1. 1997. PNWTIRC
Annual Report 1996-97, Pacific
Northwest Tree Improvement
Research Cooperative. Oregon
State University, Oregon, USA. ii + 29 p.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand protection
tree phenology
growth
wood quality
tree
physiology
Abstract: The
report describes highlights for 1996-97, current research (3 projects), student
project updates (3 projects), planned Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] seed
orchards for the new millennium and other planned activities of the PNWTIRC, a
research cooperative operating in the Pacific Northwest area of North America
(USA and Canada). Details are included of publications and finances. Details of
the 3 current research projects and the 3 student projects, which all concern
Douglas fir, are presented as short papers including brief results: (1)
Influence of second flushing on cold hardiness; (2) Seedling drought physiology
study; and (3) Quantitative trait loci influencing cold hardiness; (4) Seedling
cold hardiness; (5) Growth response of saplings to drought; and (6) Measurement
study follow-up: age-age correlations in forking defects.
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2. Adams, T., T.
Anekonda and C. Lomas. 1999. Annual Report 1998-99, Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative. 33 p.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
tree physiology
Abstract: Summaries
are given of research projects on improvement of Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii] in the Pacific Northwest: seedling drought physiology; genetics of
dark respiration and its relationship with drought hardiness; response of
saplings to drought, as measured by growth ring variables; use of
microsatellite marker loci to identify pollen contamination in seed orchards;
and evaluation of miniaturized seed orchard designs.
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3. Adams, W.T.,
S.N. Aitken, D.G. Joyce, G.T. Howe and J. Vargas-Hernandez. 2001. Evaluating
efficacy of early testing for stem growth in coastal Douglas-fir.
Silvae-Genetica 50(3/4): 167-175.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery operations
growth
genetic relationships
Abstract: In a
test to evaluate the ability to predict stem growth of families in the field
from nursery performance (i.e., early testing), 67 open-pollinated families and
66 full-sib families of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii) were sown in two nursery conditions, each replicated as separate
experiments: two bareroot nursery trials established in successive years in the
same nursery, and two container-sown greenhouse trials sown in different
greenhouses in the same year. First year heights in the seedling trials were
compared to mean stem volumes of the same open-pollinated families in eight
15-year-old field progeny tests and the same full-sib families in eleven
12-year-old tests. Family mean nursery-field correlations (rxy) were similar
for all four seedling trials for both open-pollinated (OP) and full-sib (FS)
families, and generally ranged between 0.30 and 0.40. Although low, it is shown
that nursery-field correlations of this magnitude can be quite useful in tree
improvement programmes. For example, based on the data in this study, it is
estimated that a single stage of family selection for first year seedling
height would be about 50% as effective in improving 15-year volume as direct
selection for this trait in field tests. Early testing, however, is probably of
more practical significance as a tool for culling families prior to
out-planting field tests in two-stage selection schemes. It is estimated that
25% of the OP families in this study could have been culled in an early test
(first stage selection), with gain in 15-year volume after subsequent field
testing and selection of the remaining families (second stage selection) being
nearly the same as if all families had been field tested. Thus, early testing
is an effective tool for reducing the size and cost of field progeny tests
without sacrificing genetic gain.
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4. Adams, W.T. and D.G. Joyce. 1990. Comparison of selection
methods for improving volume growth in young coastal Douglas-fir.
Silvae-Genetica 39(5-6): 219-226.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
growth
Abstract: Data from a Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
open-pollinated progeny test in Oregon were used for evaluating methods of selection for bole volume.
Tree height and bole diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured on 12 to
13-year-old individuals from 90 families at each of 3 plantations in the
central Oregon coast range, and bole-volume estimates were derived with a
quadratic volume equation. Four methods were compared for both parental and
progeny selection: (1) indirect selection based on height, (2) indirect
selection based on DBH, (3) direct selection based on volume, and (4) selection
based on an index that included all 3 traits. Two-stage selection was also
explored, where test trees are culled on the basis of DBH in the first stage;
height is measured only on the remaining trees, so that final selections (the
second stage) are based on volume. Estimated genetic gains in volume from progeny
selection were 8-11% greater than those from parental selection. The relative
efficiencies of the various selection methods, however, were similar for
parental and progeny selection. The greatest estimated gains in single-stage
selection, which were achieved with the multitrait index, were only 1% better
than those from selections based on volume alone. Indirect selection based on
DBH produced about 90% of the gain achieved by direct selection for volume, and
indirect selection based on height was about 92-94% as efficient as direct
selection. With 2-stage selection, up to two-thirds of the trees could be
culled in stage 1 without significantly lower gains in bole volume than those
expected if the height of all trees had been measured.
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5. Alvarez, I.F. and J.M. Trappe.
1983a. Dusting roots of Abies concolor and other conifers with Pisolithus
tinctorius spores at outplanting time proves ineffective.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(5): 1021-1023.
Keywords: planting operations
site
preparation
mechanical
preparation
growth
tree/stand
health
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Dusting
roots of Abies concolor, Abies magnifica var. shastensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii
and Pinus ponderosa with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) spores when planted out
produced no Pt mycorrhizae at the end of the first growing season. In the 3rd
yr occasional Pt mycorrhizae had formed on A. concolor. Inoculations reduced
seedling survival in some cases. High rates of spore application may have
desiccated roots of the true firs and spore amounts applied need careful
attention. Soil scarification and ripping significantly promoted growth of A.
concolor seedlings compared with scarification alone.
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6. Alvarez, I.F. and J.M. Trappe.
1983b. Effects of application rate and cold soaking pretreatment of Pisolithus
spores on effectiveness as nursery inoculum on western conifers.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(3): 533-537.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Ponderosa
pine, Douglas fir, Shasta red (Abies magnifica var. shastensis), and white fir
(Abies concolor) seedlings were inoculated in a bare root nursery with
basidiospores of Pisolithus tinctorius. The spores were applied at 3 rates with
or without cold/wet pretreatment of 7 or 21 days. Pretreatment did not affect
spore efficiency as inoculum. Only ponderosa pine increased growth in response
to inoculation. Inoculations in the greenhouse with a wider range of spore
application rates revealed that a higher concn. of spores was needed to induce
an increase in growth and mycorrhiza formation of Douglas fir than ponderosa pine.
These levels were much higher than those used in nursery inoculations.
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7. Amaranthus, M.P. and D.A. Perry.
1987. Effect of soil transfer on ectomycorrhiza formation and the survival and
growth of conifer seedlings on old, nonreforested clear-cuts.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(8): 944-950.
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand
health
growth
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Small
amounts (150 ml) of soil from established conifer plantations and mature forest
were transferred to planting holes on 3 sites in the Klamath Mts., S. Oregon and N.
California. The sites had been
clear felled and burned 8-27 yr earlier and unsuccessfully reforested. At Cedar
Camp, a high alt. (1720 m) southerly slope with sandy soil, transfer of soil
from a Douglas fir plantation increased first-yr survival of Douglas fir
seedlings by 50%, mycorrhizal formation and b.a. growth. Soil from mature
forest did not enhance survival and growth. Soil transfer was less effective on
2 sites at lower alt. with clayey soils. Douglas fir seedlings at Crazy Peak showed similar, but less well defined, patterns to those
at Cedar Camp. All Pinus lambertiana seedlings at Wood Creek survived well and
were generally unaffected by soil transfer. Results suggest that adequate
mycorrhizal formation is critical to seedling growth and survival on cold,
droughty sites. Transfer of soil from a suitable source may offset the decline
in native mycorrhizal fungi if reforestation is delayed.
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8. Amaranthus, M.P. and D.A. Perry.
1989a. Interaction effects of vegetation type and Pacific madrone soil inocula
on survival, growth and mycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 19(5): 550-556.
Keywords: planting operations
growth
tree/stand
health
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: One-yr-old
non-mycorrhizal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were planted in
1985 in cleared blocks within 3 adjacent vegetation types in SW Oregon, viz.,
whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida), annual grass meadow, and an open
stand of Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana). Within subplots in each block,
either pasteurized or unpasteurized soil from a nearby Pacific madrone (Arbutus
menziesii) stand was transferred to the planting holes of the seedlings;
control seedlings received no madrone soil. Second-year survival averaged 92,
43 and 12% for seedlings planted on the manzanita, meadow and oak sites,
respectively. Growth differences generally paralleled survival differences.
Added madrone soil, whether pasteurized or unpasteurized, did not influence survival.
Unpasteurized madrone soil substantially increased the growth of seedlings on
the manzanita site, but not in the meadow or oak stand. Pasteurized madrone
soil did not affect growth in any of the vegetation types. Unpasteurized
madrone soil nearly tripled the number of mycorrhizal root tips forming on
seedlings and resulted in formation of a new mycorrhiza type on the manzanita
site, although it had little or no effect on the meadow or oak sites. These
results suggest that manzanita and madrone impose a biological pattern on soils
that stimulates Douglas fir growth and survival, and support results of other
studies indicating that root symbionts and rhizosphere organisms mediate
interactions among plant species.
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9. Anekonda, T.S., M.C. Lomas, W.T.
Adams, K.L. Kavanagh and S.N. Aitken. 2002. Genetic variation in drought
hardiness of coastal Douglas-fir seedlings from British Columbia. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 32(10): 1701-1716.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
genetic relationships
tree physiology
Abstract: Genetic
variation in drought hardiness traits and their genetic correlations with
growth potential and recovery traits were investigated in 39 full-sib families
of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) from southwestern
British Columbia, Canada. Seedlings of these families were grown in raised nursery
beds and subjected to three moisture regimes each in the second (well-watered
or control, mild, and moderate drought) and third (control, severe drought, and
recovery from second-year moderate drought) seasons. Traits assessed included
drought hardiness (foliage damage, cavitation of xylem tracheids, xylem
hydraulic conductivity, and height and diameter growth increment) in the
drought treatments, growth potential (total height and diameter) in the control
treatment, and height and diameter growth increments in the recovery treatment.
Xylem cavitation in the growth ring produced in a particular year was nearly
three times greater under the moderate drought and four times greater under the
severe drought than in the control treatment. Xylem hydraulic conductivity of
seedlings in the severe drought treatment was 40% lower than conductivity of seedlings
under the control treatment. Mean foliage damage in seedlings subjected to
severe drought (third season) was much greater (33%) than in seedlings
subjected to mild or moderate drought (second season). Families differed
significantly in most drought hardiness traits, with individual tree
heritabilities averaging 0.19. Thus, much potential exists for identifying
drought-hardy families at the seedling stage and using this information for
deployment or breeding purposes. In addition, most hardiness traits were
strongly intercorrelated (genetic correlations often exceeded |0.80|)
indicating that these traits are controlled largely by the same set of genes
and that selection for hardiness based on one trait will increase hardiness as
reflected in the other traits as well. Genetic correlations were only moderate
(0.49) between hardiness traits measured in different years, perhaps due to the
large difference in severity of the drought applied in the two seasons.
Although injury to seedlings, as reflected in foliage damage and xylem
cavitation, was relatively low under the moderate drought of the second season,
it did result in reduced growth increment the following (recovery) year. Growth
potential under favourable moisture regimes was nearly uncorrelated with
drought hardiness, suggesting that drought hardiness could be improved in this
southwestern British
Columbia breeding
population without negatively impacting growth potential in favourable moisture
conditions.
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10. Arnott, J.T. and D. Beddows.
1982. Influence of Styroblock container size on field performance of
Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and Sitka spruce. Tree Planters' Notes 33(3): 31-34.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla and Picea sitchensis seeds were sown in April
1971 in BC/CFS Styroblocks sizes 2 and 8 with volumes of 40 and 125
cmsuperscript 3 respectively. The seedlings in the larger containers were kept
in a heated greenhouse for 2-3 months to stimulate growth to fill the
containers, before joining those in the smaller containers in an outdoor
shadehouse nursery. Seedlings were planted out in British Columbia in March 1972. A second trial was started in April 1972
and seedlings planted out in April 1973. Survival and ht. growth were recorded
for 5 growing seasons. The larger containers produced larger seedlings at
planting. There were n.s.d. in survival of seedlings grown in the different
sized containers for all 3 species. The seedlings grown in the larger
containers were significantly taller after the first growing season in the
field, a difference which persisted for the 5 seasons. Growing seedlings in the
larger containers was more expensive and the seedlings took longer to plant
than those grown in the smaller containers.
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11. Arnott, J.T. and F.T. Pendl.
1994. Field performance of several tree species and stock types planted in
montane forests of coastal British Columbia. Canadian-Forest-Service, Pacific and Yukon Region Information Report BC-X-347. viii + 45 p.
Keywords: nursery operations
planting
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
wood
quality
Abstract: Planting
trials were established at sites within the Mountain Hemlock and montane
Coastal Western Hemlock biogeoclimatic zones. Six test areas were chosen within
each zone. Amabilis fir (Abies amabilis), noble fir (A. procera), yellow cedar
(Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) were the
species selected for planting in the Mountain Hemlock zone. In addition to
Abies amabilis and A. procera, western white pine (Pinus monticola), western
redcedar (Thuja plicata), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were planted in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone.
Plug (PSB 211), plug transplant and bareroot stock types were used for the
eight species across both zones. Seedlings were planted during the autumn
(September/October) and spring (May) in each of two successive years: 1978-79
and 1979-80. Survival, growth and tree form 13 years after planting were used
as indicators of the reliability (a combination of tree survival and form) and
productivity of the planting treatment combinations. Noble fir and amabilis fir
were the most reliable species in the Mountain Hemlock zone; i.e. these species
have average survival rates higher than 80% and few form defects. Yellow cedar
crowns were badly broken by snow, which reduced the reliability of this species
in the early years of plantation establishment. The growth, survival and form
of mountain hemlock ranked between that of the true firs and yellow cedar.
Noble fir was by far the most productive species in the Mountain Hemlock zone.
Within the Coastal Western Hemlock zone no single species demonstrated a
superior combination of productivity or reliability. Douglas fir, western
hemlock and western redcedar were good species in the lower elevations of the
zone, whereas noble fir and amabilis fir were better species at the upper
elevational limits of the zone. Western white pines should be avoided until
rust-resistant seed sources are available. Little variation was found among the
three planting stock options and even less between the two planting seasons.
Plug transplant stock was more reliable than bareroot or plug stock;
productivity ranked from greatest to least in the following order within both
zones: plug transplant, bareroot and plug stock. This ranking among stock types
may well change as different stock types are developed. However, the relative
size and design differences among stock types, no matter when they become
available, will always have an effect on the ultimate reliability and
productivity of planted trees. Autumn planting gave significantly lower
survival in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone only.
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12. Axelrood, P.E., M. Neumann, D.
Trotter, R. Radley, G. Shrimpton and J. Dennis. 1995. Seedborne Fusarium on
Douglas-fir: pathogenicity and seed stratification method to decrease Fusarium
contamination. New-Forests 9(1): 35-51.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract: Twelve
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlots from coastal British Columbia were assayed for seedborne Fusarium; all of the seedlots
were contaminated. The percentage of non-stratified seeds from individual
seedlots harbouring Fusarium ranged from 0.3 to 95.4. Sixty-seven percent of
the seedlots had Fusarium on less than 2% of the seeds. Post-stratification
seedborne Fusarium levels were significantly less for running water imbibition
compared with standing water imbibition. However, seedling growth at a
container nursery was not consistently different for stratified seed imbibed
initially in standing or running water. Fusarium disease symptoms were not
observed in the nursery environment. The species of Fusarium isolated from seed
were F. acuminatum [Gibberella acuminata], F. avenaceum [G. avenacea], F.
lateritium [G. baccata], F. moniliforme [G. fujikuroi], F. oxysporum, F. poae
and F. sambucinum [G. pulicaris]. Twelve Fusarium isolates, comprising 6
species, were assessed for pathogenicity. Disease symptoms were observed after
4 weeks incubation and Fusarium isolates ranged in virulence from low to high.
Fusarium oxysporum isolates were the most pathogenic.
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13. Ballard, T.M. 1984. A simple
model for predicting stand volume growth response to fertilizer application.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 14(5): 661-665.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
Abstract: The
equation R=KTACZQ is used to predict cumulative stand volume growth response
(R) to fertilizer application, where K is a constant and the last 5
(dimensionless) multipliers represent functions of time, amount of fertilizer
applied, stand composition, stocking, and site quality, respectively.
Site-specific input data requirements are stand composition expressed as
percent responding species, stocking expressed as a percentage of normal
stocking, and site index. The model was calibrated for Douglas-fir response to
nitrogen using data from Washington and Oregon. A preliminary test of the model and its calibration
compared predicted responses with estimates of actual response derived from
some fertilizer trials on Vancouver
Island. Soil drainage class and
foliar analysis data may help in qualitatively inferring whether the model's
site quality function leads to overestimation of response. Future development
of the model may include development and calibration of a predictively better
site quality function which quantitatively uses site water regime and stand
nutrient data.
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14. Ballard, T.M. and N. Majid. 1985.
Use of pretreatment increment data in evaluating tree growth response to
fertilization. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(1): 18-22.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
Abstract: The use
of pretreatment increment can lead to improved estimates of individual and
average tree growth response to fertilizing, by helping to adjust for site as
well as stand structure differences between fertilized and control areas. It
has applications in research using either single-tree or plot fertilizing, and
also in estimating responses to operational fertilizing. Equations for
analysing increment response to fertilizing are presented and discussed and 2
particularly useful ones were evaluated by examining branch length increment
data from foliar spray application of iron and copper to Pinus contorta and of
nitrogen and iron to Pseudotsuga menziesii, in field trials in British Columbia.
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15. Barclay, H., H. Brix and C.R.
Layton. 1982. Fertilization and thinning effects on a Douglas-fir ecosystem at Shawnigan
Lake: 9 year growth response. Pacific-Forestry-Centre,
Canadian-Forest-Service Information-Report BC-X-238. 35 p.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
Abstract: Further
results are given for a trial established in 1970 in a 24-yr-old stand in British Columbia, last measured 6 yr after treatment. Volume increments
over 9 yr for heavy thinning alone, heavy fertilizer (urea) treatment alone, or
both together, were 46%, 75% and 120%, respectively.
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16. Barclay, H.J. and H. Brix. 1984. Effects
of urea and ammonium nitrate fertilizer on growth of a young thinned and
unthinned Douglas-fir stand. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 14(6):
952-955.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: The
effects were studied of 2 sources of nitrogen fertilizer applied at rates of
224 and 448 kg/ha N on growth of thinned and unthinned plots established in
1970 in a 24-yr-old stand on southern Vancouver Is., British Columbia. Ammonium nitrate yielded higher growth of diam. and vol.
than urea over a 9-yr period, particularly with thinning. Ht. growth was not
affected by nitrogen source. The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizing in terms of
stem vol. response per kilogram of nitrogen applied was greatest with ammonium
nitrate in thinned plots. Tree mortality increased substantially with
fertilizing for both sources, and decreased markedly with thinning.
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17. Barclay, H.J. and H. Brix. 1985a.
Effects of high levels of fertilization with urea on growth of thinned and
unthinned Douglas-fir stands. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(4):
730-733.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Diameter
height and volume growth were documented for 9 yr after thinning and
fertilizing in a 24-yr-old stand on a poor site on southern Vancouver Is. The
treatments involved 3 thinning treatments (0, 1/3, and 2/3 b.a. removed) and 6
fertilizer treatments (0-1344 kg/ha N) with urea. Increments for both diameter
and gross volume increased with the rate of fertilizer application and
responses were still apparent 9 yr after treatment. For unthinned plots, the
9-yr volume growth responses were 30, 50, and 80% with fertilizer rates of 224,
448, and 896 kg/ha N, respectively. The efficiency of fertilizer use, measured
as stem volume response per unit of nitrogen applied, decreased with rate of
fertilizer application, but this result may change over a longer response
period. There was a positive interaction between fertilizing and thinning such
that high amounts of both mutually enhanced growth. Mortality increased with
fertilizing, but only noticeably in unthinned plots.
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18. Barclay, H.J. and H. Brix. 1985b.
Fertilization and thinning effects on a Douglas-fir ecosystem at Shawnigan
Lake: 12-year growth response. Pacific-Forestry-Centre,
Canadian-Forest-Service Information-Report BC-X-271. 34 p.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
Abstract: [See FA
45, 2316] Further results are given from the study established in 1970 in a
24-yr-old stand in British
Columbia.
Fertilizers (urea) and thinning both increased vol. increments over 12 yr.
Refertilization 9 yr after initial treatment has produced substantial increases
in vol. increment.
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19. Barclay, H.J. and Y.A.
El-Kassaby. 1988. Selection for cone production in Douglas-fir adversely
affects growth. In Proceedings: 10th
North American Forest Biology Workshop: 'Physiology and genetics of
reforestation', University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, July 10-22, 1988.
Eds. J. Worrall, J. Loo-Dinkins and D.P. Lester. pp. 149-151.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
genetic relationships
growth
reproduction
Abstract: Cone
production and radial growth increment were studied for 8 years in a Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seed orchard on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in 365 trees representing 29 open-pollinated (half-sib)
families. Genetic correlations for the two traits were compared for each of the
8 years. Six of the correlations were significantly negative, while the
remaining two were significantly positive. The predominantly negative
correlation between cone production and growth indicates that selection for one
of these two characters will effectively select against the other. The practice
of selecting for high cone-producing trees in seed orchards may also be
expected to yield slower-growing trees.
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20. Barclay, H.J. and C.R. Layton.
1990. Growth and mortality in managed Douglas fir: relation to a competition
index. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 36(2-4): 187-204.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Twelve-year
increments of diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and volume in thinned
and fertilized 45-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands on
Vancouver Island, Canada, were related (by regression) to degree of thinning,
amount of fertilizer (3x3 factorial), initial DBH, and a competitive stress
index (CSI). The ability of the CSI to predict growth after treatment was
examined. Causes of tree death, and CSI data, are presented, and the
relationship between them discussed. The CSI was found to be only moderately
good at predicting Douglas fir growth and mortality: initial DBH provided a
better predictor. Most mortality in unthinned plots resulted from suppression,
and correlated reasonably well with CSI; mortality in thinned plots was not
correlated with CSI, and resulted principally from snow damage. Tree height
variability generally became less over the 12 years following treatment, which
is more consistent with two-sided than one-sided competition predictions, a
result which is contrasted to that of many other species.
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21. Beddows, D. 2002.
Levels-of-growing-stock cooperative study in Douglas-fir: Report No. 16 - Sayward Forest and Shawnigan
Lake. Pacific-Forestry-Centre, Canadian-Forest-Service
Information-Report BC-X-393. viii + 67 p.
Keywords: thinning
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract: Results
from the two levels-of-growing-stock installations at Sayward Forest and Shawnigan
Lake on Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, Canada, are summarized. Volume growth at both the site-III
Sayward Forest installation to age 51 and the site-IV Shawnigan Lake
installation to age 52 has been strongly related to level of growing stock.
Basal area growth followed a similar, though weaker, trend. Thinning has
affected stand development through tree size distribution and live crown
development. Periodic annual increments in volume at both installations are
still two to three times the mean annual increment, indicating the potential
for productivity gains as the treated stands age. Results to date from both
installations are similar to results from other cooperative installations,
generally differing from the more productive sites only in the rate and degree
of response associated with a lower site quality.
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22. Berch, S.M. and A.L. Roth. 1993. Ectomycorrhizae and growth
of Douglas-fir seedlings preinoculated with Rhizopogon vinicolor and outplanted
on eastern Vancouver Island. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 23(8): 1711-1715.
