviewed in this article in relation to the
possible uses of such microorganisms for artificial forest regeneration. The
review includes sections on plant growth promoting bacteria for pine (Pinus spp.), spruce (Picea spp.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).
Seedling root systems are colonized heavily by asymbiotic
soil bacteria, many of which have the potential to influence plant growth
significantly. A heterogeneous group of these microorganisms is well known for
their ability to colonize roots and stimulate growth of agricultural plant
species, sometimes doubling seedling biomass accumulation only a few weeks
after inoculation, but more usually resulting in less spectacular biomass gains
(e.g., 15%-30% greater than uninoculated controls
within a growing season). Plant growth promoting soil bacteria may exert such
effects through a variety of mechanisms, and include microorganisms that
stimulate seedling emergence or infection by symbiotic fungi and bacteria.
Other plant beneficial soil bacteria possess biological control activity or are
capable of transforming plants genetically. Inoculation of tree seedlings with
such bacterial before outplanting would be an
inexpensive, environmentally benign, and easily applied nursery treatment, but
comparatively little work has been performed with these microorganisms in
forestry. Recent results with various tree species, however, indicate that
seedling performance can be significantly enhanced through bacterial inoculation
of root systems: pine and spruce biomass increased 32%-49% 1 yr after
inoculation and outplanting at a reforestation site.
In addition, infection by desired species of ectomycorrhizal
fungi can also be enhanced by inoculation with certain strains of root
colonizing bacteria.
13. Coleman, M.D., C.S. Bledsoe and
B.A. Smit. 1990. Root hydraulic conductivity and
xylem sap levels of zeatin riboside
and abscisic acid in ectomycorrhizal
Douglas fir seedlings. New-Phytologist 115(2):
275-284.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree
morphology
tree physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: The hypothesis that root hydraulic conductivity (LP) of ectomycorrhizal
root systems is greater than that of non-mycorrhizal
systems, and different to that of vesicular-arbuscular
(VA) mycorrhizas was tested in a greenhouse
experiment, by measuring hydraulic qualities of roots while accounting for
seedling size and P content. Plant growth substances (abscisic
acid and zeatin riboside)
expressed from roots during the experiments were also
measured. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria
bicolor and Hebeloma crustuliniforme,
and non-inoculated seedlings infected naturally with Thelephora
were grown under 3 rates of P fertilization (1, 10 and 100 micro M P). After 9
months, seedling morphology, tissue P concn., LP and plant growth substance concn.
in xylem sap were measured. Increased tissue P and
decreased root/shoot ratio correlated with increased LP in each mycorrhizal treatment; when adjusted for the effect of
these 2 factors, LP of Laccaria and Hebeloma seedlings was still lower than that of Thelephora seedlings. In a subsequent experiment, LP of
seedlings with Hebeloma and Rhizopogon
vinicolor mycorrhizas was
compared with that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings
(grown at 100 mM P) and no differences were found
among treatments. The lack of an ectomycorrhizal
effect on LP is quite different from the enhancement of host LP by VA mycorrhizas. Zeatin riboside concentrations of Thelephora-
and Hebeloma-infected seedlings were similar, yet
higher than with Laccaria. There was no relationship
between plant growth substances and LP in ectomycorrhizal
Douglas fir, despite lower zeatin riboside
concentrations for Laccaria-inoculated plants.
14. Colinas, C., R. Molina, J. Trappe
and D. Perry. 1994a. Ectomycorrhizas
and rhizosphere microorganisms of seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco planted on a degraded site and
inoculated with forest soils pretreated with selective biocides. New-Phytologist 127(3): 529-537.
Keywords: planting operations
fertilization
soil properties
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Inoculation of planting holes with small amounts of soil from a mature forest
or a plantation can improve formation of ectomycorrhizas
on Pseudotsuga menziesii
seedlings in degraded clearcuts in southwestern
15. Duponnois,
R., J. Garbaye, D. Bouchard and J.L. Churin. 1993. The fungus-specificity of mycorrhization
helper bacteria (MHBs) used as an alternative to soil
fumigation for ectomycorrhizal inoculation of
bare-root Douglas-fir planting stocks with Laccaria laccata. Plant and Soil 157:257-262.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Mycorrhization
helper bacteria (MHBs) isolated and selected from the
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)-Laccaria laccata symbiotic system
have previously been shown to be fungus-specific: they promote ectomycorrhizal establishment of Laccaria
laccata but inhibit mycorrhizal
formation by other fungi. In this paper, two experiments in a nursery producing
2-yr-old bare rooted Douglas fir planting stock confirmed the specificity of MHBs (9 strains were tested) under field conditions. Mycorrhizal formation by Laccaria
laccata, and the closely related L. bicolor was
promoted by the specific MHBs tested, but mycorrhizal formation by Hebeloma
cylindrosporum and a contaminant white fungus was
inhibited; the strain of Paxillus involutus
used was only poorly infective and not affected by MHBs.
The experiments also showed that, by selectively helping the introduced L. laccata against the resident symbionts,
MHBs are an interesting alternative (safer and
easier) to soil fumigation for the success of routine controlled mycorrhization of planting stock in forest nurseries. The
MHB strain BBc6 (a Pseudomonas fluorescens) is
suggested as a suitable candidate for this system.
16. Frey Klett,
P., J.L. Churin, J.C. Pierrat
and J. Garbaye. 1999. Dose effect in the dual inoculation of an ectomycorrhizal fungus and a mycorrhiza
helper bacterium in two forest nurseries. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
31:1555-1562.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
carbon allocation
mycorrhizal response
soil properties
Abstract: Disinfected
soil at two Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) bare-root forest nurseries was inoculated with
three doses (8 X105, 8 X107 and 8 X109 cfu [colony
forming units]/m2) of the rifampicin-resistant mycorrhiza helper bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens
strain BBc6R8 and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor strain S238N. In one of the two nurseries,
two doses of fungal inoculum (50 and 100 mg/m2 dry
weight (DW) mycelium entrapped in alginate beads at the constant dose of 1
litre/m2) were tested. For all bacterial treatments the density of P. fluorescens BBc6R8 in the soil, determined by dilution
plating, dropped below the detection limit (10-2 cfu/g
DW soil) 2 weeks after inoculation. Fifteen weeks after inoculation, the
introduced bacterium was detected by enrichment only in the treatments
inoculated with the highest bacterial dose. Two years after inoculation, P. fluorescens BBc6R8 was not detected in the soil of any of
the bacterial treatments. Five months after inoculation and sowing, bacterial
inoculation significantly increased the percentage of mycorrhizal
short roots on plants inoculated with either low or high amounts of L. bicolor,
in one of the nurseries. The lowest bacterial dose increased mycorrhizal colonization from 45 to 70% in plants
inoculated with the low amount of fungal inoculum,
and from 64 to 77% in plants inoculated with the high amount of fungal inoculum. The lowest bacterial dose increased mycorrhizal colonization more than the highest bacterial
dose. The same L. bicolor mycorrhizal index (70%) was
obtained with 50 mg/m2 DW mycelium plus the bacterium than with twice this
fungal dose and no bacterium (64%). Two years after inoculation, the height of
the mycorrhizal Douglas-firs in the other nursery was
significantly increased by the lowest bacterial dose (from 40.7 to 42.6 cm). It
was indicated that co-inoculating a helper bacterium together with an ectomycorrhizal fungus is an efficient way to optimize
controlled mycorrhization techniques for the
production of high-quality Douglas-fir planting stocks. It was confirmed that
BBc6R8 acts at a low population density (less than 10-2 cfu/g
soil), this contrasts with most PGPR [plant growth
promoting rhizobacteria?] effects where the minimal
inoculation dose of 105 cfu/g soil is required to
obtain the beneficial effect.
17. Gagnon, J., C.G. Langlois, D. Bouchard, F.l. Tacon and F. Le Tacon. 1995.
Growth and ectomycorrhizal formation of
container-grown Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated with Laccaria
bicolor under four levels of nitrogen fertilization.
Canadian Journal of
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree morphology
mycorrhizal response
soil properties
Abstract:
Container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were inoculated at the time of sowing
with a Laccaria bicolor mycelial
suspension produced in a fermentor. They were grown
in a peat moss-vermiculite substrate under four levels of N fertilization (7.2,
14.4, 21.6 and 28.7 mg/seedling per season (N1, N2, N3 and N4, respectively))
to determine the N level suitable for both ectomycorrhizal
development and seedling growth. After 18 weeks in the greenhouse, seedlings
inoculated with L. bicolor had 44%, 32%, 44% and 5% of their short roots mycorrhizal when fertilized with N1, N2, N3 and N4,
respectively. Only when they were fertilized with N4 did the L. bicolor seedlings
have significantly greater shoot height than the controls. For the other growth
parameters, they were not significantly different from control seedlings for
any of the N levels. After 18 weeks, regardless of the level of N, seedlings
inoculated with L. bicolor had significantly lower N concentrations (%) and
contents (mg/seedling) than the uninoculated ones.