Keywords: nursery operations
mycorrhizal
response
growth
Abstract: Ectomycorrhizal
colonization of container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) inoculated
with Rhizopogon vinicolor was determined after cold storage and one growing
season after outplanting (in March 1988) on a clear felled area on eastern
Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Inoculated Douglas fir seedlings were
taller than noninoculated controls when outplanted, but perhaps because of
browse damage, no growth differences were found after one growing season in the
field. R. vinicolor colonized all of the inoculated but none of the control
seedlings examined after cold storage. Volunteer Thelephora terrestris
colonized almost half of the control and 10% of the inoculated seedlings before
outplanting. After one field season, inoculated and control seedlings were
colonized by 15 ectomycorrhizal fungi each, only eight of which were found on
both. R. vinicolor persisted on the roots of inoculated plants, but was also
present in the field soil since the control seedlings also bore these
mycorrhizas after one growing season. The relative abundance of T. terrestris
decreased from the nursery to the field. The other common ectomycorrhizas in
the field included Mycelium radicis atrovirens, Cenococcum geophilum and types
resembling Tuber and Endogone.
OSU
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23. Binkley, D. 1984. Importance of
size-density relationships in mixed stands of Douglas-fir and red alder.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 9(2): 81-85.
Keywords: thinning
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Pairs
of Douglas-fir, and Douglas-fir and red alder (Alnus rubra) stands were
examined at four locations (in Oregon, Washington and British
Columbia) for
patterns in average tree size as a function of stand density. On fertile sites,
the mixed stands experienced higher mortality than the pure conifer stands. On
infertile sites, the pure conifer stands were well below the maximum tree size
and density relationship compared to fertile sites or mixed stands, suggesting
under-utilized site resources were available for nitrogen-fixing alder.
OSU
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24. Binkley, D. and P. Reid. 1984.
Long-term responses of stem growth and leaf area to thinning and fertilization
in a Douglas-fir plantation. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 14(5):
656-660.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
tree
morphology
carbon
allocation
growth
Abstract: Replicated
thinning and nitrogen fertilization plots in a 53-year-old plantation in Washington
State were examined for repsonses in stem growth, leaf area, and
stem growth per unit leaf area. Although measurements occurred 20-30 yr after
plot installation, substantial effects from the various treatments were still
present. Thinning reduced leaf area of the stands but increased stem growth per
unit leaf area, resulting in little difference in stem growth per ha over the
5-yr measurement period (1977-81). Fertilization increased both stand leaf area
and stem growth per unit leaf area, and more than doubled 5-yr stem growth per
ha. Consideration of the role of leaf area and stem growth per unit leaf area
in determining stand treatment responses may account for much of the variation
found among replicates of treatments or between studies on different sites.
OSU
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25. Binkley, D. and P. Reid. 1985.
Long-term increase of nitrogen availability from fertilization of Douglas-fir.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(4): 723-724.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
soil
properties
Abstract: [See FA
44, 4708; 46, 1837] Most Douglas-fir stands respond to nitrogen fertilizing by
increasing stem growth for less than 8 yr, but one plantation at the United
States Forest Service Wind River Experimental Forest in Washington State has
responded for over 15 yr. In this study nitrogen concn. of foliage and fresh
litter were shown to be higher in the fertilized plots (470 kg/ha N) 18 yr
after fertilizing. Retranslocation of N from senescent needles was not affected
and stem growth per unit N in the canopy was similar between unfertilized and
fertilized plots. An index of soil N availability in the fertilized plots was
twice that of unfertilized plots. The higher stem growth, leaf area, and stem
growth per unit leaf area demonstrated in an earlier study appeared to be
related to a sustained increase in soil N availability rather than increased
N-use efficiency. An examination of soil N transformation processes is needed
to complete the explanation of the unusually prolonged fertilizer response in
these plots.
OSU
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26. Birchler, T.M., R. Rose and D.L.
Haase. 2001. Fall fertilization with N and K: effects on Douglas-fir seedling
quality and performance. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 16(2): 71-79.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Coastal
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 1+1 seedlings from coastal Oregon, USA, were applied with two fertilizers (NH4NO3+K2SO4 and
(NH4)2SO4+KCl) at four rates (0, 80, 160, 320 kg N and K/ha) split over three
application dates (September 19, October 13, November 1, 1996). Fertilizer type
did not affect total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) levels on any of the sampling
dates. By January 10, TKN concentrations had increased 16, 30 and 34%, and
chloride concentrations had increased 57, 77 and 112% relative to the seedlings
without fertilizer, for 80, 160 and 320 kg N+K/ha treatments, respectively.
Nitrate levels increased briefly after the first application of NH4NO3+K2SO4.
Potassium levels remained relatively unchanged. Levels of most other nutrients,
as well as foliar dry weight, increased between September 16 and January 10,
but these increases were generally unrelated to the fertilizer treatments. Root
growth potential and cold hardiness did not differ among treatments. Seedlings
that received 160 or 320 kg N/ha broke bud an average of 3 days earlier than
the seedlings without fertilizer. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of seedlings
with fertilizer was consistently higher than that of seedlings without
fertilizer on November 13 and December 30. These treatment differences were not
reflected in seedling outplanting performance after one growing season.
OSU
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27. Birot, Y. and C. Christophe.
1983. Genetic structures and expected genetic gains from multitrait selection
in wild populations of Douglas fir and Sitka spruce. I. Genetic variation between and within
populations. Silvae-Genetica 32(5/6): 141-151.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
genetic
relationships
growth
tree
phenology
tree
morphology
Abstract: For Douglas
fir, 371 open-pollinated progenies from 26 provenances ranging from N. to S.
along the western foothills of the Cascade Mts., Washington, were tested. For Sitka spruce, 292 open-pollinated progenies from 21 provenances
ranging from S. British Columbia to middle-Oregon were tested. Observations were made on
growth, phenology and form from the nursery stage up to age 12. Classical
patterns of geographic variation were observed for both species. Heritability
and genetic correlations varied from one provenance to another, especially for
Douglas fir, and also changed over time. Sitka spruce showed high additive effects, offering good
prospects of future genetic gains. It was concluded that preliminary
investigations on genetic parameters were necessary before setting up a
breeding strategy.
OSU
Link
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28. Black, C.H. 1988. Interaction of
phosphorus fertilizer form and soil medium on Douglas-fir seedling phosphorus
content, growth and photosynthesis. Plant-and-Soil 106(2): 191-199.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
photosynthesis
Abstract: Douglas-fir
seedlings were grown in containers in peat-vermiculite or mineral soil each
amended with different levels of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) or a
granulated North
Carolina phosphate
rock (RP). Dilute acid-fluoride extractable phosphorus (DAP), seedling
photosynthesis, weights, and tissue P concentrations were measured at 65 + 3
and 105 + 3 days.DAP was highly correlated with soluble fertilizer P (but not
total P) added at the beginning of the experiment. Considerable soluble P was
lost from peat-vermiculite but not from the mineral soil. Seedling total P
content was proportional to the amount of soluble P per container at both
harvests, but was greater for a given level of soluble P in the organic versus
the mineral medium. Added soluble P increased foliar P concentrations, plant P
content, and dry weight. Net carbon uptake was highly correlated with added
levels of soluble P, foliar P concentrations, and with total P content. The
internal efficiency of P from the RP source was less than P from CSP with
respect to P content versus growth, net CO2 uptake, and net photosynthesis
rates. At the end of the experiment, seedling P content plus DAP remaining in
the media for the higher fertilizer rates accounted for 75% of the originally
added soluble P in the mineral soils, but for only 15% in the organic media.
OSU Link
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29. Blake, J., S.R. Webster and S.P.
Gessel. 1988a. Soil sulfate-sulfur and growth responses of nitrogen-fertilized
Douglas-fir to sulfur. Soil-Science-Society-of-America-Journal 52(4):
1141-1147.
Keywords: fertilization
soil
properties
growth
Abstract: Two
studies were conducted to determine the growth response of N-fertilized Douglas
fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] to S supplements. The relationship
between response and soil SO4-S extracted with Morgan's solution, 1.22 M NaOAc
+ 0.53 M HOAc (pH 4.8), was used to establish critical levels for S. Douglas
fir seedlings were grown in the greenhouse in the surface mineral layer (0 to
0.15 m) of 20 forest soils from western Washington and Oregon. On the average,
significant increases in total dry weight (17.5%), stem diameter (10.1%), and
height (6.9%) occurred when soils were fertilized with N and S in comparison to
N alone. Using the Cate-Nelson procedure, growth responses to N and S were most
likely to occur when soil SO4-S was below 14 mg S kg-1. Twenty eight
installations were established in the field containing five treatments, three
rates of N as urea, and one plot of 336 kg N ha-1 with P, K, Ca, and S.
Differences in percent basal area growth between N alone and N with P, K, Ca,
and S were significantly related to soil SO4-S. Over the initial 5-yr period,
response over N alone was improved by 74% when soil SO4-S was <20 mg S kg-1.
When the N with P, K, Ca, and S plots were retreated with only N and S,
response over the next 3 yr was more than doubled compared with N alone.
Identification of S responsive stands was improved by the inclusion of stand
age weighted subsoil SO4-S concentrations.
OSU
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30. Blake, J.I., H.N. Chappell, W.S.
Bennett, S.R. Webster and S.P. Gessel. 1990. Douglas fir growth and foliar
nutrient responses to nitrogen and sulfur fertilization.
Soil-Science-Society-of-America-Journal 54(1): 257-262.
Keywords: fertilization
tree
physiology
growth
Abstract: Nitrogen-fertilizer
response in conifer stands of the Pacific Northwest has been related to soil
and foliar S, and growth has sometimes been enhanced by the addition of S. Five
stands of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Washington or Oregon, with low
to moderate quantities of sulfate in the mineral soil horizon, were treated
with N (urea) alone or with S (as ammonium sulfate). The results indicated that
levels of soil sulfate did not provide local or site-specific predictions of
the magnitude of the gain from applying N with S. The observed treatment
effects were highly variable. Foliar N concentrations in the N plus S treatment
were generally higher than in the N treatment. Little change in foliar S
content occurred in the N plus S plot. Periodic annual growth response to N
over the study period was inversely related to site index and directly related
to foliar N content.
OSU
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31. Bledsoe, C.S. and R.J. Zasoski.
1983. Effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth and nitrogen uptake by
mycorrhizal Douglas-fir seedlings. In Tree root systems and their
mycorrhizas. Ed. D. Atkinson. pp. 445-454.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In a
greenhouse pot study, 1-yr-old mycorrhizal (inoculated with Hebeloma
crustuliniforme) and non-mycorrhizal Douglas fir seedlings were grown in sandy
forest soil amended with 10% of clay minerals (bentonite and/or kaolinite) and
ammonium or nitrate fertilizer. Ht. growth, root and shoot DM and accumulation
of nitrogen and P were greater in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal seedlings,
especially in the nitrate treatment. Ammonium interacted with kaolinite to
reduce survival which again was poorer in the absence of mycorrhiza.
OSU Link
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Link
32. Brand, D.G. 1986a. A competition
index for predicting the vigour of planted Douglas-fir in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(1): 23-29.
Keywords: planting operations
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract: As a
method of quantifying brush competition, data from 124 planted Douglas firs,
age 1-5 yr, were used to derive a competition index to predict changes in tree
vigour measured as a relative production rate. The index, which includes
measures of brush proximity, relative ht. and % ground cover, appears to act as
a measure of light interception around the tree crown. Tree vigour was found to
be largely a function of the age of the tree from planting and the competition
index. Foliage-based measures of growth vigour were related more strongly to
the index than measures of b.a. or ht. The index has potential for assessing
interspecific competition problems on suitable sites. Caution must be used in
extrapolating results outside Douglas fir plantations on moist rich sites in
coastal BC.
OSU
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33. Brand, D.G. 1986b.
Competition-induced changes in developmental features of planted Douglas-fir in
southwestern British
Columbia.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(2): 191-196.
Keywords: planting operations
tree
morphology
tree
physiology
growth
Abstract: From measurements
in 1- to 5-yr-old plantations, developmental characteristics of Douglas fir
were tested against a competition index based on measures of the brush canopy
surrounding individual trees. The most promising characteristics for assessing
competition were specific leaf area, the allometric relationship of ht. to b.a.
and bud production on nodal shoots. Measures of foliar N and leaf internode
length were less well correlated with the competition index. Comparing these
results with those of laboratory studies indicated that, on the study sites,
brush competition effects on planted trees are expressed through adaptation to
reduced light intensity. Developmental variables relating to moisture and
nutritional status were not as strongly related to the competition index. This
may reflect reduced tree demand or secondary brush canopy effects.
OSU
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34. Brandeis, T.J., M. Newton and
E.C. Cole. 2001. Underplanted conifer seedling survival and growth in thinned
Douglas-fir stands. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 31(2): 302-312.
Keywords: planting operations
thinning
commercial
thinning
site
preparation
chemical
preparation
release
treatments
chemical
release
growth
tree/stand
health
regeneration
Abstract: In a multilevel
study conducted at the Oregon State University's McDonald-Dunn Research Forest,
Oregon, USA, to determine limits to underplanted conifer seedling growth,
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), western
redcedar (Thuja plicata) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) seedlings
were planted in January 1993 beneath second-growth Douglas-fir stands that had
been thinned in 1992 to basal areas ranging from 16 to 31 m2/ha. Understorey
vegetation was treated with a broadcast herbicide (glyphosate + imazapyr)
application prior to thinning, a directed release herbicide (glyphosate, plus
triclopyr for tolerant woody stems) application 2 years later, or no treatment
beyond harvest disturbance. Residual overstorey density was negatively
correlated with percent survival for all four species. Broadcast herbicide
application improved survival of grand fir and western hemlock. Western
redcedar, grand fir and western hemlock stem volumes were inversely related to
overstorey tree density and this effect increased over time. There was a strong
indication that this was also the case for Douglas-fir. Reduction of competing
understorey vegetation resulted in larger fourth-year stem volumes in grand fir
and western hemlock.
OSU
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35. Brandeis, T.J., M. Newton and
E.C. Cole. 2002. Biotic injuries on conifer seedlings planted in forest
understory environments. New Forests 24:1-14.
Keywords: planting operations
site
preparation
chemical
preparation
release
treatments
chemical
release
thinning
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: The
effects of partial overstorey retention, understorey vegetation management, and
protective Vexar(R) tubing on the frequency and severity of biotic injuries in
a two-storied stand underplanted with western redcedar (Thuja plicata),
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), and western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were investigated. The most prevalent source of
damage was browsing by black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionis columbiana); deer
browsed over 74% of Douglas-fir and over 36% of western redcedar seedlings one
or more times over the four years of this study. Neither the spatial pattern of
thinning (even or uneven) nor the density of residual overstorey affected
browsing frequency. Spraying subplots may have slightly increased browsing
frequency, but the resulting reduction of the adjacent understorey vegetation
increased the volume of all seedlings by 13%, whether or not they were browsed.
Vexar(R) tubing did not substantially affect seedling survival, browsing damage
frequency, or fourth-year volume. Greater levels of overstorey retention
reduced frequency of second flushing. Chafing by deer and girdling by rodents
and other small mammals began once seedlings surpassed 1 m in height. Essentially
all grand fir seedlings exhibited a foliar fungus infection.
OSU Link
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36. Brix, H. 1984.
Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on growth of Douglas-fir:
relative contribution of foliage quantity and efficiency. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
13(1): 167-175.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
carbon
allocation
tree
morphology
Abstract: [See FA
43, 1948, 3839] On Vancouver Island, aboveground biomass and annual production over
7 yr was studied in relation to thinning and nitrogen fertilization at 24 yr
old. Biomass yield of both treatments increased during the first 3-4 yr then
decreased for fertilization but not with thinning. Treatments doubled biomass
production of individual trees over the study period when applied separately
and quadrupled it when combined. Annual biomass production per unit of foliage
(E) increased during the first 3-4 yr, but was at or below control level after
7 yr. E accounted for 20, 37, and 27% of the stemwood dry matter response to
thinning, fertilization and the combined treatments, respectively; the
remainder was attributed to an increase in foliage biomass. Thinning, but not
fertilization, influenced distribution of radial growth along the stem,
increasing growth only below the top one-third of the stem. This pattern was
related to crown development.
OSU
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37. Brix, H. 1993. Fertilization and
thinning effect on a Douglas-fir ecosystem at Shawnigan
Lake: a synthesis of project results. B.C. Ministry of Forests
FRDA-Report 196. X + 64 p.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
carbon
allocation
wood
quality
tree
physiology
photosynthesis
economics
Abstract:
Treatments were initiated in 1970-71 in a 24-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) near Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to
determine the effects of 3 intensities of thinning (removing none, one-third
and two-thirds of basal area) and 3 levels of urea fertilizer (0, 224 and 448
kg N/ha) on the growth and biology of the trees. Subsidiary experiments were
established during 1972-87 to examine the effects of high doses of urea
(672-1344 kg N/ha), ammonium nitrate as an N source instead of urea,
understorey response to thinning and fertilizer, and responses to P and S
fertilizer.
OSU Link
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38. Busse, M.D., G.O. Fiddler and
A.W. Ratcliff. 2004. Ectomycorrhizal formation in herbicide-treated soils of
differing clay and organic matter content. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
152:23-34.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical
release
growth
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
soil
properties
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Herbicides
are commonly used on private timberlands in the western United States for site preparation and control of competing vegetation.
How non-target soil biota respond to herbicide applications, however, is not
thoroughly understood. We tested the effects of triclorpyr, imazapyr, and
sulfometuron methyl on ectomycorrhizal formation in a greenhouse study.
Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and white fir seedlings were grown in four forest
soils ranging in clay content from 9 to 33% and organic matter content from 3
to 17%, and treated with commercial formulations of each herbicide at 0, 1.0,
and 2.0 times the recommended field rate. Many of the possible herbicide-soil
combinations resulted in reduced seedling growth. Root development was
particularly sensitive to the three herbicides, with an average of 51% fewer
root tips compared to the control treatment. The ability of mycorrhizal fungi
to infect the remaining root tips, however, was uninhibited. Mycorrhizal
formation was high, averaging 91% of all root tips, regardless of herbicide,
application rate, soil type, or conifer species. In agreement, soil microbial
biomass and respiratory activity were unaffected by the herbicide treatments.
The results show that these herbicides do not alter the capability of
mycorrhizal fungi to infect roots, even at concentrations detrimental to
seedling growth.
OSU Link
Non-OSU Link
39. Cameron, I.R. 1988. An evaluation
of the density management diagram for coastal Douglas-fir. BC Ministry of
Forests FRDA-Report 024. vi + 17 p.
Keywords: planting operations
growth
yield
Abstract: Yield
predictions based on Drew and Flewelling's (1979) density management diagram
for coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were compared with remeasured
plot data from British
Columbia. The
diagram overestimated standing volume by 64% and mean diameter by 24% on
average. Volumes predicted for plantations established at initial densities
between 300 and 3000 trees per hectare exceeded nearly all the plots in the
database. Because of the unattainable production targets set by the diagram,
strategic plans based on its predictions would be seriously in error.
Consequently, the diagram cannot be used in its current form as a silvicultural
planning tool in stands of Douglas fir on the coast of British Columbia.
OSU Link
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40. Carr, W.W. 1987. Restoring
productivity on degraded forest soils: two case studies. B.C. Ministry of
Forests FRDA-Report 002. vi + 21 p.
Keywords: site preparation
fertilization
tree
physiology
growth
soil
properties
Abstract: The use
of green fallowing was studied at 2 sites, viz. (a) a coastal site at Koksilah,
15 km NW of Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia, where extensive subsoil exposure
had resulted from roading operations in a highly productive Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) stand, and (b)
an inland site 30 km S. of Vanderhook including several landings and skid roads
which had been deep-ripped to a depth of 50 cm, reducing soil density to 1350
kg/msuperscript 3. Plots at (a) were seeded in 1976 at 100 kg/ha with a
grass/legume mixture including 3 spp. of Trifolium and Lotus corniculatus, and
received NPK (10:30:10) at
450 kg/ha. Site nutrient levels improved substantially over 5 yr with N showing
the greatest gains, and Douglas fir seedlings (1+2) planted in 1977 responded
with increased foliar N and K contents and 300% greater ht. growth. Plots at
(b) were seeded in 1981 at 40 kg/ha with a legume mixture of 3 spp. of
Trifolium, Medicago sativa and L. corniculatus, and received NPK (19:19:19) at 300 kg/ha. Nutrient gains were found after 2 yr for P,
K and especially N, and although foliar nutrient contents and growth of
lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) seedlings showed no increase, the enhancement
of site nutrient capital is considered to be a gain likely to benefit
commercial forestry production.
OSU Link
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Link
41. Carter, R. and K. Klinka. 1992. Use
of ecological site classification in the prediction of forest productivity and
response to fertilisation. South-African-Forestry-Journal (160): 19-23.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
soil properties
Abstract: The
results are presented of two related studies in southern coastal British Columbia. A total of 149 study plots in even-aged immature Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands were categorized into 6 ecologically similar
site associations (indicated best by climax plant communities) and into 15 soil
moisture and soil nutrient combinations, for the prediction of site index.
Fifty-one of these plots were used to predict basal area growth response to
nitrogen fertilizer (225 kg N/ha as urea). Regression models indicated strong
correlations between Douglas fir site index (m (height)/50 yr) and both
indirect and direct measures of soil moisture and nutrient regimes
(Rsuperscript 2 >0.72; p <0.01). Third-year basal area response to N
fertilizer varied significantly among site associations (Rsuperscript 2 = 0.60;
p <0.01). Site index also showed a significant relation with third-year
basal area response (Rsuperscript 2 = 0.52; p <0.01), while the best
predictive model included site associations and pretreatment foliar N and
sulfate-S (Rsuperscript 2 = 0.64; p <0.01). It is suggested that the
approach and methods of the study are applicable to predicting site-specific
growth performance and response to fertilization of other tree species,
including eucalypts.
OSU
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42. Carter, R. and R. Scagel. 1989.
The effects of stand density and fertilization on stand development in immature
coastal Douglas-fir. B.C. Ministry of Forests FRDA-Report 094. i + 15 p.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract: The
effects of urea fertilizer were studied in Pseudotsuga menziesii stands spaced
to 500, 750 and 1000 stems/ha in coastal British Columbia.
OSU Link
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Link
43. Carter, R.E. and R.P. Brockley.
1990. Boron deficiencies in British Columbia: diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 37(1-3): 83-94.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Two
case-studies are presented, outlining methods of diagnosis and treatment
evaluation of boron deficiencies in a Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stand
in coastal southern British
Columbia and a
lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stand near Burns Lake, in the interior of the province. Site conditions commonly
associated with B deficiency are outlined, and relations between dormant-season
foliar B concentration and growing-season precipitation and moisture stress are
suggested. Diagnostic methods used in the study include examination of
deficiency symptoms, and foliar-analysis techniques; evaluation of response for
corrective fertilizer treatments is based on changes in frequency and severity
of deficiency symptoms and growth responses, measured by graphical-analysis and
changes in shoot length between treatments. Boron deficiencies and response to
B fertilizers are difficult to confirm. Results of graphical-analysis and
examination of frequency and severity of deficiency symptoms were inconclusive,
while changes in shoot length identified a measurable response in the Burns Lake fertilizer trial with lodgepole pine. Deficiencies appear
to be acute rather than chronic, and may not occur in untreated control trees
for several years after establishment of fertilizer trials. Alternative causes
for deficiency symptoms are also common, further complicating diagnosis and
evaluation of response to treatment. It is concluded that all future trials
should include nitrogen and/or other limiting nutrients with and without B to
aid in identification of acute B deficiencies and deficiencies induced by
increasing growth.
OSU
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44. Carter, R.E., E.R.G. McWilliams
and K. Klinka. 1998. Predicting response of coastal Douglas-fir to fertilizer
treatments. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 107(1/3): 275-289.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
soil properties
Abstract: A
broadly-based, intensive Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) fertilizer
experiment throughout southern coastal British Columbia (48 sites) was used to examine 3- and 6-yr crop tree
growth responses to prescribed fertilizer applications (N alone, and N +
additional nutrients identified as potentially deficient by foliar analysis).
Absolute and relative basal area responses were evaluated in relation to site
associations of the provincial ecosystem classification system, site index
(SI), and a large number of site and stand chemical and physical properties.
Few of the site and stand variables examined as possible response prediction
criteria appeared to have any real utility. The strongest relationships found
were between relative basal area response and (1) site index (Rsuperscript 2
0.46 for both 3- and 6-yr responses), (2) mineral soil mineralizable-N
(Rsuperscript 2 0.50 and 0.46 for yr 3 and 6 responses, respectively), and (3)
total mineralizable-N (Rsuperscript 2 0.47 and 0.50 for yr 3 and 6 responses,
respectively). In all cases average relative response declined with increasing
site quality. However, there were highly productive sites (SI50 <more or
=>35 m) characterized by an absence of growing-season water deficits and
relatively low foliar N concentrations (12-13 g/kg) which showed significant
fertilizer responses. These sites are where the greatest financial returns from
fertilizing may be realized. Relationships identified between site and stand
variables and basal area responses were, in many cases, different from those
found by other researchers for coastal Douglas fir. This brings the portability
of identified relationships into question.
OSU
Link
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Link
45. Carter, R.E., I.M. Miller and K.
Klinka. 1986. Relationships between growth form and stand density in immature
Douglas-fir. Forestry-Chronicle 62(5): 440-445.
Keywords: planting
operations
wood quality
tree morphology
growth
Abstract: Spacing
was found to affect stem and crown characteristics and branching at whorls 6-10
in 27-yr-old Douglas fir established at 3 spacings (1.8x1.8, 3.6x3.6 and
4.6x4.6 m) near Haney, British
Columbia. Ht.,
d.b.h. and stem diam. at the base of the live crown increased significantly
with spacing, while age and ht. at the base of the live crown decreased.
Increased spacing resulted in significantly greater branch diam. at whorls 6-10
and, in some whorls, an increase in branch number. Swelling of the stem at
branch whorls, the number of Lammas whorls, knottiness ratio and a subjective
index of stem form (where higher index indicated poorer form) increased with
spacing. The selection of initial spacing is discussed and it is concluded that
intensive management practices, e.g. thinning and pruning, will be necessary in
all regimes if clear wood is to be produced over short rotations.
OSU
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46. Castellano, M.A. and J.M. Trappe.
1985. Ectomycorrhizal formation and plantation performance of Douglas-fir
nursery stock inoculated with Rhizopogon spores.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 15(4): 613-617.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Basidiospores (0, 106, 107 or 108) of 7 species of hypogeous, ectomycorrhizal
fungi were applied to 1-msuperscript 2 plots sown with 4 conifer species
(Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus lambertiana, Abies concolor and Tsuga
heterophylla) in a bare-root nursery in Oregon. Inoculation with either Rhizopogon vinicolor or R.
colossus succeeded with 2 provenances of Douglas-fir only. For R. vinicolor,
the high spore-application rate produced the most mycorrhizae on the greatest
number of seedlings. For R. colossus, the high spore-application rate produced
the most mycorrhizae on the greatest number of seedlings of one seed source,
while the medium rate did better with the other. Stem height and root collar
diameter of seedlings did not differ significantly between treatments and
controls. Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated or not inoculated with spores of R.
vinicolor were outplanted at 2 yr old in southwestern Oregon. After 2 yr, inoculated seedlings had significantly
greater survival, stem height, root collar diameter, and biomass than
noninoculated seedlings. Although new feeder roots of both noninoculated and
inoculated seedlings were colonized by indigenous fungi, R. vinicolor persisted
on the old root systems of inoculated seedings and colonized new feeder roots.
OSU
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47. Castellano, M.A. and J.M. Trappe.
1991. Pisolithus tinctorius fails to improve plantation performance of
inoculated conifers in southwestern Oregon. New-Forests 5(4): 349-358.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal response
Abstract: Bare
root seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta), white fir (Abies concolor), and grand fir (Abies grandis) were
inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius and subjected to standard nursery and
cold storage practices. At age 2 years, seedlings were assessed for mycorrhizal
status, and were planted out on a variety of sites in SW Oregon.
After 1, 2 and 3 growing seasons root collar diameter and current year's shoot
growth were measured (or a lateral branch if browsing had damaged main shoot).
Results showed that inoculated seedlings performed no better than those which
had not been intentionally inoculated but which had formed mycorrhizae with
indigenous, nursery fungi (e.g. Thelephora terrestris, and possibly Inocybe
spp.). Climate, planting sites and nursery practices in the Pacific Northwest differ drastically from those in the southeastern United States, where P. tinctorius has increased plantation survival and
growth. It is concluded that further research is necessary on P. tinctorius and
nursery inoculation of tree seedlings in the Pacific Northwest.
OSU
Link
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48. Chanway, C.P. 1997. Inoculation
of tree roots with plant growth promoting soil bacteria: an emerging technology
for reforestation. Forest-Science 43(1): 99-112.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand
health
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Results
from studies performed with beneficial asymbiotic tree root associated bacteria
are reviewed in this article in relation to the possible uses of such
microorganisms for artificial forest regeneration. The review includes sections
on plant growth promoting bacteria for pine (Pinus spp.), spruce (Picea spp.),
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Seedling
root systems are colonized heavily by asymbiotic soil bacteria, many of which
have the potential to influence plant growth significantly. A heterogeneous
group of these microorganisms is well known for their ability to colonize roots
and stimulate growth of agricultural plant species, sometimes doubling seedling
biomass accumulation only a few weeks after inoculation, but more usually
resulting in less spectacular biomass gains (e.g., 15%-30% greater than
uninoculated controls within a growing season). Plant growth promoting soil
bacteria may exert such effects through a variety of mechanisms, and include
microorganisms that stimulate seedling emergence or infection by symbiotic
fungi and bacteria. Other plant beneficial soil bacteria possess biological
control activity or are capable of transforming plants genetically. Inoculation
of tree seedlings with such bacterial before outplanting would be an
inexpensive, environmentally benign, and easily applied nursery treatment, but
comparatively little work has been performed with these microorganisms in
forestry. Recent results with various tree species, however, indicate that
seedling performance can be significantly enhanced through bacterial
inoculation of root systems: pine and spruce biomass increased 32%-49% 1 yr
after inoculation and outplanting at a reforestation site. In addition,
infection by desired species of ectomycorrhizal fungi can also be enhanced by
inoculation with certain strains of root colonizing bacteria.
OSU
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49. Chanway, C.P., R.A. Radley and
F.B. Holl. 1991. Inoculation of conifer seed with plant growth promoting Bacillus
strains causes increased seedling emergence and biomass.
Soil-Biology-and-Biochemistry 23(6): 575-580.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract: Seeds of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and white spruce (Picea glauca) were collected from
3 sites in British
Columbia.
Inoculation with Bacillus strains L5 and L6 significantly increased the rate of
seedling emergence of spruce but did not affect subsequent seedling growth.
Pine root growth was promoted by strain L5 in sterilized, but not non-sterile,
growth medium. Strain L6 promoted pine root growth in sterilized medium, but
also caused significant increases in seedling emergence, shoot weight and
height, root weight and surface area, and root collar diameter when tested in
non-sterile peat-vermiculite medium. The positive effects due to a single
inoculation of pine with strain L6 at sowing were not detectable after 12 weeks
growth. However, root growth was stimulated after 16 weeks growth if seedlings
were re-inoculated with strain L6 mid-way through the experiment. Shoot-growth
promotion was also detected when 1-yr-old pine seedlings were planted in pots
and inoculated with strain L6. Douglas fir seedlings grown from seed inoculated
with strain L5 had increased root collar diameters, whereas those inoculated
with strain L6 exhibited increased root surface area.
OSU
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50. Chapman, R.J. 1984. Growth,
nitrogen content and water relations of sludge-treated Douglas-fir seedlings.
Forestry-Abstracts 45(7): 385-386.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
OSU
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51. Cochran, P.H., W. Lopushinsky and
P.D. McColley. 1986. Effect of operational fertilization on foliar nutrient
content and growth of young Douglas-fir and Pacific silver fir.
Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service
Research-Note PNW-RN-445. 10 p.
Keywords: fertilization
tree
physiology
growth
Abstract: During
1979-80, sulfated urea (pelletted) was applied to conifer stands in the Wenatchee
National Forest, west of Cle Elum, Washington. Nitrogen concn. in current needles of Pacific silver fir
(Abies amabilis) showed a significant 1.9-fold increase after fertilizer
treatment compared with a non-significant 1.3-fold increase in Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii). A significant 2.5-fold increase in foliar N also
occurred in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). Analysis of foliage from untreated
trees indicated N deficiency in A. amabilis, but N concn. in Douglas fir was above
threshold values. Fertilizer treatment did not affect foliar S in either
species, but increased needle surface area for A. amabilis. Tree diam. growth,
stand b.a. growth and vol. growth were all increased by fertilizer treatment.
OSU
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52. Cole, D.W., M.L. Rinehart, D.G.
Briggs, C.L. Henry and F. Mecifi. 1984. Response of Douglas fir to sludge
application: volume growth and specific gravity. In Proceedings of the
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry 1984 Research and
Development Conference, Appleton, Wisconsin, September 30-October 3. pp. 77-84.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
wood
quality
Abstract: In 1977
and 1980 municipal sludge was applied to a 60-yr-old lowland Douglas fir stand
in Washington State. Application procedures and rates and suitable sites for
treatment are described. There was a 6 yr av. diam. growth response of 93% in
unthinned and 48% in thinned stands treated with 142 t/ha sludge and a vol.
growth response of 53 and 42%, respectively. The accelerated rate of growth has
not shown signs of decreasing since treatment. Relative density of sludge-grown
wood was 10-15% less than that of untreated wood, but within the range for
Douglas fir grown on higher land. This is thought to be a result of the change
in forest site produced by the sludge treatment.
OSU
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53. Cole, E.C. and M. Newton. 1987.
Fifth-year response of Douglas-fir to crowding and nonconiferous competition.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(2): 181-186.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical
release
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract: Measurements
were made in autumn 1982 in 5-yr-old plantations with trees spaced 17-123 cm
apart, alone or with grass or red alder (Alnus rubra) on 3 site types in the Oregon Coast Range. Crowding and competition from both grass and alder
reduced aboveground dry wt. per tree. Dry wt./ha was higher at higher tree
densities, but this is expected to change with time as the larger trees at low
densities form fully stocked stands. Grass showed the greatest effect on growth
at the driest site. Although red alder decreased growth on all sites, the
effect was most significant at the coastal site where light is most limiting
and moisture least limiting. For the production of max. individual tree size,
low stocking with control of competing vegetation is recommended.
OSU
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54. Cole, E.C. and M. Newton. 1989a.
Height growth response in Christmas trees to sulfometuron and other herbicides.
Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (Vol. 42): 129-135.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical
release
growth
tree/stand
health
stand
conditions
Abstract: Abies
procera, A. grandis and Pseudotsuga menziesii cv. Menziesii were evaluated for
tolerance to sulfometuron (0.05-0.21 kg/ha), atrazine (4.5 kg/ha) and
hexazinone (2.2 kg/ha). Herbicides were applied pre-budbreak and sulfometuron
was also applied post-budbreak. Weeds were suppressed equally effectively by
all rates and herbicides pre-em. Low rates of sulfometuron were less effective
post-em. There was no significant damage to A. procera seedlings, although the
highest rate of sulfometuron slowed growth significantly. A. grandis was not
affected by any treatment. All treatments caused injury to 1-year-old P.
menziesii, primarily needle chlorosis and slight stunting. Growth was best in
atrazine-treated plots. For 3-year-old P. menziesii, injury was not significant
but high rates of sulfometuron caused cosmetic damage. Best growth was observed
with hexazinone and worst with sulfometuron. Post-budbreak applications and
high rates of sulfometuron reduced growth more than pre-budbreak application
and low rates.
OSU
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Link
55. Coleman, M., J. Dunlap, D. Dutton
and C. Bledsoe. 1987. Nursery and field evaluation of compost-grown conifer
seedlings. Tree-Planters' Notes 38(2): 22-27.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), noble fir (Abies procera) and
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were raised in beds that had been treated with
0, 2, 4 or 6 inches of compost (fir/hemlock sawdust and municipal sewage
sludge, 3:1) at a nursery in Carson, Washington. In autumn 1983, the 2+0 stock
was lifted, stored until spring 1984 and then planted out on Mt. St. Helens,
Washington (Douglas fir), near Estacada, Oregon (noble fir) or E. of the Cascade crest near Leavenworth, Washington (ponderosa pine). Data are given on the ht., biomass and
concn. of N, P, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd after 1 yr in the nursery beds and on the
ht. and survival for 2 yr after planting. The responses of the seedlings to the
compost, the immobilization of nutrients and the accumulation of heavy metals
are discussed.
OSU Link
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Link
56. Colinas, C., D. Perry, R. Molina
and M. Amaranthus. 1994b. Survival and growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings
inoculated with biocide-treated soils at planting in a degraded clearcut.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 24(8): 1741-1749.
Keywords: planting operations
fertilization
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
morphology
Abstract: To
determine the factors of transfer soils responsible for increased seedling
survival and growth, planting holes, at a site in SW Oregon, were inoculated
with forest, plantation, and clear-cut soils subjected to one of 8 treatments:
(i) treated with fertilizer to test for effects of nutrients; treated with
biocides to test for effects of (ii) grazers (microarthropods or nematodes),
(iii) protozoa, (iv) fungi, or (v) bacteria; (vi) pasteurized; (vii)
Tyndallized; or (viii) untreated. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings
were planted in June 1990 and seedling growth and survival was assessed in
December 1990. Survival was increased by inoculation with untreated plantation
soils, but not if they were fertilized or treated with dimethoate + carbofuran
(grazercide), fumagillin (protozoacide), or oxytetracycline + penicillin
(bactericide). Addition of untreated forest soil did not increase survival. For
all soils, survival was increased by captan (fungicide), pasteurization and
Tyndallization. Untreated plantation and forest soil transfers increased dry
weights whereas neither did when treated with dimethoate + carbofuran. Dry
weights of seedlings given clear-cut soil were increased by fertilization,
pasteurization and Tyndallization of the soil; the latter two treatments also
increased the number of short roots. It is hypothesized that stimulation of
seedling growth by soil transfers was related to an increased rate of nutrient
mineralization due to microbivorous soil animals contained within the transfer
soils. Soil transfers may have enhanced seedling survival by at least two
mechanisms: (i) by providing a safe site for beneficial rhizosphere organisms
to proliferate, free from competing organisms that have proliferated in the
clear-cut soil; and (ii) through volatile organic compounds, especially
ethylene, that stimulated seedling root growth.
OSU
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57. Copes, D.L. 1980. Effect of root
stock vigor on leader elongation, branch growth, and plagiotropism in 4- and
8-year-old Douglas-fir grafts. Tree-Planters' Notes 31(1): 11-14.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree
grafting
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract: In
treatment (a) 2-yr-old seedling rootstocks were planted in containers in 1969
and scions from Oregon and Washington plantations grafted on in April 1970. The grafted trees
were moved to transplant beds in Nov. 1970 and finally to field positions in Oregon in Dec. 1979. In treatment (b), rootstocks of the same age
were bare-root planted in Nov. 1970 and scions grafted in April 1974. Graft
growth was examined in May 1978. Field-grafted trees (b) showed upright tree
form, significantly greater leader growth p.a. and longer branches in the 1976
whorl. Some 61% of container-grafted trees (a) showed a noticeable lean from
vertical compared with none of the field grafted trees.
OSU Link
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Link
58. Copes, D.L. 1983. Failure of
grafted Douglas-fir planted at Monterey, Calif. Tree-Planters' Notes 34(3): 9-10.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree
grafting
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
phenology
Abstract: Trees
were grafted onto established rootstocks (grown from rooted cuttings from Oregon or seedlings from California) in Oregon in April 1979, and in Dec. 109 of these were transplanted
to a site on the Monterey Peninsula, California. Grafts were examined in July
1981. More than 30% of the transplanted grafts had died of early
incompatibility and the cumulative 1980 and 1981 leader growth of the survivors
averaged 12 cm. Identical grafts in Oregon showed 2-10% death due to incompatibility and av. leader
growth of 1-2 m. It is suggested that the atypical unreliable budflush and
reduced leader elongation in Monterey was due to winter temperatures that were not cool enough
to satisfy bud dormancy requirements. It had been hoped to establish seed
orchards out of range of pollen contamination from local Douglas fir stands.
OSU Link
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Link
59. Copes, D.L. 1999. Breeding
graft-compatible Douglas-fir rootstocks (Pseudotsuga menziesii (MIRB.) FRANCO).
Silvae-Genetica 48(3/4): 188-193.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
tree
grafting
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
phenology
tree/stand
health
genetic
relationships
Abstract: A study
encompassing 24 years was conducted to determine if a breeding programme could produce
highly graft-compatible rootstocks for P. menziesii. A total of 27 trees of
apparent high graft compatibility were selected and crossed to produce 226
control-pollinated families. Seedlings were grown, field planted and grafted
with test scions. Graft unions from field tests were evaluated anatomically for
internal symptoms of incompatibility. Average compatibility of progeny from the
226 crosses was 90.6%, compared with 65% in native populations. Breeding values
were calculated for each parent by the best linear prediction (BLP) procedure.
Average compatibility resulting from crossing among the top 10 parents was
estimated by breeding values as 95.4%. Field-test results of progeny from 34
crosses among the 10 most compatible parents showed 96% compatibility. In
addition to field-tests for graft compatibility, nursery tests of seedlings
from 124 crosses were evaluated for second-year vegetative bud flush and
seedling height. It was possible, while maintaining adequately high levels of
graft compatibility, to breed both for resistance to spring frost damage and
for increased seedling height.
OSU
Link
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60. Crouch, G.L. and M.A. Radwan.
1981. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on deer browsing and
growth of young Douglas-fir.
Pacific-Northwest-Forest-and-Range-Experiment-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service.
Research-Note PNW-RN-368. 15 p.
Keywords: fertilization
tree/stand
health
growth
tree physiology
Abstract: N and P
fertilizers were applied in March 1968 singly or in combination at a rate
equivalent to 200 lb/acre of N or P to young trees (2-5 ft tall) in Oregon and Washington. Trees were examined and measured for up to 4 yr. In the
first year after treatment trees given the N-only fertilizer in Washington were
more heavily browsed by black tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus),
but this effect disappeared in the second year. Height growth was increased by
N-only treatment in taller trees in Oregon after 1 and 2 yr, but the effect had
disappeared after 4 yr. Total N content was significantly increased by the N
and N + P treatments in the first year, but this effect also disappeared after
2 yr. The amounts of moisture, ash, Ca and P, and diam. growth were not
affected by any treatments.
OSU
Link
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61. Curtis, R.O. 1987.
Levels-of-growing-stock cooperative study in Douglas-fir: Report No. 9 - some
comparisons of DFSIM estimates with growth in the levels-of-growing stock
study. Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service
Research-Paper PNW-RP-376. 34 p.
Keywords: thinning
commercial
thinning
growth
tree/stand health
computer modeling
Abstract: Initial
stand statistics for the 9 levels-of-growing-stock (LOGS) study installations
in Oregon and Washington, USA, and Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, Canada, were projected by the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
stand simulation program (DFSIM) over the available periods of observation.
Thinnings were simulated by use of observed top height trends, actual residual
basal areas, and actual ratios of cut tree diameters to stand diameter before
cutting (d/D). Estimates were compared with observed gross and net volumes and
basal area growth, net change in quadratic mean diameter, and change in number
of trees. Although the LOGS installations included regimes quite different from
those in most of the data used to construct DFSIM, overall agreement was
reasonably good. Results indicated some density-related bias in the thinned
stands and a need for revision in the method used to control the maximum density
in the DFSIM program and in the associated mortality estimates.
OSU
Link
Non-OSU Link
62. Curtis, R.O. and D.D. Marshall.
1986. Levels-of-growing-stock cooperative study in Douglas-fir. Report no. 8 -
The LOGS study: twenty-year results. Pacific
Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service Research-Paper PNW-RP-356. v + 113 p.
Keywords: thinning
commercial
thinning
growth
Abstract: A further
report in a series on 9 study areas in Oregon, Washington and British
Columbia. The
programme aimed to determine relations between growing stock and vol., b.a. and
diam. growth for 8 thinning regimes. Results presented are mainly from 5 site
class II installations. Growth was strongly related to growing stock. Thinning
treatments produced marked differences in volume distribution by tree sizes.
There were considerable unexplained differences in productivity between
installations, beyond those attributable to site quality. During the 4th
treatment period (32-42 yr old in site class II sites) c.a.i. was approx. twice
m.a.i. An evaluation is given of the LOGS study design.
OSU
Link
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63. Curtis, R.O. and D.D. Marshall.
2002. Levels-of-growing-stock cooperative study in Douglas-fir: report no. 14 -
Stampede Creek: 30-year results. Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service
Research-Paper PNW-RP-543. xi + 77 p.
Keywords: thinning
commercial
thinning
growth
yield
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Results
of the Stampede Creek installation of the levels-of-growing-stock (LOGS) study
in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) are summarized. To age 63 (planned
completion of 60 feet of height growth), volume growth on the site III natural
stand has been strongly related to level of growing stock, but basal area
growth-growing stock relations were considerably weaker. Marked differences in
tree size distributions have resulted from thinning. Periodic annual volume
increments at age 63 are two to three times greater than mean annual increment;
this stand is still far from culmination. Results for this southwest Oregon installation are generally similar to those reported from
other LOGS installations, although development has been slower than on the site
II installations that make up the majority of the series.
OSU
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64. Curtis, R.O., D.D. Marshall and
J.F. Bell. 1997. LOGS: a pioneering example of silvicultural research in coast
Douglas-fir. Journal-of-Forestry 95(7): 19-25.
Keywords: thinning
commercial
thinning
growth
yield
Abstract: A
regional levels-of-growing-stock (LOGS) study of young Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) stands in western Oregon and western Washington, USA and Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, Canada, was conducted between 1961 and 1970. The objective was to
determine how the amount of growing stock retained in repeatedly thinned stands
of P. menziesii affects cumulative wood production, tree size and
growth:growing stock ratios. Nine LOGS installations were established during
the study period, each consisting of 27 one-fifth acre plots, with 8 thinning
treatments (and controls). All plots received initial calibration thinning.
After the first 10 feet of height growth and at intervals of 10 feet thereafter,
5 subsequent thinning treatments were made. As of 1994, all installations on
site class II, and most installations on site classes III and IV had completed
the planned thinning sequence over 60 ft of height growth. Periodic annual
increment of both basal area and volume was clearly related to basal area of
growing stock and several measures of density. Thinning accelerated diameter
growth, and diameter and volume distributions differed greatly among
treatments. Mean annual increment and periodic annual increment showed no sign
of approach to culmination in either total or merchantable cubic volume.
Cumulative volume production (live stand plus thinning) of the controls
exceeded all thinning treatments to date when measured in total cubic volume of
all trees, although when volume was measured in merchantable cubic feet several
thinning treatments exceeded net volume production of the controls. A
discussion of the results includes: a comparison with other thinning studies;
an analysis of application of the Langsaeter hypothesis (that the same cubic
volume production could be obtained over a wide range of stand densities);
growth trends and rotations; thinning gains; non-timber values; and critical
analysis of the study design. The continuing value of the demonstration stands
is discussed.
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Link
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65. Dangerfield, J. and H. Brix.
1981. Comparative effects of ammonium nitrate and urea fertilizers on tree
growth and soil processes. In Proceedings: Forest
Fertilization Conference, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Eds. S.P. Gessel, R.M. Kenady and W.A. Atkinson.
pp. 133-139.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree
physiology
Abstract: Growth
response of Douglas-fir to ammonium nitrate and urea, applied at rates of 200
and 400 pounds per acre (224 and 448 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare), was
studied over a 7-year period at Shawnigan Lake, B.C. Diameter growth was 21 and
9 percent better, respectively, for the two rates with ammonium nitrate than
with urea in unthinned plots and 7 percent better for plots that had been
thinned and received 400 pounds per acre (448 kilograms nitrogen per hectare).