Consequently, for the same production of biomass, the mycorrhizal
seedlings had taken up less N than the nonmycorrhizal
ones. The efficiency of applied N, expressed in terms of produced biomass,
decreased when the N fertilization increased; mycorrhizal
and nonmycorrhizal seedlings did not tend to be
different. The efficiency of the absorbed N also decrease
with the level of applied N, but less rapidly, and tended to be greater for the
mycorrhizal seedlings than for the nonmycorrhizal ones. Therefore, the mycorrhizal
infection improved the utilization of the absorbed
18. Hung, L.L.L. and R. Molina. 1986.
Use of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria
laccata in forestry. III. Effects of commercially
produced inoculum on container-grown Douglas-fir and
ponderosa pine seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(4): 802-806.
Keywords: nursery operations
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: In
greenhouse experiments, a commercial vegetative inoculum
of L. laccata formed ectomycorrhizas
on both Douglas fir and ponderosa pine. In trials at container nurseries at
19. Hung, L.L.L. and J.M. Trappe.
1987. Ectomycorrhizal inoculation of Douglas-fir
transplanted container seedlings with commercially produced inoculum.
New-Forests 1(2): 141-152.
Keywords: nursery operations
mycorrhizal response
growth
Abstract: Commercially
produced vegetative inocula of Laccaria
laccata and Hebeloma crustuliniforme successfully formed ectomycorrhizae
with Douglas fir transplanted container (plug + 1) seedlings. After 4.5 months
in containers, 83% and 90%, respectively, of short roots were mycorrhizal. L. laccata- or H. crustiliniforme-inoculated seedlings had significantly more
mycorrhizal and total short roots than Pisolithus tinctorius-inoculated
(4% mycorrhizal root tips) or uninoculated
control seedlings. No significant differences were detected in seedling growth
at the end of the container phase. After transplantation and growth in nursery
beds for 17 months, mean new short root colonization of all seedlings was 80%.
H. crustuliniforme persisted as a dominant mycorrhizal fungus on seedlings initially inoculated with
this fungus. L. laccata-inoculated seedlings had 40%
of their short roots colonized by L. laccata and
another 40% by the native fungi Rhizopogon and Thelephora spp. All mycorrhizae of control seedlings and those inoculated with
P. tinctorius were formed by fungi native to the
nursery beds. A significant fungal treatment effect was detected for shoot
height only. Control seedlings were significantly taller than L. laccata-inoculated seedlings after transplanting.
20. Lavender, D.P. and R.B. Walker.
1981. Nitrogen and related elements in nutrition of forest trees. In
Proceedings:
Keywords: fertilization
tree physiology
soil properties
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: This
paper discusses the principal inorganic ions used by forest trees and their
respective roles in tree physiology, their common range of concentration in
coniferous foliage, and the general symptoms associated with their deficiency.
The factors governing effective concentrations of each ion at an active
metabolic site are redistribution or internal nutrient cycling, nutrient
uptake, and soil status (temperature, moisture, and concentration of each
nutrient). Also described are endogenous patterns of nutrient storage and
translocation, and the possible effects of fertilizers upon them and upon the
mechanisms of ion uptake, especially the effect of pH change associated with
urea applications upon the mycorrhizal complement of
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).
21. Lu, S., K.G. Mattson, J.B. Zaerr and J.D. Marshall. 1998. Root respiration of
Douglas-fir seedlings: effects of N concentration.
Soil-Biology-and-Biochemistry 30(3): 331-336.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree morphology
tree physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Six-month-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were grown at three N concentrations
and with controlled root temperatures in
22. Massicotte,
H.B., L.E. Tackaberry, E.R. Ingham and W.G. Thies. 1998. Ectomycorrhizae
establishment on Douglas-fir seedlings following chloropicrin treatment to
control laminated-root rot disease: assessment 4 and 5 years after outplanting. Applied-Soil-Ecology 10(1/2): 117-125.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Laminated-root
rot, caused by Phellinus weirii,
is a serious disease affecting Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii] and other commercially important species
of conifers in northwestern
23. Molina, R. and J. Chamard. 1984. Use of the ectomycorrhizal
fungus Laccaria laccata in
forestry. II. Effects of fertilizer forms and levels on ectomycorrhizal
development and growth of container-grown Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine
seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(1): 89-95.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
mycorrhizal response
growth
Abstract: [See FA
44, 2464] Seedlings were grown in peat/vermiculite medium with or without
pre-germination inoculation with L. laccata, using
three rates of soluble NPK fertilizer (low, high, and a combination of low
changed to high) or full or half strength of a slow-release fertilizer. Ectomycorrhizal development was excellent for both hosts
regardless of fertilizer treatment; ectomycorrhizal
short roots averaged 93.6% for Douglas fir and 94.5% for ponderosa pine.