Foliar nitrogen concentrations also increased most with ammonium nitrate
fertilzization during the first 2 years, indicating that nitrogen from this
source was initially more readily available to the trees. This is explained in
part by the greater mobility of nitrate supplied by ammonium nitrate and by
nitrogen immobilization in buildup of bacterial populations with urea.
OSU
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Link
66. DeBell, D.S., C.A. Harrington and J. Shumway. 2002. Thinning shock and
response to fertilizer less than expected in young Douglas-fir stand at Wind River
Experimental Forest. Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service
Research-Paper PNW-RP-547. ii + 20 p.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
precommercial
thinning
growth
Abstract: Three
thinning treatments (thinned to 3.7 by 3.7 m, thinned to 4.3 by 4.3 m, and an
unthinned control treatment with nominal spacing averaging 2.6 by 2.6 m) were installed
in a 10-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation growing on a
low-quality site at the Wind River
Experimental Forest in southwest Washington, USA. Two years after thinning, two fertilizer treatments were
superimposed on the design (0 and 224 kg per ha of nitrogen applied as ammonium
nitrate). Diameter growth increased with increasing spacing throughout the
6-year study period, and it was also increased by fertilizer in both the
thinned and unthinned (control) treatments. Thinning shock, a reduction in
height growth after thinning, was expected at this study site because severe
thinning shock had been documented in earlier nearby trials. Height growth was
initially reduced slightly by thinning, but by the third 2-year period after thinning,
height growth in thinned, unfertilized treatments was equal to or greater than
height growth in the unthinned, unfertilized treatment. Fertilizer application
increased height growth on average by 13 per cent in the first 2 years after
fertilizer application. In the third and fourth years after fertilizer
application, however, fertilizer increased average height growth by 9 per cent,
but the increase was substantial (16 per cent) only in the unthinned control
treatment. The mild, ephemeral nature of thinning shock in our study was in
contrast to the severe, long-lasting shock in earlier studies at Wind River.
The milder shock in our study could be related to one or more of the following:
(1) thinning was done at an early age, (2) impacts of fire (natural or
prescribed) preceding planting were minor, and (3) seed source of the planted
stock was appropriate for the location. Based on comparisons with other studies
at Wind River and elsewhere, we suspect that use of nonlocal, maladapted
seed sources in the earlier studies may have predisposed those trees to
thinning shock. Furthermore, we suspect that the much higher responses to
fertilizer application reported in the earlier studies may be associated with
intense natural fires prior to planting, and the reduced nutritional status of
those sites may have been further exacerbated by the use of maladapted seed
sources.
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Non-OSU Link
67. DeBell, D.S., R.R. Silen, M.A.
Radwan and N.L. Mandel. 1986. Effect of family and nitrogen fertilizer on
growth and foliar nutrients of Douglas-fir saplings. Forest-Science 32(3):
643-652.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
Abstract: Urea (224
kg N/ha) was applied to 12-yr-old Douglas fir of 12 open-pollinated families
growing near Corvallis, Oregon. Ht. and d.b.h. were measured before fertilization in Feb.
1979 and 4 growing seasons later, and tree vol. were estimated. Vol. increment
varied among families, but was increased by an av. 7% by fertilizer.
Concentrations of foliar nutrients, analysed in winter 1979 and 1980, differed
significantly between families and in response to fertilization. The
familyxfertilizer interaction was not significant for any growth or foliar
nutrient measured.
OSU
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68. Dimock, E.J., II and E.B.
Collard. 1981. Postplanting sprays of dalapon and atrazine to aid conifer
establishment. Pacific-Northwest-Forest-and-Range-Experiment-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service
Research-Paper PNW-RP-280. iii + 16 p.
Keywords: release treatments
chemical
release
growth
tree/stand
health
stand
conditions
Abstract: A
mixture of dalapon and atrazine at 8 and 4 lb/acre, respectively, or dalapon or
atrazine alone were applied to control perennial grasses and forbs competing
with newly planted seedlings of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir. In 4 studies in
Oregon in 1975, herbicides were spot sprayed around individual
seedlings. In 2 studies in Washington
and Oregon in 1976, herbicides were broadcast sprayed. The mixture
consistently controlled grass and forbs better than either herbicide alone,
reducing grass and forb cover respectively by 80-82% and 48-58% in the first
year. Control persisted for 2-4 yr. Varying results are reported as to the
effects of the different treatments on height growth and survival.
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69. Donald, D.G.M. and D.G. Simpson.
1985. Shallow conditioning and late fertilizer application effects on the
quality of conifer nursery stock in British Columbia. B.C.-Ministry-of-Forests Research-Note 99. viii + 36 p.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
tree/stand
protection
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract: Eight
trials on 2+0 stock of Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, P. sitchensis, Pinus
contorta and Pseudotsuga menziesii (var. glauca and var. menziesii) in 4 nurseries
were conducted to compare the effects of shallow conditioning (undercutting and
wrenching at 10 cm deep) with those of the standard conditioning regime
(undercutting and wrenching at 20 cm) on nursery performance, storage and field
performance. The application of a complete NPK fertilizer 50 days before
lifting was also evaluated. Shallow conditioning and late fertilizer
application improved the root growth capacity at lifting, but could not replace
cold exposure for hardening Pseudotsuga menziesii. Shallow conditioning had
little effect on survival after planting and reduced initial ht. increment of
all species. Application of fertilizer just before lifting improved the early
growth of the trees without adversely affecting survival. Planting seedlings
some 5 cm deeper than they stood in the nursery improved establishment.
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70. Dosskey, M.G., L. Boersma and
R.G. Linderman. 1993. Effect of phosphorus fertilization on water stress in
Douglas fir seedlings during soil drying. Plant-and-Soil 150(1): 33-39.
Keywords: fertilization
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
physiology
photosynthesis
Abstract: A
growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine if P fertilizing to
enhance the P nutrition of otherwise N and P deficient Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) seedlings reduces water stress in the seedlings during drought
periods. Seedlings were grown in pasteurized mineral soil under well watered
conditions and fertilized periodically with a small amount of nutrient solution
containing P at three levels: 0, 20, or 50 mg/litre. By age 6 months, leaf
nutrient analysis indicated that N and P were deficient in control (0 mg
P/litre) seedlings. The highest level of P fertilizer, which doubled leaf P
concentration, did not affect plant biomass, suggesting that N deficiency was
limiting growth. When these seedlings were subjected to drought, there was no
effect of P fertilizing on leaf water potential or osmotic potential.
Furthermore, P fertilized seedlings had lower stomatal conductance and net
photosynthesis rate. These results indicate that enhanced P nutrition, in the
presence of N deficiency, does not reduce water stress in Douglas fir seedlings
during drought periods.
OSU
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71. Drew, A.P. 1983. Optimizing
growth and development of 2-0 Douglas-fir seedlings by altering light
intensity. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(3): 425-428.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
morphology
carbon
allocation
Abstract:
Seedlings were grown outdoors in Michigan in pots under 71% of full light the first growing season
and full light the second. Another group of seedlings was given full light
continuously for 2 yr. At the end of the 1st year, seedlings given initial
shade had grown larger in total wt. (root + shoot) than those grown under full
light. With removal of shading, the larger plants began to allocate increased
dry matter to root development relative to their shoots. By the end of 2 yr,
shoot/root ratios for the 2 groups were no different, yet the plants shaded in
their 1st year were significantly heavier (dry wt.) By proper use of shading
during development, larger 2+0 planting stock with good root development may be
produced. Such stock, grown without the use of costly fertilizer, may be better
suited to regeneration of droughty sites in the Pacific Northwest USA than the
usual 2+0 planting stock, nursery grown under full light.
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72. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1983. Growth,
survival, and physiology of Douglas-fir seedlings following root wrenching and
fertilization. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(2): 270-278.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
tree/stand
health
tree
morphology
tree
physiology
growth
Abstract:
Seedlings at different nurseries on Vancouver
Island were subjected to
wrenching treatments during their 2nd year of growth using a fixed blade at
20-25 cm below the bed surface. In the first experiment, wrenching reduced
water potential of trees on unirrigated loam soil by an av. of 300 kPa during
Aug. and Sept. Wrenched trees lifted in Oct. and stored at 2 degrees C until
May, showed 25% higher survival than unwrenched trees 1 yr after planting.
Trees lifted in Dec. had uniformly high survival (98%) and showed no effect of
wrenching. Wrenched trees from irrigated plots had lower shoot length relative
growth rates (RGR) than unwrenched trees during the year after planting. In the
second experiment, wrenching treatments were applied to seedlings, growing in a
loamy sand, for different periods between 15 May and 11 Sept. as follows: (a)
no wrenching, (b) early summer, (c) midsummer, (d) late summer and (e) all
summer. Three fertilizer treatments (none, and 2 amounts of NPK) were applied
to each wrenching treatment, and seedlings were lifted for storage at 2 degrees
C in Oct. and Dec. Stored trees and freshly lifted trees were planted at 700 m
alt. on 3 March. Wrenching increased root dry wt., particularly when additional
fertilizer was applied, but had no measurable effect on cold hardiness or root
growth capacity. Nevertheless, late summer wrenching increased survival 5 and
7% above control 1 and 2 yr after planting. Wrenching had little subsequent
effect on new shoot growth of planted trees during the 2 yr after planting.
However, late-summer wrenched trees showed significantly more new shoot growth
than all-summer wrenched trees. More fertilizer reduced cold hardiness and
survival of cold-stored trees, but increased root growth capcity. Cold
hardiness (measured by electrical impedance) was correlated with survival of
cold-stored trees after planting (rsuperscript 2 = 0.82). Root growth capacity,
averaged over all fertilizer treatments was closely correlated with survival of
stored and freshly lifted trees (rsuperscript 2 = 0.93). Foliar nutrient concn.
were reduced by wrenching, but fertilizing increased nutrient reserves within
the seedling.
OSU
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73. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1984a.
Response of Douglas fir seedlings to phosphorus fertilization and influence of
temperature on this response. Plant-and-Soil 80(2): 155-169.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
carbon
allocation
tree
morphology
Abstract: In pot
experiments levels of P fertilizers equivalent to 300 kg/ha were adequate for
maximum growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) seedlings
over 14-18 weeks, and resulted in available soil P levels of 80 ppm after 15
weeks' growth. Maximum growth in pots was obtained with shoot P concentrations
of 0.18%-0.20%, with higher values at lower temperatures, but the optimum
concentration for one-year-old (1-0) nursery seedlings was 0.16% P. Growth of
seedlings was greatly restricted at a soil temperature of 5 degrees C and an
air temperature of 12 degrees C. At a soil temperature of 10 degrees C and an
air temperature of 14 degrees C seedling P requirement was greater than at soil
and air temperatures of 20 degrees C. Monoammonium phosphate was more effective
than calcium superphosphate in stimulating growth in pots and nursery beds.
Triple superphosphate was also effective in the nursery. Diammonium phosphate,
potassium dihydrogen phosphate and phosphoric acid had no advantages as P
sources in the nursery. Available P levels of 100-130 ppm, in the loamy sand
and sandy loam nurseries studied, and needle P concentrations of 0.18%, when
sampled in October, were associated with maximum growth of two-year-old (2-0)
seedlings. P fertilization decreased the root/shoot ratio, but did not alter
the allometric relationship of shoot to root. Improving the P status from a low
level increased the root growth capacity in 2-0 seedlings and P fertilization
of potted seedlings increased the dry weight/height ratio. Uptakes per seed bed
ha of 236 kg N, 31 kg P, 81 kg K and 73 kg Ca by 2-0 seedlings were comparable
with, or greater than, uptake rates of agricultural crops. Recoveries of 6-11%
of P from fertilizer were recorded in the nursery.
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74. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1984b.
Seedling spacing in the nursery in relation to growth, yield, and performance
of stock. Forestry-Chronicle 60(6): 345-355.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree
morphology
carbon
allocation
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In 3
experiments at nurseries in coastal British Columbia Picea sitchensis, P.
glauca, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Thuja plicata and coastal and interior
varieties of Pseudotsuga menziesii were sown in May 1979, 1980 or 1982 and
grown at spacings ranging from 0.5 to 12 cm. A 1-cm increase in spacing
increased seedling dry wt. by 0.5-1.5 g and root collar diam. by 0.2-0.25 mm up
to a spacing of about 8-10 cm. Above this, response was less. Ht. of 2-yr-old
seedlings was increased slightly or even decreased by wider spacing. Height :
diameter ratios decreased sharply and shoot : root dry wt. decreased or
remained unchanged with wider spacing. The number of needle primordia in 2-0 P.
menziesii buds increased up to a spacing of 2 cm, and the number of 1st and 2nd
order branches were also increased by wider spacing. Increases in root growth
capacity were associated with wider spacing in T. plicata and Picea sitchensis.
In a test of 3 types of precision seeders, none produced anything like accurate
seed placement. Irregularity was increased by 10-20% non-viable seed and winter
mortality. Increased spacing of 2-5 cm between seedlings was justified by the
yield of acceptable seedlings only when the culling standard was increased to a
root collar diam. of about 6 mm. Three yr after planting out the survival of P.
glauca was increased 11% by wider spacing. After 2 yr P. sitchensis survival
was increased 13% by wider spacing. Both species grown at wider spacing
maintained a ht. and diam. advantage over those from close spacing.
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75. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1988a. Nursery
growth of conifer seedlings using fertilizers of different solubilities and
application time, and their forest growth. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
18(2): 172-180.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
carbon
allocation
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract: Beginning
in May 1982, seedlings of Douglas fir and white spruce were grown for 2 yr in a
bare-root nursery in southern British Columbia. Seedlings were treated with four types of commercial
fertilizers (slow-release Osmocote, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate and
Hi-Sol, a soluble fertilizer with 20-20-20 NPK) at 2 different frequencies
during both years to give total N applications of 0, 210 or 350 kg/ha. In
addition, Douglas fir seedlings that had been grown for 2 yr without fertilizer
were treated with the same amounts of fertilizer as a late season treatment
during 1 Sep.-20 Oct. 1983.
Ammonium fertilizers produced larger seedlings than Osmocote and Hi-Sol. Dry
wt. increased with application rate, but frequency of application had only a
small effect. Fertilizer increased the proportion of stem dry matter and
decreased the proportion of needle and root dry matter. Dry wt. of 2+0 white
spruce seedlings was correlated with soil pH, extractable NO3 and available P
measured in Sep. of the first growing season. Douglas fir seedlings were
planted out in Mar. 1984. Late-season fertilized seedlings had greater N and P
tissue concn. than seedlings fertilized during the growing season. Survival and
growth rate after planting were also both greater in late-season fertilized
seedlings. Results suggested that fertilizer composition was more important
than fertilizer solubility for nursery growth.
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76. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1988b.
Response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to some
different fertilizers applied at planting. New-Forests 2(2): 89-110.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
fertilization
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
Abstract: Four
fertilizer experiments to assess type of fertilizer, dosage and timing, were
conducted on eastern Vancouver
Island, BC, Canada. Two-yr-old, bare root planting stock was used except in
experiment 3, where container stock was compared with bare root stock. Little
growth response was obtained after one year, but height growth responses of 12
to 31% were measured after 3 to 6 yr with fertilizers supplying 8.4 to 16.8 g N
per tree. Growth responses were little affected by type of fertilizer and were
primarily due to N, with release rate having no marked effect. The exception to
this was triple superphosphate which did not increase growth but did increase
survival. Survival was reduced by ammonium sulphate and to a lesser extent by
Agriform (NPK). Container seedlings responded more to fertilization at planting
than bare root seedlings. Seedling N, P and K concn. and contents declined
following planting for 6 months and only started to recover after July.
Application of fertilizer caused a small increase in seedling nutrient concn.
regardless of date, but this had no detectable effect on dry weight measured 6
wk later.
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77. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1991a.
Influence of container nursery regimes on drought resistance of seedlings
following planting. I. Survival and growth. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
21(5): 555-565.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
morphology
carbon
allocation
tree/stand
health
Abstract: In a 2
year study, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings, grown in Styroblock
containers in a container nursery from February to July 1988, were exposed to
three temperatures and three levels of drought stress applied factorially
during 18 July to 29 September 1988. Mean temperatures of 13, 16 and 20 degrees
C were imposed in growth chambers, in a cooled plastic house, and in an ambient
plastic house, respectively. Control, medium and severe levels of drought
stress were imposed in a series of eight cycles, resulting in mean xylem
pressure potentials of -0.32, -0.50 and -0.99 MPa, respectively. Seedlings were
kept in the ambient plastic house until January 1989, when they were lifted and
cold-stored until transplanting to covered 0.5-m deep sand beds, which provided
hygric, mesic, and xeric conditions for testing all species and treatments. At
the end of nursery growth, an increase in nursery temperature increased height
and height : diameter ratio in all species and shoot:root dry weight ratio in
Douglas fir and lodgepole pine. Increase in temperature also increased the number
of seedlings with large well-formed buds in white spruce, but reduced the
number in Douglas fir. Drought stress reduced height and dry weight in all
species and bud length in lodgepole pine. After 9 weeks in sand beds, low
nursery temperature increased survival (19% for lodgepole pine and white spruce
grown in the xeric bed), except for Douglas fir grown in the xeric bed. Nursery
drought stress also increased survival (16% for Douglas fir and lodgepole pine
in the xeric bed), but had little effect on white spruce. Low temperature and
drought stress treatments that increased survival also reduced height and dry
weight of lodgepole pine and white spruce after one growing season in sand
beds. Survival showed significant negative correlations with height, dry weight
and height:diameter and shoot : root weight ratios. Low nursery temperature
continued to affect growth 16 weeks after planting, increasing relative growth
rate and allometric ratio (K) of Douglas fir and reducing K of white spruce.
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78. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1992a.
Absolute and relative growth of Douglas-fir seedlings of different sizes.
Tree-Physiology 10(2): 141-152.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
Abstract: Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings of a single (Vancouver Island) seed source were grown in a nursery on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, for two years to produce five different bare rooted stock
types through varying spacing and transplanting treatments: spacing of 1.2, 7.7
and 14.3 cm; 14 cm 1+1 transplant; and 14 cm container transplant. They were
then planted in the forest together with one-year-old container seedlings of
the same seed source (a sixth treatment). Stem volume mean relative growth rate
(Rv) was low immediately after planting for all stock types except the
container seedlings, and increased over the following 7.6 years. An 8-week
greenhouse test of the six stock types showed that dry weight mean relative
growth rate (Rw) generally decreased with seedling dry weight, but this effect
was less obvious after planting because only the three smaller stock types
showed a decrease in Rw with size. In another experiment, bare root Douglas fir
seedlings were grown at five different spacings (1.9, 2.8, 5.0, 7.4 and 10.6
cm) in a nursery for two years, and seedlings from each spacing treatment were
sorted into 'large' or 'small' by height. Resulting 10 treatments were
outplanted and stem volumes determined over 6.7 years. Effect of nursery spacing
on stem volume was linear up to 3.6 years after planting, but large seedlings
had greater stem volume than small seedlings throughout the 6.7 years of the
study. There was no indication that Rv decreased with time, but small seedlings
had a greater Rv than large seedlings. Relative growth rates of 2-year-old
Douglas fir were depressed for a year or two after planting, but then remained
relatively constant, or increased during the ensuing 5 years. Relative growth
rates of smaller seedlings were greater than those of larger seedlings so that
relative biomass differences decreased with time, and the time advantage of
larger stock decreased. Absolute size differences increased with time.
OSU
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79. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1992b. Changes
in drought resistance and rootgrowth capacity of container seedlings in
response to nursery drought, nitrogen, and potassium treatments.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(5):740-749.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
carbon
allocation
tree
physiology
Abstract: Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and white spruce
(Picea glauca) seedlings, each represented by two seed lots, were grown in
Styroblock containers in a greenhouse and plastic shelter house from February
1989 to January 1990. The seedlings were exposed to two N treatments (20 and
200 mg/litre) and three K treatments (5, 25 and 100 mg/litre) arranged
factorially within three drought treatments. After winter storage, seedlings
from a complete set of treatments were planted into hygric, mesic and xeric
sand beds during 12-14 March. Increasing nursery drought stress increased
survival of Douglas fir and lodgepole pine after planting, and high N treatment
level increased survival of lodgepole pine and white spruce. Under xeric
conditions, combined nursery drought and high N treatments increased survival
of lodgepole pine by 33%, indicating the importance of nursery cultural regime
for stock quality. Increase in nursery drought stress did not decrease seedling
size by much; increase in N increased seedling size one season after planting.
A positive relation between shoot : root ratio and survival in lodgepole pine
and white spruce indicated that increase in N increased both shoot growth and
drought resistance over the N range investigated. Only Douglas fir showed an
interaction between drought and N treatment and a small response in both
survival and dry weight to K application. Root growth capacity, measured at the
time of planting, showed an approximate doubling in all species due to high N
treatment, and was also increased in white spruce by drought stress. Survival
and root growth capacity were poorly correlated, but dry-weight growth in sand
beds was well correlated with root growth capacity. Shoot dry weight and percentage
N in shoots measured after nursery growth were correlated with root growth
capacity. Manipulation of root growth capacity by changing nursery treatment
was possible without altering resistance to drought stress after planting.
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80. Dunsworth, B.G. 1985. Three-yr
survival and height growth of 2+0 bareroot Douglas-fir seedlings treated with a
Symbex root dip. Tree-Planters' Notes 36(1): 24-25.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Seedling roots were dipped in a sol. of Symbex [a stimulant containing
fertilizer and microorganisms?] diluted 40:1 with water, or water before
planting out in May 1980 on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Although the ht. growth of Symbex-treated trees was
significantly greater in 1981, there were n.s.d. in total ht., ht. growth or
survival after 3 growing seasons.
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81. Dunsworth, B.G. 1988. Douglas-fir
fall root phenology: a bioassay approach to defining planting windows. In
Proceedings: 10th North American Forest Biology Workshop, 'Physiology and
genetics of reforestation', University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, July 10-22,
1988. Eds. J. Worrall, J.
Loo-Dinkins and D.P. Lester. pp. 295-307.
Keywords: planting operations
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
phenology
Abstract: Natural
seedling root phenology during the autumn and spring was observed in Douglas
fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] and western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla] over
several seasons on Vancouver
Island, British Columbia. These observations were used to determine the soil
climate conditions under which peak activity occurred. Mitotic indexing and
total root tip counts were used to quantify root activity. Peak activity for
both spring and autumn in both species could be reasonably bracketed by soil
climate conditions of -1 bar soil tension and 4 degrees C. The hypothetical
planting window defined by these soil climate conditions was then tested with a
series of timing of planting studies for Douglas fir (autumn) and western
hemlock (spring) containerized stock. The results indicated that although
quality of planting stock and the season following planting are influential, a
10 to 15% survival and growth advantage can be gained by planting within the
hypothetical window.
Non-OSU
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82. Duponnois, R., J. Garbaye, D.
Bouchard and J.L. Churin. 1993. The fungus-specificity of mycorrhization helper
bacteria (MHBs) used as an alternative to soil fumigation for ectomycorrhizal
inoculation of bare-root Douglas-fir planting stocks with Laccaria laccata.
Plant and Soil 157:257-262.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
mycorrhizal
response
Abstract: Mycorrhization
helper bacteria (MHBs) isolated and selected from the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii)-Laccaria laccata symbiotic system have previously been shown to be
fungus-specific: they promote ectomycorrhizal establishment of Laccaria laccata
but inhibit mycorrhizal formation by other fungi. In this paper, two
experiments in a nursery producing 2-yr-old bare rooted Douglas fir planting
stock confirmed the specificity of MHBs (9 strains were tested) under field
conditions. Mycorrhizal formation by Laccaria laccata, and the closely related
L. bicolor was promoted by the specific MHBs tested, but mycorrhizal formation
by Hebeloma cylindrosporum and a contaminant white fungus was inhibited; the
strain of Paxillus involutus used was only poorly infective and not affected by
MHBs. The experiments also showed that, by selectively helping the introduced
L. laccata against the resident symbionts, MHBs are an interesting alternative
(safer and easier) to soil fumigation for the success of routine controlled
mycorrhization of planting stock in forest nurseries. The MHB strain BBc6 (a
Pseudomonas fluorescens) is suggested as a suitable candidate for this system.
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83. Duryea, M.L. and S.K. Omi. 1987.
Top pruning Douglas-fir seedlings: morphology, physiology, and field
performance. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(11): 1371-1378.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery
pruning
tree
phenology
tree/stand
health
growth
yield
Abstract:
Seedlings from 9 seed sources at 6 nurseries in Washington, Oregon and
California were treated with various pruning treatments including tall and
short ht. (25 and 15 cm, respectively), early and late timing (6 wk after bud
burst or 6 wk after bud set, respectively), pruning twice or no pruning.
Seedlings were evaluated for phenology and quality, and graded in the nursery.
For each seed source, seedlings were planted at field sites in their own zone
and on one common site. Seedlings pruned tall and early began growing again
within 5 wk and set buds 2 wk later than unpruned seedlings. Shippable yield of
seedlings pruned tall and early and of unpruned seedlings were n.s.d, although
more pruned seedlings had multiple leaders. Pruned seedlings were smaller than
unpruned seedlings at the time of planting. Survival and growth were the same
for pruned and unpruned seedlings in the 1st year after planting. Pruned
seedlings grew more than unpruned seedlings in the 2nd year, but were still
shorter after 2 yr. Field growth was greater in seedlings pruned tall or early
than in seedlings pruned short or late. It is concluded that pruning should be
continued as a cultural practice if it benefits nurseries, but that late short
pruning should be avoided.
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84. Edgren, J.W. 1981. Field performance of undercut coastal and Rocky
Mountain Douglar-fir 2+0 seedlings. Tree-Planters' Notes 32(3): 33-36.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Seedlings from 1 seed source each of Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii (coastal) and P. menziesii var. glauca (Rocky
Mountain) were grown in a nursery
in Washington and half were
undercut at 15 cm below the surface at 1-yr-old. Seedlings were lifted in March
the next yr (1968) and planted out at 2 sites in Oregon.
Survival of undercut coastal firs 3 yr after planting was significantly better
than controls. Survival of Rocky Mountain
fir was not significantly affected by undercutting. Ht. growth of control
seedlings of both varieties was significantly greater in their 1st season than
that of undercut seedlings, but the differences disappeared the following year.
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85. Edmonds, R.L. and T.
Hsiang. 1987. Forest
floor and soil influence on response of Douglas-fir to urea.
Soil-Science-Society-of-America-Journal 51(5): 1332-1337.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
soil
properties
Abstract:
Data from the Regional Forest Nutrition Research Project (RFNRP) in Washington
and Oregon were analyzed to
improve stand-specific prediction of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
Franco] response to urea fertilization. The response variable (relative
difference in volume growth between fertilized and control plots 4 yr after
fertilization with 448 kg N/ha) was regressed against 28 stand and site
variables (e.g., age, elevation, forest floor C/N ratio, soil cation exchange
capacity, etc.) using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Data from 120
installations were stratified by thinning level (thinned or unthinned),
geographic location (provinces), and site quality (site index and class). Forest
floor C/N ratio was the dominant variable related to response. In thinned
installations of high site quality (site classes 1 and 2), 60% of variation in
response was explained by the forest floor C/N, and 75% of the variation in
response was explained with inclusion of surface soil exchangeable K. In
thinned, low site quality stands, response was not as well related to forest
floor C/N. Analysis of the data by province indicated that S may be limiting in
southwest Oregon and P in coastal
Washington.
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86. El Kassaby, Y.A. and Y.S. Park.
1993. Genetic variation and correlation in growth, biomass, and phenology of
Douglas-fir diallel progeny at different spacings. Silvae-Genetica 42(6):
289-297.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
nursery
operations
genetic
relationships
growth
carbon
allocation
tree
phenology
Abstract:
Parents of coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) selected from
natural stands on sites ranging from 0 to 450 m altitude on Vancouver
Island and in southeastern British Columbia
were crossed and the resulting 104 full-sib families evaluated for 3 years
after germination. The full-sib families were produced by a disconnected
diallel mating scheme, consisting of 7 sets of 6-parent partial diallels, grown
under 2 spacing treatments in a nursery. The objectives of the study were to
determine the extent of genetic control of growth traits, biomass distribution
and allocation strategies, and vegetative phenology. Spacing had a significant
effect on 6 of the 11 traits studied. Significant GCA variance was found for
all traits except 1-year height. Individual tree narrow-sense heritability
varied from 0.06 to 0.69 for root dry weight and vegetative phenology,
respectively. Spacing x family interaction variance was significant for only 2
traits. Two harvest indices, based on total and above-ground dry weights, were
used to assess dry matter allocation strategy and to explore potential
usefulness in tree breeding. Both indices had similar heritability estimates
and their genetic correlation was high (0.91), indicating that use of an index
based on above ground dry weight is a good surrogate for that based on total
dry weight. Genetic correlations among growth and biomass traits were generally
high, while those correlations with the harvest indices were variable.
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87. Entry, J.A., K. Cromack, Jr., R.G. Kelsey and N.E. Martin. 1991.
Response of Douglas-fir to infection by Armillaria ostoyae after thinning or
thinning plus fertilization. Phytopathology 81(6): 682-689.
Keywords: thinning
fertilization
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
morphology
carbon
allocation
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Second-growth stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were thinned
to a 5- x 5-m spacing (TT); additional plots were thinned and fertilized once
with 360 kg of N (as urea)/ha (TF). An unthinned, unfertilized stand (UT)
served as a control. Ten years after treatment, trees were inoculated with 2
isolates of A. ostoyae. Trees receiving the TF and TT treatments produced
greater diameter growth, leaf area, and wood production/msuperscript 2 leaf
area per year than did those under the UT treatment. Rates of infection by A.
ostoyae were highest in trees that received the TF and lowest in trees that
received the TT treatment. Concn of sugar, starch and cellulose in root bark
tissue were highest in trees receiving the TF treatment and lowest in trees
receiving TT treatment. Concn of lignin, phenolics and protein-precipitable
tannins were highest in root bark from TT trees and lowest in root bark from TF
trees. Biochemical parameters of root bark tissue were regressed with incidence
of infection; coefficients of determination (rsuperscript 2) ranged from 0.07
(starch) to 0.57 (phenolic compounds). Ratios of the energetic costs of
phenolic and of lignin degradation to the energy available from sugars (Epd:Eas
and Eld:Eas) were correlated with incidence of infection (rsuperscript 2 = 0.77
and 0.70, respectively). It is concluded that thinning combined with
fertilization may predispose P. menziesii trees to infection by A. ostoyae by
lowering concn of defensive compounds in root bark and increasing the energy
available to the fungus to degrade them.
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88. Feller,
M.C. 1990. Herbicide application followed by prescribed fire to convert a
brushfield into a conifer plantation in south coastal B.C.: a combination of
the initial effects of two treatments. B.C. Ministry of Forests FRDA Report
146. 40 p.
Keywords: site
preparation
chemical
preparation
prescribed
fire
growth
tree/stand
health
soil
properties
stand
conditions
Abstract:
A field study was carried out in Pseudotsuga menziesii stands in British
Columbia, Canada,
to investigate the effects on vegetation of glyphosate applications in
September 1987 or July 1988, followed by burning in October 1988. Results did
only show slight differences between treatments.
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89. Figueroa, P.F. 1993. Efficacy and cost of ground-applied herbicide
methods for red alder control. Down to Earth 48(1): 6-10.
Keywords: release
treatments
chemical
release
stand
conditions
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
The effects on red alder [Alnus rubra] mortality, diam. at breast height and
height, and any phytotoxic effects to Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] of
Garlon 4 (triclopyr) at 4 lb/gallon and Chopper EC (imazapyr) at 2 lb, applied
by stream line, thin line and low vol. treatments, and of Garlon 3A (triclopyr)
at 3 lb, Roundup (glyphosate) at 3 lb and Arsenal (imazapyr) at 4 lb applied by
cut stump treatment were evaluated in streamside buffer zones in two 6-year-old
P. menziesii plantations in SW Washington. All treatments resulted in good
control of A. rubra, but the most cost-effective control was achieved by the
stream line application of Garlon 4, followed by low vol. basal or thin line
treatments of Garlon 4 and cut stump treatment with 50% Garlon 3, 45% Roundup
and 10% Arsenal. Negligible P. menziesii damage was caused by cut stump
treatments, but damage occurred with basal-bark treatments although Garlon 4
generally caused less injury than Chopper EC.
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90. Figueroa, P.F., R.C. Heald and S.R. Radosevich. 1990. Sensitivity
of actively growing Douglas-fir to selected herbicide formulations.
Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science 43: 45-52.
Keywords: release
treatments
chemical
release
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
The results of field studies at 2 sites in Washington and California indicated
that aerial spraying of 2,4-D at 4 lb/acre, triclopyr ester at 4 lb/acre or
2,4-D + triclopyr ester at 1.2 lb/acre + 0.5 lb/acre to control red alder
[Alnus rubra] led to a significant reduction in Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii] growth and survival if applied during periods of active conifer
growth. Herbicides applied singly at high rates caused significantly more mortality
than the herbicides in combination. At both sites, trees had not fully
recovered 5 and 6 years after treatment; damaged trees were at least 1 year
behind untreated trees in growth.
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91. Filip, G.M. and L.M. Ganio. 2004. Early thinning in mixed-species
plantations of Douglas-fir, hemlock, and true fir affected by Armillaria root
disease in Westcentral Oregon and
Washington: 20 year results.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 19(1): 25-33.
Keywords: thinning
precommercial
thinning
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Four 10- to 20-year-old plantations were treated to determine the
effects of precommercial thinning on tree growth and mortality caused by
Armillaria root disease in the Cascade Range of western Oregon
and Washington, USA.
One plantation was Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and noble fir (Abies
procera), one Douglas-fir and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), one
Douglas-fir alone, and one Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica var. shastensis) and
mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). After 20 years, differences in crop tree
mortality between thinned and unthinned plots were not significant (P=0.9768).
Quadratic mean diameter growth of crop trees, however, was significantly
(P=0.0053) greater in thinned than in unthinned plots. Crop tree basal area/ac
growth was significantly (P=0.0008) greater in thinned plots. There were no
significant (P=0.6647) differences in basal area/ac growth of all trees between
thinned and unthinned plots. Apparently, from a root-disease perspective,
precommercial thinning does not affect incidence of crop-tree mortality after
20 years, but individual and per acre tree growth of crop trees increase
significantly.
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92. Filip, G.M. and D.J. Goheen. 1995. Precommercial thinning in
Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, and Abies stands affected by armillaria root disease:
10-year results. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 25(5): 817-823.
Keywords: thinning
precommercial
thinning
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Four 10- to 20-year-old stands were pre-commercially thinned to
determine the effects of thinning on tree growth and mortality caused by
armillaria root disease (Armillaria ostoyae) in the Cascade Range of western
Oregon and Washington, USA: one stand of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
var. menziesii) and noble fir (Abies procera), one of Douglas fir and western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), one of Douglas fir alone, and one of Shasta red
fir (Abies magnifica var. shastensis) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana).
After 10 years, differences in crop-tree mortality between thinned and
unthinned plots were not significant in any of the four stands. Tree radial
growth was significantly increased by thinning in 6 of 15 plots. Crop-tree
basal area (per hectare) growth was significantly greater in thinned plots.
Basal area (per hectare) growth of all trees was significantly greater in
unthinned plots. Apparently, from a root-disease perspective, pre-commercial
thinning does not affect the incidence of crop-tree mortality after 10 years,
but tree growth increases significantly.
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93. Flint, L.E. and S.W.
Childs. 1987. Effect of shading, mulching, and vegetation control on
Douglas-fir seedling growth and soil water supply.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 18(3): 189-203.
Keywords: release
treatments
chemical
release
manual
release
growth
soil
properties
Abstract:
Harsh environments on many harvested sites in SW Oregon
necessitate site modifications for successful regeneration of Douglas fir. A
2-yr study was made with 350 seedlings to assess the effects of 12 soil-surface
shading, mulching, and vegetation control techniques on seedling growth and
soil temp. and moisture environments. Major effects of treatments were to lower
soil surface temp., reduce soil surface evaporation, and reduce vegetative
competition for soil water. These affected seedlings by adjusting the timing of
seedling growth and reducing soil water loss to increase available water for
seedling use. Final seedling shoot vol. and stem diam. both differed among
treatments. Seedlings in treatments where competing vegetation was controlled
showed significantly greater growth than seedlings in other treatments. Soil
water loss in treatments where either soil surface evaporation was controlled
by mulching, or where competing vegetation was controlled, was significantly
less than water loss from the shaded and control treatments. Soil water loss in
treatments with vegetation controlled by herbicide was significantly less than
in treatments with vegetation controlled by scalping. Seedlings showed greatest
growth with treatments that elicited the most efficient use of available
microsite water either by reducing soil surface evaporation or vegetation
competition.
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94. Folk, R.S., S.C. Grossnickle, P. Axelrood and D. Trotter. 1999.
Seed lot, nursery, and bud dormancy effects on root electrolyte leakage of Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 29(8):
1269-1281.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
photosynthesis
growth
tree
phenology
Abstract:
The effects of seed lot, nursery culture, and seedling bud dormancy status on
root electrolyte leakage (REL) of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings
were assessed to determine if these factors should be considered when
interpreting REL for seedling quality. The relationships of REL to survival,
net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gwv) mid-day shoot water
potential ( Psi mid), root growth capacity (RGC), and relative height growth
were determined for each factor in experiments in 1994-95 in nurseries in British
Columbia. Nursery culture had no effect on the
relationship between REL and all other measured attributes. Seed lot affected
the relationship between REL and Pn, Psi mid, and survival. However, critical
REL (i.e., lowest value associated with detectable root damage) and PS80 REL
(i.e., level associated with an 80% probability for survival) were similar
between seed lots. Bud dormancy status affected the relationship between REL
and survival, RGC, and relative height growth. Control levels of REL, critical
REL, and PS80 REL decreased as the number of days required for 50% terminal bud
break declined. Thus, terminal bud dormancy status must be known before REL can
be used to assess seedling quality. If the bud dormancy status of Douglas-fir
populations is known, then critical and PS80 REL levels may be useful as
indices of root damage.
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95. Frey Klett, P., J.L. Churin, J.C. Pierrat and J. Garbaye. 1999.
Dose effect in the dual inoculation of an ectomycorrhizal fungus and a
mycorrhiza helper bacterium in two forest nurseries. Soil Biology and
Biochemistry 31:1555-1562.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
carbon
allocation
mycorrhizal
response
soil
properties
Abstract:
Disinfected soil at two Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) bare-root
forest nurseries was inoculated with three doses (8 X105, 8 X107 and 8 X109 cfu
[colony forming units]/m2) of the rifampicin-resistant mycorrhiza helper
bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain BBc6R8 and the ectomycorrhizal fungus
Laccaria bicolor strain S238N. In one of the two nurseries, two doses of fungal
inoculum (50 and 100 mg/m2 dry weight (DW) mycelium entrapped in alginate beads
at the constant dose of 1 litre/m2) were tested. For all bacterial treatments
the density of P. fluorescens BBc6R8 in the soil, determined by dilution
plating, dropped below the detection limit (10-2 cfu/g DW soil) 2 weeks after
inoculation. Fifteen weeks after inoculation, the introduced bacterium was detected
by enrichment only in the treatments inoculated with the highest bacterial
dose. Two years after inoculation, P. fluorescens BBc6R8 was not detected in
the soil of any of the bacterial treatments. Five months after inoculation and
sowing, bacterial inoculation significantly increased the percentage of
mycorrhizal short roots on plants inoculated with either low or high amounts of
L. bicolor, in one of the nurseries. The lowest bacterial dose increased
mycorrhizal colonization from 45 to 70% in plants inoculated with the low
amount of fungal inoculum, and from 64 to 77% in plants inoculated with the
high amount of fungal inoculum. The lowest bacterial dose increased mycorrhizal
colonization more than the highest bacterial dose. The same L. bicolor mycorrhizal
index (70%) was obtained with 50 mg/m2 DW mycelium plus the bacterium than with
twice this fungal dose and no bacterium (64%). Two years after inoculation, the
height of the mycorrhizal Douglas-firs in the other nursery was significantly
increased by the lowest bacterial dose (from 40.7 to 42.6 cm). It was indicated
that co-inoculating a helper bacterium together with an ectomycorrhizal fungus
is an efficient way to optimize controlled mycorrhization techniques for the
production of high-quality Douglas-fir planting stocks. It was confirmed that
BBc6R8 acts at a low population density (less than 10-2 cfu/g soil), this
contrasts with most PGPR [plant growth promoting rhizobacteria?] effects where
the minimal inoculation dose of 105 cfu/g soil is required to obtain the
beneficial effect.
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96. Fu, Y., A.D. Yanchuk and G. Namkoong. 1999. Spatial patterns of
tree height variations in a series of Douglas-fir progeny trials: implications
for genetic testing. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 29(6): 714-723.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
growth
Abstract:
Conventional statistics and geostatistical techniques were used to
examine spatial variation patterns of tree heights at ages 6-12 years in a
series of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) progeny trials conducted on 66
test sites over southern coastal British Columbia.
Large variations in tree height were observed over the years within and among
the 66 test sites. The estimated proportions of the within-site variance
explained by family, row, column, patchiness and within-plot were on average
11, 7, 5, 12 and 47%, respectively, plus 7% due to unknown factors, and the
applied blocking removed about 5% of the within-site variance. Significant
gradients in row and column directions were observed in more than 44 test
sites, and the estimated slopes ranged in average from 0.33 to 1.52 cm/plot.
Patch sizes varied greatly over the test sites and ranged in average from 5.21
to 6.47 plots, indicating that the average patch size for these trials was 18 m
across. Temporal variations were large for family variance but not much for
those variance proportions explained by row, column and patchiness. More
gradients and larger patch sizes were found with older trees. The implications
of these results are discussed in relation to forest genetic testing.
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97. Gagnon, J., C.G. Langlois, D. Bouchard, F.l. Tacon and F. Le
Tacon. 1995. Growth and ectomycorrhizal formation of container-grown
Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated with Laccaria bicolor under four levels of
nitrogen fertilization. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research 25:1953-1961.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
carbon
allocation
tree
physiology
tree
morphology
mycorrhizal
response
soil
properties
Abstract:
Container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were inoculated
at the time of sowing with a Laccaria bicolor mycelial suspension produced in a
fermentor. They were grown in a peat moss-vermiculite substrate under four
levels of N fertilization (7.2, 14.4, 21.6 and 28.7 mg/seedling per season (N1,
N2, N3 and N4, respectively)) to determine the N level suitable for both
ectomycorrhizal development and seedling growth. After 18 weeks in the
greenhouse, seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor had 44%, 32%, 44% and 5% of
their short roots mycorrhizal when fertilized with N1, N2, N3 and N4,
respectively. Only when they were fertilized with N4 did the L. bicolor
seedlings have significantly greater shoot height than the controls. For the
other growth parameters, they were not significantly different from control
seedlings for any of the N levels. After 18 weeks, regardless of the level of
N, seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor had significantly lower N
concentrations (%) and contents (mg/seedling) than the uninoculated ones.
Consequently, for the same production of biomass, the mycorrhizal seedlings had
taken up less N than the nonmycorrhizal ones. The efficiency of applied N,
expressed in terms of produced biomass, decreased when the N fertilization increased;
mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings did not tend to be different. The
efficiency of the absorbed N also decrease with the level of applied N, but
less rapidly, and tended to be greater for the mycorrhizal seedlings than for
the nonmycorrhizal ones. Therefore, the mycorrhizal infection improved the
utilization of the absorbed N. N3 was the best of the
four N levels used, since it was the only one that maximized both the
ectomycorrhizal formation and the growth of the seedlings. In other words, a
total seedling N concentration of 1.6% and a substrate fertility of 52 p.p.m. N
are appropriate to optimize both the ectomycorrhizal development and the growth
of Douglas fir seedlings.
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98. Gardner, E.R. 1990. Fertilization
and thinning effects on a Douglas-fir ecosystem at Shawnigan
Lake: 15-year growth response.
Canadian-Forest-Service, Pacific and Yukon
Region Information-Report BC-X-319. ix + 42 p.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
yield
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Responses after 15 yr to 3 rates of nitrogen (urea), applied at 0, 224 or 448
kg N/ha to a 24-yr-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stand in the very
dry maritime region of British Columbia,
were analysed on the basis of per hectare, individual tree, crop tree and tree
size class. Thinned and unthinned plots were measured.
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99. Gertner, G.Z. 1984. Localizing a diameter increment model with a
sequential Bayesian procedure. Forest-Science 30(4): 851-864.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
Abstract:
A procedure is described for modifying a non-linear model taken from a regional
forest growth projection system for use in a smaller subregion. Diameter growth
monitored in the subregion of interest is used to adjust the parameters. The
amount of adjustment required depends on the precision of the growth estimates
from the regional model and of the estimates based on the local sample. More
weight is given to the local estimates when their precision is relatively high
in comparison with the regional estimates. An example is given of modifying a
model developed for the Western Oregon Region for a Douglas fir stand in NW
Oregon. In another example the procedure is used to adjust for the effects on
diam. increment of fertilizing with urea.
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100. Gessel, S.P. and W.A. Atkinson. 1984. Use of fertilizers in
sustained productivity of Douglas-fir forests. In Forest soils and
treatment impacts: Proceedings, Sixth North American Forest Soils Conference,
Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, TN, June 1983. pp. 67-87.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
economics
Abstract:
A review is given of studies leading to the establishment of nitrogen
deficiency as a factor reducing growth and the development of N fertilization
programmes. Data from several long-term fertilizer trials in Washington
and Oregon support the conclusion
that N deficiency is frequently a controlling factor in the growth of Douglas
fir and that additions of N can result in long-term growth increases. The
economics of fertilization and the continued availability of nitrogen
fertilizers are discussed.
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101. Gessel, S.P., R.E. Miller and D.W. Cole. 1990. Relative
importance of water and nutrients on the growth of coast Douglas fir in the Pacific
Northwest. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 30(1-4): 327-340.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
soil
properties
Abstract:
The Douglas-fir region in northwestern North America
is characterized by abundant moisture supply during winter, extended dry
periods during the growing season and significant differences in water
availability. Many soils have low fertility and indigenous tree species respond
to nitrogen fertilization, especially Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii).
Although irrigation of commercial forests in this region is currently
impractical, questions arising about the relative importance of water and
nutrients were examined using long-term growth data from three studies. At Pack
Forest (Washington),
fertilization without irrigation doubled growth rates, and no positive growth
responses were measured from irrigation. Short-term (5 yr) irrigation with
sewage effluent containing many nutrients resulted in a six-fold increase in
biomass production for poplar and three-fold for Douglas fir as compared to
irrigation with equal volumes of river water. Volume growth in 12- to 65-yr-old
stands in southwestern Oregon was
increased by fertilization at about 70% of the locations; annual gain averaged
2.73 msuperscript 3/ha for 5-12 yr. Response was not related to annual
precipitation, which ranged from 81 to 279 cm, nor other moisture-related
variables. Absolute and relative volume response showed highest correlation
with soil carbon : nitrogen ratio. Compared with nutrition, moisture does not
seem to be a major limiting factor for growth in the Douglas fir region of the Pacific
Northwest.
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102. Gessel, S.P., E.C. Steinbrenner and R.E. Miller. 1981. Response
of Northwest forests to elements other than nitrogen. In Proceedings: Forest
Fertilization Conference, University
of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA.