Inoculation did not affect the size of Douglas fir but significantly reduced
growth of ponderosa pine at low fertility.
24. Owston, P.W., W.G. Thies and W. Fender.
1986. Field performance of Douglas-fir seedlings after treatment with
fungicides. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(6): 1369-1371.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Douglas
fir seedlings grown in containers with pasteurized or unpasteurized
potting mixture, and treated in the nursery with benomyl,
captan, fenaminosulf or ethazol [etridiazole], or left
untreated (control) were planted out in the
25. Parke, J.L., R.G. Linderman and C.H. Black. 1983a. The
role of ectomycorrhizas in drought tolerance of
Douglas-fir seedlings. New-Phytologist 95(1): 83-95.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
photosynthesis
tree physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings were watered daily or conditioned to
cyclic drying and re-wetting of the soil. Net photosynthesis rates of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal
seedlings watered daily were similar but drought-stressed mycorrhizal
seedlings fixed CO2 at a rate 10 times that of non-mycorrhizal
ones. Total leaf water potentials of mycorrhizal
plants were lower than those of non-mycorrhizal
plants but they recovered more rapidly. Non-mycorrhizal
seedlings and those inoculated with 4 ectomycorrhizal
fungi were allowed to dry, then re-watered and compared for their ability to
tolerate and recover from drought. Those inoculated with Rhizopogon
vinicolor were the least affected by drought. Net
photosynthetic rate of R.-inoculated seedlings 24 h after re-watering was 7
times greater than that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings.
The transpiration rate of R.-inoculated seedlings was low before desiccation,
declined rapidly during the drought period and, after re-watering, quickly
resumed a rate higher than that for other treatments.
26. Parke, J.L., R.G. Linderman and J.M. Trappe. 1983b. Effects of forest litter
on mycorrhiza development and growth of Douglas-fir
and western red cedar seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(4):
666-671.
Keywords: site preparation
mechanical preparation
prescribed fire
mycorrhizal response
growth
Abstract: Preparation
of forest regeneration sites for conifer planting often includes slash burning
or physical removal of soil organic matter. Experiments were conducted to
determine if organic matter contributes to the mycorrhizal
fungus inoculum potential in forest soils and to
compare the growth of Douglas fir and western red cedar (Thuja
plicata) in untreated or pasteurized soils from
undisturbed or cleared and burned forest sites with and without addition of
untreated or pasteurized litter. Mycorrhizas were
abundant on Douglas fir seedlings grown in undisturbed forest soil but
developed similarly on red cedar seedlings in either type of soil. Litter and
humus were found to include inoculum of both
vesicular-arbuscular (VA) and ectomycorrhizal
fungi. Litter amendment usually enhanced growth of host seedlings, but growth
enhancement could not be fully attributed to addition of mycorrhizal
inoculum or nutrients provided by litter. These
findings suggested that other biological factors stimulated the growth of
conifer seedlings and (or) activity of mycorrhizal
fungi.
27. Pilz,
D. and R.M. Znerold. 1986. Comparison of survival
enhancement techniques for outplanting on a harsh
site in the western Oregon Cascades. Tree-Planters' Notes 37(4): 24-28.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting operations
growth
tree/stand health
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Bare rooted
2+0 seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii
survived and grew better during the first year than container-grown 1+0 stock
on a droughty site. After 3 yr, survival still differed significantly, but
height growth did not. Shading improved survival and growth. Application of a
liquid suspension of spores of Pisolithus tinctorius was ineffective and no mycorrhizas
developed from this fungus.
28. Pilz, D.P. and D.A. Perry. 1984. Impact of clearcutting
and slash burning on ectomycorrhizal associations of
Douglas-fir seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 14(1): 94-100.
Keywords: site preparation
prescribed fire
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: The
results of field and greenhouse studies. Twelve ectomycorrhizal
types were found in 3 western
29. Trappe, J.M. 1983. Effects of the herbicides bifenox,
DCPA, and napropamide on mycorrhiza
development of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir seedlings in six western
nurseries. Forest-Science 29(3): 464-468.
Keywords: nursery operations
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: The
herbicides were each applied (for weed control) at 2 rates to beds of seedlings
in nurseries in