Eds. S.P. Gessel, R.M. Kenady and W.A. Atkinson. pp. 140-149.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
economics
Abstract:
This paper reviews the development of forest tree nutrition research
in the Northwest. Field observations, foliar analysis, and greenhouse cultures
using both solution and forest soil as media established deficiency symptoms
and levels for major and minor elements. Field experimentation with the entire
range of essential elements has failed to demonstrate widespread deficiencies
of elements other than nitrogen. Certain test areas have shown somewhat better
response to combinations of elements; but because of the limitations of
experimental design and field variation, the response does not generally have a
high statistical significance. In some cases of apparent response, application
of fertilizer materials other than nitrogen does not appear to be economic.
There is sufficient evidence of response to other elements to suggest that much
work needs to be done. Increased utilization of forest materials, shorter
rotation, and greater yields with nitrogen fertilization all point to the fact
that many of the Northwest forest areas could have future elemental
deficiencies, other than nitrogen.
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103. Gourley, M., M. Vomocil and M. Newton. 1990.
Forest weeding reduces the effect of
deer-browsing on Douglas fir. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 36(2-4): 177-185.
Keywords: release
treatments
chemical
release
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
In January and February 1981, three-year-old bare-root Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) transplants were established in four clear-felled
locations in the Oregon Coast
Range where browsing by black tail
deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbiana) was expected. Protection was provided
against browsing by 5 physical (rigid protection tube 7.5x75 cm; protective
netting, paper budcaps; leather guard 20x5 cm; and 'Remae' budcaps) and one
chemical ('Deer Away') treatment, each of which was tested with and without
complete wood control with glyphosate. After five years, none of the protective
treatments provided any growth advantages; some even caused growth losses. In
contrast, weed control, with or without additional protective measures,
consistently improved growth. By the 5th year, weeded trees averaged twice the
biomass of unweeded trees, regardless of browsing. Average tree size was
largest in the treatment with no weed competition and with no barriers to
prevent browsing. Advantages of weeding were greatest on the poorest site. Weed
control, in conjunction with the large size of transplants, appeared to prevent
most loss due to damage from moderate deer-browsing.
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104. Graff, J.E., Jr., R.K. Hermann and J.B. Zaerr. 1999a. Dry matter
and nitrogen allocation in western redcedar, western hemlock, and Douglas fir
seedlings grown in low- and high-N soils. Annals-of-Forest-Science 56(7):
529-538.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Seedlings of western red cedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were transplanted into
each of 48 pots with soils of low or high levels of available NO3- (and total
N) and assigned to one of four treatments: unamended control; amendment with 60
mg kg-1 (NH4)2SO4; amendment with 15 mg kg-1 of the nitrification inhibitor
dicyandiamide (DCD) or amendment with both (NH4)2SO4 and DCD. Dry weight and N
content increments of seedling tissues were determined after 8 weeks. Seedlings
grown on the low-N soil accumulated 65 % of the dry matter and 40 % of the N
accumulated by seedlings grown on the high-N soil. Retranslocation of N from
year-old foliage and the stem/branch components of western red cedar and
Douglas fir, but not western hemlock, was an important source of N for
current-year foliage and roots of low-N-grown seedlings. Western hemlock
achieved the greatest relative dry-matter increment (Loge(DMfinal) -
Loge(DMinitial); RDMI) and relative N increment (Loge(Nfinal) - Loge(Ninitial);
RNI) in each soil and accumulated 35 % more N from the low-N and 10 % more N
from the high-N soils than the other species. The RDMI of western red cedar was
intermediate between that of western hemlock and Douglas fir, whereas its RNI
on each of the soils was lowest. The results suggest that western hemlock is
more efficient than western red cedar or Douglas fir in acquiring inorganic N,
especially from low-N soils.
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105. Green, R.N. and R.E. Carter. 1993. Boron and magnesium
fertilization of a coastal Douglas-fir plantation.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 8(2): 48-53.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
Abstract:
A study was made of the role of boron and magnesium nutrition in the occurrence
of severe growth distortion symptoms in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in
the Skwawka River
valley of south coastal British Columbia.
Four fertilizer treatments, including boron (2.25 kg/ha B), magnesium (42 kg/ha
Mg), boron plus magnesium, and a control, were applied in conjunction with
planting on a site believed to be deficient in these nutrients. After 5 growing
seasons, only treatments containing boron (B and B + Mg) showed improved height
growth compared to controls. The incidence of leader dieback, swollen leading
shoots, and foliage distortion was significantly related to treatment, with
virtually no occurrence in plots treated with boron. Seedling uptake of applied
boron was high, with foliar concentrations of 45 p.p.m. found after the second
growing season. Foliar B levels declined to 13-15 p.p.m. after 5 growing
seasons. No significant increase in foliar magnesium levels was detected for
either of the magnesium treatments. The reduction in the incidence of leader
dieback, and shoot and foliar symptoms, in seedlings treated with B indicate
that these symptoms were the result of boron deficiencies. This is the first
study to verify boron deficiency in coastal Douglas fir through fertilizer
trials.
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106. Greene, S.E. and W.H. Emmingham. 1986. Early lessons from
commercial thinning in a 30-year-old Sitka
spruce-western hemlock forest. Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service
Research-Note PNW-RN-448. 14 p.
Keywords: thinning
commercial
thinning
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
morphology
Abstract:
Three commercial thinning treatments were applied to a 30-yr-old stand of Picea
sitchensis and Tsuga heterophylla with Pseudotsuga menziesii that had been
precommercially thinned at 15 yr old on the Oregon
coast. Data were collected to determine the effects of thinning on diam. and
ht. growth, the amount of damage and subsequent decay in remaining trees and
relations between leaf area and volume production.
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107. Grier, C.C., K.H. Lee and R.M. Archibald. 1984. Effect of urea
fertilization on allometric relations in young Douglas-fir trees.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 14(6): 900-904.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
carbon
allocation
tree
morphology
Abstract:
Twenty three yr old trees growing on a class III site in Washington
State were fertilized with 225 kg/ha N in March 1980. Trees were measured
before fertilizing and after 1980-83 growing seasons and destructively sampled
after 2 growing seasons (in Nov.-Dec. 1981 and Jan. 1982). Logarithmic
regression equations using stem diam. to predict tree biomass components were
not significantly (p = 0.05) different between fertilized and control trees for
total foliage, total branch, dead branch, stembark, or stemwood. New foliage
and new twig components, however, were higher in fertilized trees than in
control trees. Analysis of data from this and earlier studies suggests that
fertilizing will increase leaf biomass per tree relative to control trees on
sites having low nitrogen availability; however, this response will decrease
with increasing nitrogen availability. Regression equations based on regional
analysis of unfertilized trees yield estimates of foliage biomass for average
trees on average sites. If N fertilizing brings the site above average in terms
of nitrogen availability then these regression equations will underestimate
foliage biomass. However, on sites that are initially very nitrogen deficient,
N fertilizing will bring the site closer to average in terms of nitrogen
availability, resulting in more accurate predictions of foliage biomass for
fertilized stands than for control stands.
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108. Haase, D.L., J.H. Batdorff and R. Rose. 1993. Effect of root form
on 10-year survival and growth of planted Douglas-fir trees. Tree-Planters'
Notes 44(2): 53-57.
Keywords: planting
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Douglas fir seedlings (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were planted with three root-form
treatments including C-roots ('correctly' planted controls), L-roots, and
J-roots. After 10 years, there were no significant differences in outplanting
performance between the three root-form treatments on a good site in western Oregon.
The results are in agreement with those of other studies, which suggests that
when no other confounding planting errors are present, deformed root systems
play a less dramatic role in subsequent field performance than is generally
thought. These results in no way imply that poor planting is acceptable.
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109. Haase, D.L. and R. Rose. 1993. Soil moisture stress induces
transplant shock in stored and unstored 2+0 Douglas-fir seedlings of varying
root volumes. Forest-Science 39(2): 275-294.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract:
Transplant stock was induced by applying a range of soil water contents (6, 12,
18 or 24%) to unstored and cold-stored 2-yr-old (2 + 0) bareroot Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings graded by root volume. Moisture stress had
the greatest influence on morphological characteristics that express transplant
shock. Seedling terminal shoot growth, stem diameter growth, and needle length
increased with increased soil moisture content. In addition, number of needles
per centimeter on the terminal shoot greatly increased with increasing drought
stress. Under high drought stress, seedlings with relatively high root volumes
tended to exhibit reduced early growth, but later showed significantly
increased overall growth regardless of soil water content. In every case,
seedlings grown in the driest soil had the lowest dry weight components.
Similarly, seedlings with the smallest initial root volumes had the lowest dry
weights, and those with the largest root volumes had the greatest dry weights.
The results indicate that drought stress is a cause of transplant shock, and
that increased seedling root volume may enable seedlings to avoid shock
following outplanting to a specific site.
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110. Haase, D.L. and R. Rose. 1994. Effects of soil water content and
initial root volume on the nutrient status of 2+0 Douglas-fir seedlings.
New-Forests 8(3): 265-277.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree
physiology
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract:
Two-year-old bareroot Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from a NW
Oregon provenance were graded on the basis of four root-volume categories - 5
to 8, 9 to 10, 11 to 13, and 14 to 20 cmsuperscript 3 - and transplanted into
pots and subjected to one of four moisture-stress treatments (6, 12, 18, and
24% soil water content) for 16 weeks. Macronutrient concentrations and contents
of both old (i.e. nursery-grown) and new (i.e. grown during moisture stress
treatment) foliar tissue were determined. A reduction in soil water content
resulted in high concn of phosphorus, potassium, and particularly nitrogen in
both old and new foliar tissue. This was attributed to reduced growth,
translocation, metabolic activity, and nutrient requirement in response to
moisture stress. Seedlings with relatively greater root volumes exhibited
higher nutrient concn and contents, as well as increased growth. Thus, increased
total root biomass per unit of soil area with increasing seedling root volume
may have resulted in greater nutrient use, supply, uptake, and storage. It is
suggested that relations between initial root volume and water stress can be
applied to nursery cultural practices in order to increase seedling adaptation
to a specific stress.
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111. Haase, D.L., J. Trobaugh and R. Rose. 1999. Douglas-fir container
stock grown with fertilizer-amended media: some preliminary results. Rocky
Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest
Service National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation
Nursery Associations 1999, 2000, and 2001. RMRS P-24. 31-32 pp.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
growth
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
This paper presents the initial results of a study conducted in a nursery in
Oregon, USA, to quantify the response of container grown Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings to various fertilizer treatments (Simplot's
13-13-13 and 17-5-11, and Scotts Company's 18-5-12 and 15-9-10) in terms of
height, stem diameter and foliar nutrient content.
112. Hahn, P.F. and A.J. Smith. 1983. Douglas-fir planting stock
performance comparison after the third growing season. Tree-Planters' Notes 34(1):
33-39.
Keywords: nursery
operations
planting
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Three types of containerized (40, 75 or 125 cmsuperscript 3
containers) and bare rooted (2+1, 3+0 and plug-1 stock) seedlings were planted
out in Oregon in Feb. 1979 on N.
and S. facing slopes, clear felled in 1978. In general, containerized seedlings
showed superior survival rates and greater height growth - particularly on the
harsh S. slope, and lower reforestation costs. The 75-cmsuperscript 3 containerized
seedlings are recommended, except for N. facing and wet coastal areas, where
brush competition can be severe shortly after planting. In such areas, taller
bare-rooted seedlings performed better.
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113. Hall, T.H., R.V. Quenet, C.R. Layton and R.J. Robertson. 1980.
Fertilization and thinning effects on a Douglas-fir ecosystem at Shawnigan
Lake: 6 year growth response.
Pacific-Forest-Research-Centre, Canadian Forestry Service Information-Report
BC-X-202. 31 p.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
Abstract:
Further results are given for this stand in British Columbia
at 30 yr old [see FA 43, 1945]. Gains in gross vol. increment (over control at
24 yr old) for the 200 initially largest trees/ha were 20% for heavy thinning
alone, 51% for heavy fertilizer (urea) application alone and 139% for heavy
thinning plus heavy fertilizer application. Adjustments by covariance analysis
for differences in intitial stocking and tree size distributions gave values of
47, 76 and 139% respectively.
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114. Hansen, E.M., J.K. Stone, B.R. Capitano, P. Rosso, W. Sutton, L.
Winton, A. Kanaskie and M.G. McWilliams. 2000. Incidence and impact of Swiss
needle cast in forest plantations of Douglas-fir in coastal Oregon.
Plant-Disease 84(7): 773-778.
Keywords: tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
An epidemic of Swiss needle cast, caused by the ascomycete Phaeocryptopus
gaeumannii, is causing defoliation and growth reductions in Douglas-fir forest
plantations along the Oregon Coast.
The area of symptomatic plantations has been monitored annually since 1996 by
aerial survey; in spring 1999, 119,500 ha were affected. Pathogen and symptom
development have also been monitored on nine permanent plots in stands of
differing disease severity. Infection levels and symptom severity are greatest
in low elevation plantations close to the coast. In areas of severe disease,
trees retain only current year needles. Defoliation is proportional to the
number of stomata occluded by pseudothecia of the fungus, with needles being
shed when about 50% of stomata are occupied, regardless of needle age. Fungus
sporulation and premature needle abscission are greatest on the upper branches
of trees. Annual application of fungicides increases needle retention
significantly. Tree height and diameter growth and total tree volume are
reduced by disease, and tree volume is significantly correlated with needle
retention on our plot trees. The epidemic continues to be most severe in
Douglas-fir plantations established on sites where Sitka
spruce and western hemlock or red alder predominated in earlier times.
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115. Harper, P.A. and A.S. Harestad. 1986. Vole damage to coniferous
trees on Texada Island.
Forestry-Chronicle 62(5): 429-432.
Keywords: thinning
precommercial
thinning
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Microtus townsendii injured trees by removal of bark and cambium from stems,
branches and roots of Douglas fir, western hemlock and, rarely, Pinus monticola
on Texada Island, British Columbia.
Damage occurred more frequently in precommercially thinned stands <40 yr old
than in unspaced stands. Trees with d.b.h. <less or =>19 cm were damaged
by voles, but there was no selection by diam. or age class. No trees of ht.
>16 m were damaged. For trees <16 m, damage increased as ht. decreased.
There were n.s.d. in growth rates of trees damaged by voles when comparing the
2-yr av. before spacing and vole damage with the av. after these events. Stands
should continue to be monitored to evaluate long-term effects of vole damage.
On the basis of these results, control of voles is not recommended.
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116. Harrington, T.B. and J.C. Tappeiner, II. 1997. Growth responses
of young Douglas-fir and tanoak 11 years after various levels of hardwood
removal and understory suppression in southwestern Oregon,
USA.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 96(1/2): 1-11.
Keywords: release
treatments
manual
release
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) was planted as
2-yr-old bare rooted seedlings on 2 sites in SW Oregon
cleared of old-growth Douglas fir and understorey tanoak (Lithocarpus
densiflorus) in 1980, and broadcast burned in 1981. Planting was done in 1981
at one site and in 1982 at the second site. Height, diameter, and crown width
of the young Douglas fir and sprout-origin tanoak were measured 1-11 years
after reducing the density of the tanoak stand (in 1983, at 2 yr old) to 0, 25,
50 and 100% of its initial cover. On some of the experimental plots suppression
of understorey vegetation was also carried out. Tanoak cover developed linearly
with time, with steepness of the growth trajectory increasing at a diminishing
rate with increasing percentage of initial tanoak cover. Fifth-year cover of
understorey vegetation declined linearly with increasing percentage of initial
tanoak cover. Survival of Douglas fir (96-100%) differed little among initial
abundances of tanoak, while growth trajectories for its size became
increasingly exponential with decreasing percentage of initial tanoak cover.
Eleventh-year heights of Douglas fir were similar for 0, 25 and 50% of initial
tanoak cover; however, diameter increased linearly with decreasing percentage
of initial tanoak cover, and the slope of the relationship steepened with
understorey suppression. The results indicate that young stands exhibiting a
wide range of stand compositions and productivities can be established by early
manipulations of tanoak and understorey abundance. Complete removal of tanoak
plus understorey suppression are necessary to maximize Douglas fir growth,
while productive, mixed stands can be achieved by removing 50% or more of
tanoak cover.
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117. Harrington, T.B., J.C. Tappeiner, II and T.F. Hughes. 1991.
Predicting average growth and size distributions of Douglas-fir saplings
competing with sprout clumps of tanoak or Pacific madrone. New-Forests 5(2):
109-130.
Keywords: release
treatments
manual
release
growth
stand
conditions
Abstract:
Average growth and size distributions of 3- to 6-year-old (in 1983) Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) saplings in three plantations in SW Oregon were studied
for 7 years (1983-1989) after thinning of associated sprout clumps of tanoak
(Lithocarpus densiflorus) or Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii); in some cases
shrubs and herbs were also suppressed. Biologically based nonlinear equations
explained 66, 90, and 53% of variation in average annual increment of Douglas
fir height, diameter-squared, and crown cover, respectively. Equations for
annual increment of crown cover of broadleaved and understorey vegetation
explained only 10 to 12% of the variation, because these parameters exhibited a
high degree of variability. Model simulations demonstrated that, for the same
initial levels of cover, tanoak had faster rates of crown cover growth than
madrone and also caused greater limitations in Douglas fir growth. Suppression
of shrubs and herbs increased growth of Douglas fir only when broadleaved
species were absent. Weibull functions adequately described size distributions
for Douglas fir in 92% of individual-tree data sets. Regression functions of
broadleaved crown cover and average Douglas fir size explained 51, 93, and 24%
of variation in the Weibull A, B, and C parameters, respectively. Model
simulations with predicted Weibull parameters demonstrated that broadleaved
competition caused a positive skewing in size distributions for height and stem
diameter of Douglas fir.
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118. Harrington, T.B., R.G. Wagner, S.R. Radosevich and J.D. Walstad.
1995. Interspecific competition and herbicide injury influence 10-year
responses of coastal Douglas-fir and associated vegetation to release
treatments. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 76(1/3): 55-67.
Keywords: release
treatments
chemical
release
manual
release
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
stand
conditions
Abstract:
Responses of competing vegetation and planted Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii var. menziesii) were studied for 10 years after six herbicide and
manual release treatments in the Washington and Oregon Coast Ranges. Studies
were installed in six 2- or 3-yr-old plantations, with Douglas fir densities of
988 to 1482 plants/ha at time of planting and 721 to 1282/ha 2 to 3 years late.
Research objectives were to quantify regional, long-term responses of
vegetation (Douglas fir and non-coniferous species) to various levels of
competition, light and soil water availability, and intensity versus importance
of factors influencing Douglas fir growth. Three treatments reduced shrub cover
relative to the untreated check: triclopyr in year 1, glyphosate in years 1-5,
and repeated control (via several herbicide applications) in years 1-10.
Reductions in woody cover from glyphosate stimulated increases in herb cover in
years 3 and 5, while repeated control reduced herb cover in years 1, 2 and 5.
Through year 10, Douglas fir survival (86-99%) varied little among treatments.
Visual symptoms of herbicide injury to Douglas fir from triclopyr (45% of
trees) and glyphosate (17% of trees) were associated with 0.1-0.2 m reductions
in first-year height. After adjusting for tree size, Douglas fir growth in stem
basal area 2 years after triclopyr was less than that of the untreated check, suggesting
prolonged effects of herbicide injury. Because it sustained low levels of
interspecific competition, caused minimal tree injury, and prevented
overtopping cover from red alder (Alnus rubra), repeated control was the only
treatment in which Douglas fir size (9.8 m height and 21 cm basal diameter in
year 10) significantly exceeded (P<less or =>0.02) that of the untreated
check (7.8 m height and 12 cm diameter).
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119. Harrison, R.B., E.C. Turnblom, C.L. Henry,
P. Leonard, R. King and R. Gonyea. 2002. Response of three young Douglas-fir
plantations to forest fertilization with low rates of municipal biosolids.
Journal-of-Sustainable-Forestry 14(2/3): 21-30.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Growth responses were monitored in three Pseudotsuga menziesii stands (Units 2,
11 and 13) in Washington, USA, following single low applications (17-19 t/ha)
of municipal biosolids amendment. At the last measurement, in 1995, there were
a total of 162 vs. 137 live trees (per 0.121 ha of 3 plots) in unit 2, 94 vs.
137 in unit 11, and 100 vs. 110 in unit 13 in control vs. biosolids-treated
plots, respectively. The response ranged from 0.4 to 2.2 cm for average
diameter at breast height, and -0.03 to 0.64 m for average total height. The
small negative response could be due to mortality of trees or small errors in
height measurements. The response in per ha values ranged from 0.8-5.2 m2/ha
for basal area, 9-39 m3/ha for volume, and 3965-16 107 kg/ha for dry weight.
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120. Heath, L.S. and H.N. Chappell. 1989. Growth response to
fertilization in young Douglas-fir stands. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry
4(4): 116-119.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
Abstract:
Response surface methodology was used to estimate 6-yr vol. growth response to
1 application of 200 lb N/acre in unthinned and thinned Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands of b.h. age <less or =>25 yr in W.
Washington and W. Oregon. Regional mean fertilizer response was 16% in
unthinned stands and 20% in thinned stands. Site index had an increasingly
inverse effect on response as b.a. increased in both unthinned and thinned
stands. Response varied little over site index in regions of low b.a., decreased
moderately as site index increased in the intermediate region, and decreased
rapidly in the high b.a. region.
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121. Hedin, I.B. 1994. Mechanical site preparation on salal-dominated
sites: five-year results. Forest-Engineering-Research-Institute-of-Canada
Keywords: site
preparation
mechanical
preparation
growth
stand
conditions
Abstract:
Trials began in 1987 on sites on Vancouver Island
where salal (Gaultheria shallon) is a competitor to Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga
menziesii]. Three equipment types were tested: the Mitsui Miike (an
excavator-mounted rock grinding attachment), the TTS Delta disc trencher and an
excavator with a ripper tooth and live thumb. All three mechanical site
preparation treatments were equally effective at reducing the coverage of salal
and other competing vegetation and improving Douglas fir growth performance. On
sites where the disc trencher can operate, with gentle slopes and light to
moderate slash, it is most cost effective because of greater productivity.
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122. Heilman, P. 1983. Effects of surface treatment and interplanting
of shrub alder on rowth of Douglas-fir on coal spoils.
Journal-of-Environmental-Quality 12(1): 109-113.
Keywords: planting
operations
site
preparation
mechanical
preparation
growth
tree
physiology
soil
properties
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Annual growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) planted on
topsoiled spoils at a coal mine near Centralia,
Wash., was monitored for the first 6 y
after planting. Treatments were contour bedding, contour bedding plus
interplanted Sitka alder (Alnus
sinuata (Reg.) Rydb.), and unbedded control. The bedding significantly
increased growth of Douglas-fir in all 5 y of the study. Total height growth
after 5 y was 35% greater than control on the bedding only plots, and 43%
greater on the bedding plus Sitka
alder plots. Height growth of Douglas-fir in the mixed stand was significantly
greater during the 2nd and 3rd y of the study, but after 5 yr, no significant
difference was evident in total height between the mixed and pure Douglas-fir
plots. Concentration of N in Douglas-fir foliage was significantly increased by
bedding in the fifth but not in the fourth year. Interplanting with Sitka
alder had no significant effect on N in Douglas-fir foliage. The top 0.3 m of
soil in the ridged portion of the bedded area contained significantly less
moisture over a summer than did the top 0.3 m of the unbedded soil. At deeper
depths, however, soil moisture was not significantly affected by bedding. Wind
damage caused by a severe storm that occurred after 5 y was very much greater
on the unbedded plots (49% wind-thrown vs. 9 to 15% wind-thrown on the bedded
plots) despite the smaller size of the trees on unbedded plots.
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123. Helgerson, O.T. 1985. Survival and growth of planted Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa
Dougl. ex Laws.) on a hot, dry site in southwest Oregon.
Tree-Planters' Notes 36(4): 3-6.
Keywords: nursery
operations
planting
operations
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
One-yr-old containerized seedlings and 2-yr-old bare rooted seedlings of both
species were planted in Feb. 1982 on a W.-facing 35% slope on Tin
Pan Peak. The site
receives <760 mm of precipitation annually. Weeds were controlled with
herbicides applied before and after planting. Survival after 2 yr averaged 94%
for all stock types; survival of bare rooted seedlings (98-99%) was
significantly better than that of containerized seedlings (88-92%). Relative
vol. growth was greater for pine than Douglas fir. After 2 yr, the 2+0 bare
rooted pines were significantly larger than the 2+0 Douglas
firs, despite a smaller starting size.
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124. Helgerson, O.T. 1990a. Effects of alternate types of microsite
shade on survival of planted Douglas-fir in southwest Oregon.
New-Forests 3(4): 327-332.
Keywords: planting
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Five-yr survival of 2+0 bare root Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
seedlings was increased by 3 types of shading: cardboard shadecards placed S. or
E. of seedlings; and bottomless styrofoam cups inverted around seedling base,
on 2 S.-facing sites. On the drier site, seedlings survived well without
shading (89% unshaded, 98% shaded), but on the wetter site, where seedlings
were more stressed, shading was more beneficial (62% unshaded, 89% shaded).
Shading did not affect growth. Seedlings grew more in 5 yr on the drier than
the wetter site, possibly because of better handling and planting practices,
less browsing by deer, and better weed control.
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125. Helgerson, O.T. 1990b. Response of underplanted Douglas-fir to
herbicide injection of sclerophyll hardwoods in southwest Oregon.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 5(3): 86-89.
Keywords: nursery
operations
release
treatments
chemical
release
stand
conditions
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Low-value broadleaf sclerophyll forests in SW Oregon,
typically composed of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), Pacific madrone
(Arbutus menziesii) and chinkapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla), may be converted
to commercially valuable Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) by underplanting.
Results are given of studies of container-grown plug and nursery-grown bareroot
fir seedlings planted out in March 1983 on plots in which all broadleaf stems
had been previously (September 1981) injected with triclopyr amine. Although
60% broadleaf cover was killed by injection, 7 years later ground cover was
significantly greater on these treated plots because of sprouting. Seedlings
planted beneath treated broadleaf trees experienced greater daytime, but less
predawn, moisture stress; plugs survived better than bareroots; and survival of
seedlings on treated plots was not significantly better until 2 years after
planting. Herbicide injection also resulted in increased height, diameter and
volume growth rates of Douglas fir seedlings, and is recommended for the
establishment of a conifer stand.
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126. Helgerson, O.T., D.H. McNabb and S.D. Hobbs.
1991. Survival and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings after prescribed burning of
a brushfield in southwest Oregon.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 6(3): 55-59.
Keywords: site
preparation
prescribed
fire
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Five years after planting, survival of 2-0 bare root Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) seedlings was high on both burned and unburned plots (89 and 87%,
respectively), but seedling stem height, diameter, and volume were greater in
burned than in unburned plots.
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127. Helgerson, O.T., S.D. Tesch, S.D.
Hobbs and D.H. McNabb. 1989.
Survival and growth of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir stocktypes on a dry
low-elevation site in southwest Oregon.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 4(4): 124-128.
Keywords: nursery
operations
planting
operations
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Two stocktypes (1+0 container-grown plugs and 2+0 nursery-grown bareroots) of
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
were planted on a hot, droughty, low-altitude site near Medford,
Oregon, which had burned in 1981. The main
objective was to assess the potential for reforesting this type of site. After
5 growing seasons, bare rooted stock survived (98%) significantly better than
plugs (89%); survival did not differ significantly by species. Douglas fir was
taller than pine, pine was larger in diam., and the 2 species had approximately
equal stem volumes. Bare rooted stock was consistently larger than plugs.
Results show that these species and stocktypes can provide good reforestation
after 5 yr on this type of site when seedlings are of good quality, are planted
properly, and are given good weed control.
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128. Helgerson, O.T., S.D. Tesch, S.D.
Hobbs and D.H. McNabb. 1992.
Effects of stocktype, shading, and species on reforestation of a droughty site
in southwest Oregon.
Northwest-Science 66(2): 57-61.
Keywords: nursery
operations
planting
operations
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
On hot, dry sites, shading may differentially increase survival of planted
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) according to seedling size, and Douglas fir
may differ from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in early survival and growth.
The survival and growth of Douglas fir seedlings (1+0 container-grown plugs and
2+0 bare-rooted seedlings, unshaded or shaded with cardboard shadecards at
planting) and unshaded 2+0 bare-rooted ponderosa pine were compared on a
droughty south facing clear felling in Oregon. The site was clear felled and
burned in 1982 and the seedlings were planted in 1983. Shading did not
significantly increase survival of plugs, possibly because of a wetter than
normal first summer, nor did shading affect growth of either Douglas
fir stocktype 5 yr after planting. Bare-rooted Douglas fir remained
significantly larger than plugs, but relative growth rates for the initially
smaller plugs were significantly greater for diameter and volume. Survival and
growth of ponderosa pine tended to be better than those of Douglas fir. It was
concluded that both species appeared to be suitable for reforestation after
clear felling on sites subject to drought.
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129. Henry, C.L. 1987. Growth response, mortality, and foliar nitrogen
concentrations of four tree species treated with pulp and paper and municipal
sludges. In The-forest-alternative-for-treatment-and-utilization-of-municipal-and-industrial-wastes.
Eds. Cole, D.W., C.L. Henry, and W.L. Nutter. University
of Washington Press, Seattle,
Washington, USA.
pp. 258-265.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
soil
properties
growth
tree/stand
health
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Four nursery beds at the University of Washington Charles Lathrop Pack
Demonstration Forest were each divided into plots that received 8 sludge
treatments before being planted with seedlings of Douglas fir, Abies procera or
Pinus monticola, or cuttings of Populus deltoides X P. trichocarpa. Each sludge
and the unamended soil were analysed for total solids, total C, P and K, total
N and NH4-N. Ht. and diam. were measured after planting in April 1984 and again
in Feb. 1985. N was determined in foliage sampled during Oct. (Populus) or Feb.
(other species). Addition of pulp and paper sludge alone and combined with
municipal sludge provided predictable growth responses when compared with the C
: N ratio of each treatment. Av. response was positive when the C : N ratio was
more favourable than that of untreated soil, but av. response was negative when
soil was treated with primary pulp and paper sludge with a very high C : N
ratio. Treatments that produced the greatest growth also increased seedling
mortality.
Non-OSU
Link
130. Henry, C.L., D.W. Cole and R.B. Harrison. 1994. Use of municipal
sludge to restore and improve site productivity in forestry: The Pack Forest
Sludge Research Program. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 66(1/3): 137-149.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
soil
properties
stand
conditions
Abstract:
Municipal wastewater residuals - sludge or biosolids - represent a major waste
by-product from society that must be managed in responsible ways. Because of
its high nutrient and organic matter content, sludge can be beneficially
recycled into forest sites for site improvement purposes. This paper reviews
the opportunities and problems that have been encountered during 20 yr of
research into sludge application in forests, based on data from studies carried
out in the Pack Demonstration Forest, Washington, on a variety of sites -
including clear-felled, young or mature Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii]
stands, and rights-of-way. Research to date on forest application of sludge has
been very encouraging, clearly demonstrating the validity of this management
technique. Forest sites typically display benefits in
two ways: (1) an immediate growth response by both overstorey and understorey
species; (2) a long-term improvement to the productivity of the site. However,
for this practice to have broad utility and acceptance, it is critical that the
concerns of the regulatory agencies and general public be addressed regarding
public health and environmental issues through continued research. These
concerns include the fate of trace metals, including movement, uptake and
potential phytotoxicity, and passage into wildlife and human food chains, the
fate of pathogens, and leaching of nitrates into groundwater systems. Many
concerns are a result of misconceptions or misunderstandings of the potential
problems involved and require working with these agencies and the general
public through education and demonstration programmes.
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131. Henry, C.L., D.W. Cole, T.M. Hinckley and R.B. Harrison. 1993.
The use of municipal and pulp and paper sludges to increase production in
forestry. Journal-of-Sustainable-Forestry 1(3): 41-55.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
fertilization
thinning
growth
tree/stand
health
soil
properties
Abstract:
Because of their high nutritional content and soil conditioning properties, municipal
and pulp and paper (P&P) sludges (biosolids) can serve as soil amendments
for nutritionally deprived or organically poor soils on forest sites. Studies
conducted over the past 20 years at an experimental forest site in Western
Washington, USA,
have largely confirmed the potential of biosolids to increase the productivity
of many forest lands. These studies clearly demonstrated that application of
biosolids at environmentally acceptable rates will result in growth responses
for both young seedlings as well as established stands. Municipal biosolids
have been applied to a number of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands.
Young stands treated with 47 t/ha showed an average of 72, 14 and 2% height
responses for Site Class IV, III and II, respectively, over a 10 year period.
Thinned versus unthinned 55-year-old Douglas fir treated with 142 dry t/ha
averaged 43 and 48%, respectively, for the 12 year period greater than
controls. Average growth responses of 65 and 40% occurred in the 65-year-old
stand for the Site Class IV and II, respectively, from a 47 dry t/ha
application. Growth response resulting from application of P&P biosolids to
a number of tree species (Douglas fir, Pinus monticola and Abies procera in
nursery beds, and plots of Populus deltoides x P. trichocarpa rooted cuttings)
has also been excellent. When properly applied, biosolids can provide an
excellent alternative to chemical fertilizers as a means of enhancing forest
production. Growth response is typically greater and lasts longer when compared
with chemical fertilizers.
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132. Hermann, R.K. and D.P. Lavender. 1999. Douglas-fir planted
forests. New-Forests 17(1/3): 53-70.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
nursery
operations
planting
operations
site
preparation
release
treatments
fertilization
thinning
pruning
tree/stand
protection
growth
yield
Abstract:
A combination of superior wood quality and high productivity has made
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) one of the premier timber trees in the
world. As such, it is grown as a plantation species in several countries in Europe
and South America, and in New
Zealand and Australia,
as well as throughout its extensive natural range in western North
America. Decades of experience with the silviculture of young
stands have demonstrated that practices such as planting, the use of
genetically improved seedlings, precommercial and commercial thinning, and
fertilizing may dramatically increase the yield of industrial products over
that of natural forests. Further, such silviculture is compatible with the
production of desired amenities. Vigorous implementation of such practices
wherever Douglas fir is cultivated will increase the world's timber resources,
and be an effective strategy for reducing the pressure, occasioned by the
world's rapidly increasing population, to harvest the fragile tropical and
boreal forests.
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133. Hildebrand, D.M., J.K. Stone, R.L. James and S.J. Frankel. 2004.
Alternatives to preplant soil fumigation for Western forest nurseries.
Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station,-USDA-Forest-Service
General-Technical-Report PNW-GTR-608. ii + 27 p.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
tree/stand
protection
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Field trials were conducted at six bare-root forest tree (Pinus ponderosa,
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta and Abies magnifica var. shastensis)
nurseries in the Western United States: Bend Pine Nursery in Bend and J.
Herbert Stone Nursery in Central Point (Oregon), Coeur d'Alene Nursery and
Lucky Peak Nursery in Idaho, and Humboldt Nursery near McKinleyville and
Placerville Nursery near Camino (California). These field experiments compared
cultural treatments including timing and depth of sowing; bare fallow (with and
without periodic tilling); organic amendments including sawdust, composts, and
cover crops; mulches including pine needles, sawdust, and rice straw; and
fumigation with methyl bromide/chloropicrin or dazomet. Measured effects
included population levels of potential soil-borne pathogens (species of
Fusarium and Pythium), disease incidence, seedbed density, and sizes of conifer
seedlings. Several non-fumigation treatments resulted in production of
seedlings with densities and sizes similar to or better than those produced in
beds treated with chemical fumigation. Results varied within the nurseries
depending on conifer species, field history, and disease presence. Beneficial
cultural practices included: (1) incorporation of slowly decomposing organic
soil amendments, e.g., aged sawdust with additional nitrogen provided later to
seedlings; (2) bare fallowing with periodic tilling, and bare fallowing without
periodic tilling plus supplemental weed control; and (3) sowing of conifer seed
earlier and more shallow than sown conventionally, and covering seed with a
nonsoil mulch such as aged sawdust or hydromulch.
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134. Hobbs, S.D.
1981. Stocktype selection and planting techniques for Douglas-fir on skeletal
soils in southwest Oregon. In
Reforestation of skeletal soils: proceedings of a workshop, Medford,
OR, USA,
November 17-19, 1981.
Eds. S.D. Hobbs and O.T. Helgerson. pp. 92-96.
Keywords: planting
operations
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Stocktype selection and planting techniques for Douglas-fir can have a
significant impact on seedling survival and growth on droughty skeletal soils
in southwest Oregon. In these
environments important seedling characteristics are stock quality, shoot-root
ratio, root morphology, and caliper. Planting and special ameliorative
techniques for sites with skeletal soils are discussed.
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135. Hobbs, S.D.,
S.G. Stafford and R.L. Slagle. 1987. Undercutting conifer seedlings: effect on
morphology and field performance on droughty sites.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 17(1): 40-46.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree
morphology
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
One-yr-old barerooted Douglas fir and ponderosa pine seedlings in an Oregon
nursery were subjected during Feb.-June 1980 to 5 undercutting treatments that
varied by number and depth of cuts and seedling phenology at time of treatment.
Eight morphological variables were measured in Jan. 1981 before planting the
seedlings at 2 sites in Oregon.
Seedling survival and growth was recorded annually for 4 yr. All treatments
significantly reduced shoot growth in the nursery, but changes in root system
morphology depended on treatment severity and species. Treatment effects were
generally more pronounced in ponderosa pine than in Douglas fir. Discriminant
analysis showed that seedlings responded similarly in all undercutting treatments
relative to control seedlings that were not undercut. No effects of
undercutting were apparent after 4 yr in the field.
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136. Hobbs, S.D.
and K.A. Wearstler, Jr. 1983. Performance of three Douglas-fir stocktypes on a
skeletal soil. Tree-Planters' Notes 34(3): 11-14.
Keywords: nursery
operations
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
Plug-1 bare rooted seedlings, initially grown in containers and transplanted to
a nursery for 1 yr, 2-0 bare rooted seedlings and 1-0 plug stock were planted
on a steep, severe site in the Siskiyon Mts., SW Oregon,
in 1980. Height and diameter were recorded after planting and in the autumn in
1980 and 1981. Survival was 91% for 1-0 plug seedlings, 87% for plug-1
seedlings and 56% for 2-0 bare rooted stock. There were n.s.d. in height and
diameter growth.
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137. Hobbs, S.D.
and K.A. Wearstler, Jr. 1985. Effects of cutting sclerophyll brush on sprout development
and Douglas-fir growth. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 13(1/2): 69-81.
Keywords: release
treatments
manual
release
stand
conditions
tree
physiology
growth
Abstract:
In SW Oregon, varying amount of brush were
removed from a sclerophyll brushfield dominated by Quercus chrysolepis and
Arctostaphylos patula with scattered Pseudotsuga menziesii saplings. Brush
removal was accomplished by slashing (cut by chainsaw) near ground level at
three intensities: (1) total removal, (2) partial removal, and (3) an untreated
control. Sclerophyll brush species responded within 3 weeks of slashing by
vigorous sprouting, which was greatest in total brush removal areas where 861
513 sprout stems/ha developed during the first year. Soil water potentials and
predawn xylem pressure potentials of Douglas fir were less negative in total
removal areas than in partial removal and untreated control areas. Relative
growth rates of Douglas fir saplings temporarily increased in total and partial
brush removal areas, but were not significantly different from the untreated
control 3 yr after treatment. Slashing of sclerophyll brush to release
long-suppressed Douglas fir is not recommended because of rapid brush recovery
by sprouting.
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138. Hopmans, P. and H.N. Chappell. 1994. Growth response of young,
thinned Douglas-fir stands to nitrogen fertilizer in relation to soil
properties and tree nutrition. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 24(8):
1684-1688.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
soil
properties
tree
physiology
Abstract:
Application of 224 kg N/ha to young, thinned stands of Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) at 35 sites in W. Oregon and Washington significantly
increased basal area and volume increment over 8 years following treatment.
However, response varied considerably between sites, and relative volume
increment exceeded 10% at only 19 of the 35 sites. Response to applied N was
evaluated in relation to forest floor and soil variables as well as to levels
of N in foliage. Relative responses in basal area and volume were significantly
correlated with total N concentration and the C/N ratio of the soil. However,
these relationships explained only part (18-22%) of the observed variation in
response. In contrast, relative response was strongly correlated with the level
of N in the foliage of non-fertilized trees at 11 sites, accounting for 94% of
the variation between sites. It is suggested that foliar N could be used to
predict growth responses to N fertilizers in young thinned Douglas fir stands.
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Link
139. Hummel, S. and R. Hummel. 2004. Five-year thinning response of an
overgrown Douglas-fir Christmas tree plantation.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 19(3): 171-174.
Keywords: planting
operations
thinning
growth
yield
economics
Abstract:
A 15-year-old Douglas-fir Christmas tree plantation in western Oregon
was thinned in 1996 according to regional sawtimber conversion guidelines. The
plantation comprised two strata, distinguished by initial planting density (Area
1=5x5 ft and Area 2=10x10 ft). Unthinned control plots were established in both
Area 1 and Area 2 at the time of the thinning treatment. Five years later, the
quadratic mean diameter (QMD) in Area 1 (thinned) was 6.4 in. versus 5.2 in. in
Area 1 (unthinned), while in Area 2 (thinned) the QMD was 11.4 in. compared to
9.3 in. in Area 2 (unthinned). Over the same period, the volume/ac in Area 1
(thinned) (1,080 ft3/ac) was nearly twice that of Area 1 (unthinned) (576
ft3/ac). In contrast, the volume/ac in Area 2 (thinned) (2,318 ft3/acre) was
almost half that of Area 2 (unthinned) (4,264 ft3/ac). These results suggest
that while thinning was timely for Area 1, the thinning treatment could have
been delayed for Area 2. By plantation age 30, the treated units in Area 1 and
Area 2 have estimated yields of 9.6 and 11.6 thousand bd ft (mbf),
respectively, with no additional thinning. Given 2002 average prices for #3
sawmill grade logs, gross return at age 30 would range between $5,000 and
$6,000/ac.
OSU
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140. Hung, L.L.L. and J.M. Trappe. 1987. Ectomycorrhizal inoculation
of Douglas-fir transplanted container seedlings with commercially produced
inoculum. New-Forests 1(2): 141-152.
Keywords: nursery
operations
mycorrhizal
response
growth
Abstract:
Commercially produced vegetative inocula of Laccaria laccata and
Hebeloma crustuliniforme successfully formed ectomycorrhizae with Douglas fir
transplanted container (plug + 1) seedlings. After 4.5 months in containers,
83% and 90%, respectively, of short roots were mycorrhizal. L. laccata- or H.
crustiliniforme-inoculated seedlings had significantly more mycorrhizal and
total short roots than Pisolithus tinctorius-inoculated (4% mycorrhizal root
tips) or uninoculated control seedlings. No significant differences were
detected in seedling growth at the end of the container phase. After
transplantation and growth in nursery beds for 17 months, mean new short root
colonization of all seedlings was 80%. H. crustuliniforme persisted as a
dominant mycorrhizal fungus on seedlings initially inoculated with this fungus.
L. laccata-inoculated seedlings had 40% of their short roots colonized by L.
laccata and another 40% by the native fungi Rhizopogon and Thelephora spp. All
mycorrhizae of control seedlings and those inoculated with P. tinctorius were
formed by fungi native to the nursery beds. A significant fungal treatment
effect was detected for shoot height only. Control seedlings were significantly
taller than L. laccata-inoculated seedlings after transplanting.
OSU
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141. Jacobs, D.F., R. Rose and D.L. Haase. 2003a. Development of
Douglas-fir seedling root architecture in response to localized nutrient
supply. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 33(1): 118-125.
Keywords: nursery
operations
nursery
fertilization
tree
morphology
tree
physiology
growth
Abstract:
Three months following sowing, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
Franco) seedlings were transplanted into pots with controlled-release
fertilizer (CRF) applied at rates of 0, 8, 16, and 24 g/2200 cm3 soil as a
single uniform layer beneath the root system. Seedlings were destructively
harvested periodically, and roots were divided into vertical segments above
(S1), within (S2), and below (S3) the fertilizer layer. Two months following
transplant, the number of active root tips was positively correlated with CRF
rate in S1 and negatively correlated with rate in S2 and S3. At 6 months, root
penetration into S3 was severely restricted at 16 and 24 g. This was attributed
to detrimental changes in soil osmotic potential in S2. Fertilizer improved
seedling growth at 8 g after 6 months compared with controls but was inhibitory
at 24 g. Photochemical quantum yield was higher in all CRF treatments compared
with controls 3 months following transplant, which corresponded with rapid
initial CRF nutrient release. Despite improvements in nutrient release
technology with CRF, high application rates may result in excessive
concentrations of fertilizer nutrients in media, which can restrict root
penetration and negatively affect seedling growth. Conservative application
rates and improvements in CRF technology will help reduce the potential for
adverse effects on seedling development.
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142. Jacobs, D.F., R. Rose, D.L. Haase and P.D. Morgan. 2003b.
Influence of nursery soil amendments on water relations, root architectural
development, and field performance of Douglas-fir transplants. New-Forests
26(3): 263-277.
Keywords: nursery
operations
fertilization
tree
physiology
tree
morphology
growth
carbon
allocation
soil
properties
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
This experiment evaluated the influence of manure, peat, and vermiculite
incorporated at low and high rates (0.0118 and 0.0236 m3/m2) and under two soil
moisture regimes on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedling
(1+0 for 1+1) xylem water potential ( Phi xylem), whole-plant growth, root
architectural development, and subsequent field performance under fertilized
and non-fertilized conditions. Trends in soil moisture retention were observed
(high manure > high peat > control) but there were no differences in Phi
xylem. Root length in the wetter soil moisture experiment was initially (three
months) greatest for seedlings in high vermiculite and least in high manure but
there were no differences among treatments at lifting (eight months). Mean
height was greatest for seedlings grown in vermiculite and peat (wetter nursery
experiment) after two field seasons. Field fertilization (35 g/seedling) with
controlled-release fertilizer in the planting hole stimulated height growth
initially, but decreased height and diameter growth during the second growing
season. Dramatic improvements associated with the use of nursery soil
amendments were not realized, but the failure to identify negative effects, a
potential reduction in disease incidence, and improvement of nursery soil
physical and chemical properties may justify their use.
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143. Jaindl, R.G. and S.H. Sharrow. 1988. Oak/Douglas-fir/sheep: a
three-crop silvopastoral system. Agroforestry-Systems 6(2): 147-152.
Keywords: planting
operations
release
treatments
manual
release
tree/stand
health
growth
Abstract:
A small scale agroforestry study started in 1952 was revisited in 1985
to evaluate the long-term influence of site preparation and grazing on tree
growth and survival in a system with Douglas fir, white oak (Quercus garryana)
and sheep. In 1952-53, 2-yr-old Douglas fir seedlings were planted at the rate
of 2500 trees/ha under 3 levels of site preparation: (1) no treatment; (2) oak
thinned by 50%; and (3) oak clear felled. From 1954 to 1960, yearling ewes
grazed half of each of the 3 thinning treatments for 3-4 wk each spring. The
conifers were undisturbed since grazing was discontinued in 1960. Survival of
planted conifers averaged 64% in 1985 and did not vary among either site
preparation or grazing treatments. From 1964 to 1985, trees on the thinned and
clear felled plantations grew an av. ht. of 1060 and 990 cm, respectively,
compared with 900 cm on the unthinned plantation. D.b.h. averaged 3.8 and 5.6
cm greater on thinned or clear felled plantations, respectively, than on the
unthinned control by 1985. Conifers on grazed plantations had increased ht. and
d.b.h. growth during the first 12 yr of plantation life, averaging 63 cm taller
and 0.7 cm greater in d.b.h. than the ungrazed plots by 1964. By 1985 the
difference in ht. (122 cm) and d.b.h. (1.0 cm) between grazed and ungrazed
plantations was not statistically significant. These data suggest that although
site preparation can positively influence conifer growth, total clear felling
is no better than thinning oaks. Furthermore, proper grazing can increase ht.
and d.b.h. growth of the conifers during and immediately after the grazing
years.
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144. Johnson, G.R. 2002. Genetic variation in tolerance of Douglas fir
to Swiss needle cast as assessed by symptom expression. Silvae-Genetica
51(2/3): 80-86.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand protection
tree/stand
health
growth
genetic
relationships
Abstract:
The incidence of Swiss needle cast (caused by Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii) on Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) has increased significantly in recent years on the Oregon
coast. Genetic variation in symptoms of disease infection, as measured by
foliage traits, was assessed in two series of progeny trials to determine
whether these "crown health" indicators were under genetic control
and correlated with tolerance (tolerance being continued growth in the presence
of high disease pressure). Foliage traits generally had lower heritabilities
than growth traits and were usually correlated with diameter growth. Foliage
traits of crown density and colour appeared to be reasonable indicators of
disease tolerance. In the absence of basal area data, assessing crown density
and colour can help screen for families that show tolerance to the disease.
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145. Johnson, G.R., R.A. Sniezko and N.L. Mandel. 1997. Age trends in
Douglas-fir genetic parameters and implications for optimum selection age.
Silvae-Genetica 46(6): 349-358.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
growth
genetic
relationships
Abstract:
Trends in genetic variation in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
were examined over 51 progeny test sites throughout western Oregon.
Narrow sense heritabilities for height and diameter showed an increasing trend
to age 25, the oldest age examined. Before age 10, height heritabilities were
relatively unstable. Type B site-site genetic correlations increased slowly
with age for height and remained relatively stable for diameter. Age-age
correlations were used to develop an equation to predict age-age correlations
by using the log of the age ratios (LAR). Optimum selection age was calculated
for a 60-year rotation by using two measures of efficiency: gain per year and
discounted gain. The optimum selection age for height tended to be 2 to 3 years
earlier than for diameter. Gain per year was maximized at age 10 for height and
age 13 for diameter.
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146. Joseph, G. and R.G. Kelsey. 1999. Growth of Douglas-fir and
ponderosa pine seedlings with foliar applications of methanol and ethanol.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 14(4): 183-185.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Ethanol and methanol have been reported to enhance the growth and development
of several agricultural and horticultural species. To test whether methanol or
ethanol stimulated growth of coast Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii) or ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)in the nursery, seedlings were
sprayed with concentrations of 1 to 10% (v/v) on the foliage twice a week for
13 wk during the growing season. Foliar applications of methanol and ethanol
neither significantly stimulated nor inhibited growth, and signs of damage at
these concentrations were lacking.
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147. Jozsa, L.A. and H.
Brix. 1989. The effects of fertilization and thinning on wood quality of a
24-year-old Douglas fir stand. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 19(9):
1137-1145.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
wood
quality
growth
Abstract:
The effect of thinning and N fertilization on growth and wood density
of coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) on a poor site on Vancouver
Island (British Columbia)
is described for plots established at approx. 24 yr old in 1971-72. Stem cores
were taken using an increment borer in Mar.-Apr. 1984. Ring-width and
ring-density data were obtained from pith to bark for all trees using
computerized X-ray densitometry. Fertilization reduced ring density at b.h. and
25% stem ht. by an av. of 6% for a 3- to 4-yr period after treatment, but not
thereafter. Reductions in ring density resulted from decreases in the density
of earlywood and latewood, as well as from decreases in latewood percentages.
Effects were only pronounced in the lower half of the stem. Thinning resulted in
a slight increase in ring-density in the lower bole and a reduction in the top.
The combined treatments had an intermediate effect on ring density. Ring
density showed an increasing trend from pith to bark at all ht. except at 75%
stem ht., and a decrease with increasing ht. in the bole. Fertilization and
thinning both increased diam. growth, and the beneficial effects were still
evident 13 yr after treatments.
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148. Kastner, W.W., Jr., S.M. Dutton and D.M. Roche. 2001. Effects of
Swiss needle cast on three Douglas-fir seed sources on a low-elevation site in
the northern Oregon Coast
Range: results after five growing
seasons. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 16(1): 31-34.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) seedlings grown
from three seed sources were evaluated for 5 years for their relative tolerance
to Swiss needle cast (caused by the ascomycete Phaeoxryptopus gaeumannii), on a
high-disease-hazard site located approximately 3 miles northeast of Tillamook,
Oregon, USA.
The seed sources were: (1) seed collected from trees showing an apparent degree
of tolerance to Swiss needle cast in natural stands in the coastal fog belt,
(2) open-pollinated seed orchard seed collected from random single-pair crosses
of parent trees in natural stands outside of the coastal fog belt, but west of
the Oregon Coast Range summit, whose progeny demonstrated an apparent degree of
disease tolerance in coastal Douglas-fir progeny test sites, and (3) standard
reforestation seed purchased from a commercial vendor. There were no
significant differences among seed sources in basal diameter and total height
for all five growing seasons. Needle retention varied among seed sources over
the 5-year period, but current-year needle retention did not vary significantly
after the fifth growing season, and retention of 1- and 2-year-old needles was
relatively low for all seed sources. The intense disease pressure on this site
may have overwhelmed expression of disease tolerance among seed sources. We do
not recommend planting Douglas-fir on such high-hazard sites.
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149. Kaya, Z. 1992. The effects of test environments on estimation of genetic
parameters for seedling traits in 2-year-old Douglas-fir.
Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 7(3): 287-296.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
nursery
operations
genetic
relationships
growth
tree
phenology
Abstract:
The effects of test environments (dry versus wet) on the estimation of genetic
parameters in seedling traits were studied in 160 open-pollinated families of
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) from southwestern Oregon.
Seedlings from four populations were grown in two test nursery environments
between which a water potential difference of -9 bars was created over two
growing seasons, by withholding water for 4 and 8 wk, respectively. Estimated
genetic variances in most growth and phenology traits were considerably higher
for seedlings grown in the wet environment than for those in the dry. Estimated
genetic correlations between the same traits measured in different test
environments indicated that most seedling traits studied for two growing
seasons were genetically stable in both environments, suggesting that genotype
environment interaction in these traits are weak. However, it is emphasized
that the effect of test environment on estimation of genetic parameters in
seedling traits, especially in adaptive seedling traits, should be evaluated
very carefully when early evaluation of genetic entries is practised in
Douglas-fir, since these traits (budburst timing, lammas growth and free
growth) appear to be plastic in character.
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150. Kaya, Z. 1993. Genetic variation in shoot growth components and
their correlations in Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii seedlings.
Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 8(1): 1-7.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
genetic
relationships
growth
Abstract:
Stem-unit measurements could be useful for early selection if these
dimensions were highly heritable and strongly correlated with traits of
commercial interest, such as height growth. Height increments and the number
and length of stem segments were measured in the first and second growth period
in predetermined and free growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii) seedlings from 40 families in each of 2 populations from southwestern
Oregon, USA.
Populations, or families in populations, exhibited genetic variation in all
traits except number of stem units in predetermined growth. Heritabilities for
stem-unit measurements were higher than those for height increment in the first
growing season, but not in the second. Correlations among measurements of stem
units and height increments were only moderate (generally <0.70). It is
concluded that stem units are not likely to be better measurements of height in
early selection of Douglas-fir than are measurements of either predetermined or
free growth.
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151. Kaya, Z., R.K. Campbell and W.T. Adams. 1989. Correlated
responses of height increment and components of increment in 2-year-old Douglas
fir. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 19(9): 1124-1130.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree
phenology
growth
genetic
relationships
Abstract:
The consequences for growth and phenology of early selection for
height or its growth components were evaluated in 160 open-pollinated families
of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) from SW Oregon.
Seedlings from 2 inland and 2 coastal populations (40 families each) were grown
for 2 growing seasons in a 'moist' and 'dry' nursery environment. Predicted
response to selection suggests that risk of low juvenile-mature correlation and
maladaptation with early selection would be less in the inland than in the
coastal region. Early bud set in the 1st yr was genetically correlated with
larger overwintering buds in seedlings from both inland and coastal regions.
These larger buds yielded a large increment of predetermined growth in the 2nd
yr, followed by little or no free growth and early bud set. Seedlings with late
bud set in the 1st yr had the converse pattern. Inland seedlings set buds much
earlier on av. than coastal seedlings, hence seedlings from the 2 regions had
different growth patterns. Risks that can attend early selection for ht.
generally would be decreased in both regions by selecting for predetermined
growth, but several qualifications are discussed.
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152. Khan, S.R., R. Rose, D.L. Haase and T.E. Sabin. 1996. Soil water
stress: its effects on phenology, physiology, and morphology of containerized
Douglas-fir seedlings. New-Forests 12(1): 19-39.
Keywords: nursery
operations
growth
tree
physiology
tree
phenology
Abstract:
Containerized 3-month-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were subjected
to six moisture-stress treatment (ranging from 7 to 65% soil water content by
volume) for 12 weeks. At the end of this period, there were significant
differences in phenological, physiological, and morphological responses among
the seedlings in the various moisture-stress treatments. In general, seedlings
grown under very high or very low soil moisture conditions were adversely
affected, while those grown under moderate conditions (29 to 53% water content)
exhibited optimum growth, bud development, and nutrient and starch reserves.
The use of vector analysis was found to be helpful in data interpretation. The
results indicate the importance of closely monitoring nursery moisture regimes
in order to achieve the best seedling quality.
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153. Kimball, B.A., G.R. Johnson, D.L. Nolte and D.L. Griffin. 1999.
An examination of the genetic control of Douglas-fir vascular tissue
phytochemicals: implications for black bear foraging.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 123(2/3): 245-251.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
physiology
genetic
relationships
Abstract:
Silvicultural practices can influence black bear (Ursus americanus)
foraging preferences for Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) cambial-zone
vascular tissues, but little is known about the role of genetics. To study the
impact of genetic selection, vascular tissue samples were collected from
Douglas fir trees in 6 half-sib families from 5 different sites in north
central Oregon. Four replications
of 3-tree non-contiguous plots were sampled at each site to examine inter-and
intra-site variation. Tree growth was measured as tree diameter at breast
height, and the absolute concentrations of 26 different terpenoids were
determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection from ethyl acetate
extracts. The simple carbohydrates fructose, glucose, and sucrose, and the
phenolic glycoside coniferin were quantified using anion-exchange
chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Cluster analysis was used to
reduce the number of variables used in analyses of variance. Results for the
families studied here indicate that tree growth and some terpenoids were under
some level of genetic control. Furthermore, allocation of constitutive
terpenoids in vascular tissues was not at the expense of tree growth. The
sugars present in vascular tissue were affected by environment (site) and
genetics (family) and their interaction.
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154. Kimball, B.A., D.L. Nolte, D.L. Griffin, S.M. Dutton and S.
Ferguson. 1998a. Impacts of live canopy pruning on the chemical
constituents of Douglas-fir vascular tissues: implications for black bear tree
selection. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 109(1/3): 51-56.
Keywords: pruning
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
physiology
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
The impact of live canopy pruning (removal of all live and dead whorls
between the ground and 5 m height, resulting in removal of ~40% of the live
canopy) on the carbohydrate and terpene content of vascular tissue was
investigated in the lower bole of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) on 4
sites in NW Oregon. Cambial zone vascular tissue samples were collected from
pruned and unpruned trees in the lower bole and within the live canopy. Current
year's radial growth was estimated from the mass of vascular tissue removed
from the 800 cmsuperscript 2 area sampled from each tree. Chemical analyses
were conducted to determine the concentration of carbohydrates and terpenes in
the samples. Results indicated that 2 yr following treatment, pruning resulted
in reduced growth and decreased carbohydrate content of the vascular tissue.
Pruning had no effect on the terpene concentration of the vascular tissue. The
impact of pruning on the foraging selection of black bears (Ursus americanus)
was evaluated by surveying bear damaged trees in a 50 acre stand of pruned and
unpruned timber. Odds ratios indicate that black bears were 4 times more likely
to forage unpruned than pruned Douglas fir. Tree selection may be explained in
part by the higher availability of carbohydrates in the unpruned tree with
respect to the pruned tree.
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155. King, J.E., D.D. Marshall and J.F. Bell. 2002.
Levels-of-growing-stock cooperative study in Douglas-fir: report no. 17 - the
Skykomish study, 1961-93; the Clemons study, 1963-94.
Pacific-Northwest-Research-Station, USDA-Forest-Service Research-Paper
PNW-RP-548. vii + 120 p.
Keywords: thinning
commercial
thinning
growth
yield
tree/stand
health
Abstract:
A study was conducted at the Skykomish Tree Farm, and at the Clemons Tree Farm,
Washington, USA,
to determine how the amount of growing stock in repeatedly thinned stands of
Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) affects cumulative wood production, tree
size and growth-growing stock ratios. Initial stands were thinned to the same
level of growing stock so that all plots would have virtually the same growth
potential except the unthinned controls. The Skykomish and Clemons stands were
24 and 19 years old, respectively, when the studies were started. Stand
treatments were completed at ages 42 and 36, and measurements were continued to
ages 56 and 50. After 32 years at Skykomish and 31 years at Clemons, the basal
area per acre in the eight regimes ranged from 119-244 ft2 at Skykomish and
101-195 at Clemons. The corresponding gross yields in cubic feet per acre were
8709-13 579 at Skykomish and 6329-9072 at Clemons. Volume in thinnings were
18-53% of the gross yield. Stand treatments included four regimes with different
combinations of heavy and light thinning and four regimes with constant
intensities of thinning. Variable regimes were found to have consistent
advantage over constant regimes. Within a given level of growing stock, the
constant regimes are recommended for applications where wood production is the
primary objective. A substantial increase in the yield was produced in all
regimes during the post thinning holding period. Based on standing volume after
the last thinning, the holding period of 4 years produced approximately 30%
more volume in all regimes. Extending the period to 9 years produced
approximately 70% more volume, and at 14 years, the standing volume was more
than double the volume remaining after the last thinning. This extra yield
enhanced by the high quality of the stands makes the length of the holding
period an important factor in the scheduling of final harvest.
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156. King, J.N., F.C. Yeh and J.C.H. Heaman. 1988. Selection of growth
and yield traits in controlled crosses of coastal Douglas-fir. Silvae-Genetica
37(3-4): 158-164.
Keywords: genetic
tree improvement
growth
genetic
relationships
Abstract:
Analysis of variance of several yield traits including height, height
increment, diameter and volume in a full-sib progeny test of Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) on 2 sites in British Columbia
revealed significant amounts of additive genetic variance but small and
non-significant amounts of dominance genetic variance. Individual tree
heritabilities were between 0.08 and 0.16 for growth traits and family
heritabilities were between 0.55 and 0.73. Acceptable gains were predicted with
progeny test re-selection (10% volume gain per unit selection intensity). Age 6
height was an effective selection trait, and correlated well with age 12
volume, giving 70% relative efficiency for family selection. Age 12 height
measurement and height increment between 10 and 12 did not express significant
genetic differences on the individual site analyses due in part to uncontrolled
within-plot variation. Diameter showed higher heritabilities and was less
sensitive to inadequacies in experimental design than the later height measurements.
Index selection for stem volume also demonstrated that diameter was the most
effective growth trait to predict the breeding value of parents for individual
tree stem volumes.
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157. Knapp, W.H., T.C. Turpin and J.H. Beuter. 1984. Vegetation
control for Douglas-fir regeneration on the Siuslaw
National forest: a decision
analysis. Journal-of-Forestry 82(3): 168-173.
Keywords: planting
operations
site
preparation
chemical
preparation
mechanical
preparation
prescribed
fire
release
treatments
chemical
release
manual
release
growth
yield
economics
Abstract:
Records from 324 plantations in Oregon
were used to calculate the effect on stocking of various methods of controlling
competing vegetation before and after plantation establishment. A decision tree
analysis using 6 management regimes on 5 stocking classes indicated that if no
site preparation or release (other than broadcast burning to reduce fuels) were
practised, the forest would produce 63% of the m.a.i. and 35% of the present
net worth (PNW) expected if all means of control (chemical, manual and burning)
were available and used. If only manual control methods were used 78% of the
max. m.a.i. and 57% of the max. PNW would be expected. When all methods except
phenoxy herbicides were available, the expected m.a.i. and PNW were reduced to
no less than 90%. The yield reduction varied with aspect, and the type of
prelogging vegetation. Declines were least on SW-facing sites that were
originally predominantly conifers, and greatest on NE-facing slopes that had
supported broadleaves. Limitations of the analysis are discussed.
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158. Knowe, S.A.
1994a. Effect of competition control treatments on height-age and
height-diameter relationships in young Douglas-fir plantations.
Forest-Ecology-and-Management 67(1-3): 101-111.
Keywords: release
treatments
chemical
release
manual
release
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract:
Height-age and height-diameter models for plantations of young Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) were examined in relation to
vegetation management treatments. The models were developed from 10 years of measurements
in a competition release study installed on six sites in the Coast Ranges of
Oregon and Washington. Analysis of height growth patterns for dominant trees
indicated significant differences between the total vegetation control
treatment and operational release treatments or no treatment. The resulting
height-age function depicted exponential growth patterns for the total
vegetation control treatment and nearly linear patterns for the operational
release treatment and no treatment. The height-diameter function was compatible
with dominant height growth and quadratic mean diameter prediction functions.
Different height-diameter curve shapes were associated with total vegetation
control and the operational release and no treatments. The resulting function
implied that Douglas fir trees of a given diameter and age were slightly taller
when under interspecific competition, especially for trees with smaller
diameters. The height-age and height-diameter functions may be used in
conjunction with diameter distribution or stand table projection models
developed for these data to predict dynamics and stand structure in young
Douglas fir plantations.
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159. Knowe, S.A.
1994b. Incorporating the effects of interspecific competition and vegetation
management treatments in stand table projection models for Douglas-fir
saplings. Forest-Ecology-and-Management 67(1-3): 87-99.
Keywords: release
treatments
chemical
release
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract:
A stand table projection system based on individual-tree and
stand-level models for young Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii)
plantations was developed from and evaluated with remeasurement data from xeric
sites in the Siskiyou Mountains of SW Oregon (established in a competition
gradient study), and mesic sites in the Coast Ranges of Oregon and Washington
(established in a treatment efficacy study). A projection equation was developed
for relative tree size, defined as the ratio of individual-tree diameter at 15
or 30 cm above ground level (depending on the study location) to quadratic mean
diameter. The relative size projection equation for the Coast Ranges
study included the effect of total vegetation control, which indicated that
diameters of Douglas fir receiving total vegetation control tended to become
more uniform over time in the Coast Ranges. An
additional equation was developed to project quadratic mean diameter so that
individual-tree diameters could be estimated from projected relative size. The
effect of vegetation management treatments on projected quadratic mean
diameters in the Siskiyou study was expressed as an interaction between
proportion of cover removed by treatments (intensity) and dominant height of
Douglas fir at time of treatment relative to current dominant height. In 1- and
2-yr projection periods, the stand table projection system performed similarly
to a diameter distribution prediction system based on a Weibull distribution
function. However, the difference between projected and predicted diameter
distributions became more pronounced as the projection period increased to 5
years.
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160. Knowe, S.A.,
B.D. Carrier and A. Dobkowski. 1995. Effects of bigleaf maple sprout clumps on
diameter and height growth of Douglas-fir. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry
10(1): 5-11.
Keywords: release
treatments
growth
Abstract:
Diameter and height growth of 7- to 11-yr-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) were examined in relation to bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum)
competition. Growth models were developed for plantations in Oregon
and Washington by joining a
distance dependent model with a model that excluded competition effects. The
fitted equations were based on Douglas fir size at plantation age 7 yr and
distance from the stump and crown diameter of the bigleaf maple clump. The
model suggests that bigleaf maple clumps between 5.7 and 14.6 m from planted Douglas
firs reduce the latter's d.b.h. and height growth, and that this reduction
becomes greater with increasing size of the clump. A procedure is suggested to
use the models to guide vegetation management prescriptions on sites with
bigleaf maple sprout clumps.
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161. Knowe, S.A.,
T.B. Harrington and R.G. Shula. 1992. Incorporating the effects of
interspecific competition and vegetation management treatments in diameter
distribution models for Douglas-fir saplings. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
22(9): 1255-1262.
Keywords: release
treatments
manual
release
chemical
release
growth
tree
morphology
Abstract:
A parameter recovery procedure for the Weibull distribution function, based on diameter
percentiles, was modified to incorporate the effects of competing vegetation in
young Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) plantations. The
procedure was tested using data from sites in the Coast Ranges of Oregon and
Washington and in the Siskiyou Mountains
of SW Oregon. The Coast Ranges
study was conducted in 2- to 3-yr-old plantations needing release from woody
shrub (mainly Rubus spectabilis and R. parviflorus) and broadleaved tree (Alnus
rubra and Acer macrophyllum) competition. Release treatments were an untreated
control, manual cutting, triclopyr ester applied aerially, glyphosate applied
aerially, and a total vegetation control treatment consisting of annual
broadcast applications of hexazinone and spot treatments of glyphosate and
triclopyr. The Siskiyou Mountains
study was conducted in 1- to 2-yr-old plantations on sites covered by tanoak
(Lithocarpus densiflorus). Tanoak sprout clumps were left unthinned or were
thinned to 50, 25 and 0% of the pretreatment cover. Four percentiles (0, 25th,
50th, 95th) of the cumulative probability distribution were predicted as
functions of quadratic mean diameter and age. In the Siskiyou study, cover and
total vegetation control affected quadratic mean diameter and all four
percentiles; intensity of the vegetation treatments affected the 0 and 25th
percentiles, and the interaction between intensity and timing of treatment
affected mean diameter. In the Coast Ranges study, only
quadratic mean diameter was affected by cover of woody vegetation, while
quadratic mean diameter and the 25th percentile were significantly affected by
total vegetation control. The predicted distributions showed decreasing
variance with increasing cover, particularly in the Siskiyou
Mountains. In the Coast
Ranges study, the coefficient of variation increased with
increasing cover, indicating that the variance of stem diameters was affected
by average size. On xeric sites in the Siskiyou
Mountains, high diameter
variability in plots with total vegetation control suggests that interspecific
competition may inhibit the expression of microsite variation.
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162. Knowe, S.A.
and W.I. Stein. 1995. Predicting the effects of site preparation and protection
on development of young Douglas-fir plantations.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 25(9): 1538-1547.
Keywords: site
preparation
release
treatments
tree/stand
protection
growth
tree
morphology
tree/stand
health
stand
conditions
Abstract:
Diameter prediction models based on the Weibull distribution function and
stand-table projection models based on changes in relative diameter were
developed for 2- to 10-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations
in Oregon. Both modelling
approaches incorporated the effects of site preparation, animal protection, and
competing vegetation. The diameter distribution approach is appropriate when
information on initial diameters is not available. The stand-table projection
approach may be applied when tree diameters in a plantation are measured two or
more growing seasons after planting. At young ages, the stand-table approach
provided more accurate representation of observed diameter distributions than
the diameter distribution approach. At age 10 the two methods provided
comparable diameter distributions. The equations derived for predicting
survival, height growth of dominant trees, height-diameter relationships, and
the development of woody vegetation over time will facilitate the study and
comparison of stand structure and dynamics after various site-preparation and
animal protection treatments.
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163. Korpela, E.J., S.D. Tesch and R. Lewis. 1992. Plantations vs.
advance regeneration: height growth comparisons for southwestern Oregon.
Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 7(2): 44-47.
Keywords: planting
operations
release
treatments