1. Belz, D. and T.E. Nishimura.
1989. Effects of imazapyr, 2,4-D
and metsulfuron methyl on conifer tolerance.
Proceedings-of-the-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (Vol. 42): 98-104.
Keywords: site preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
tree/stand health
Abstract: Imazapyr at
0.25-1.0 lb/acre alone or 0.5 lb/acre in combination with 2,4-D
2 lb/acre or metsulfuron 0.3 lb/acre was evaluated
for effect on growth and injury to Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa, Tsuga heterophylla and Abies amabilis seedlings in the
2. Brandeis, T.J., M. Newton and E.C.
Cole. 2001. Underplanted conifer seedling survival
and growth in thinned Douglas-fir stands. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
31(2): 302-312.
Keywords: planting operations
thinning
commercial thinning
site preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
growth
tree/stand health
regeneration
Abstract: In a
multilevel study conducted at the Oregon State University's McDonald-Dunn
Research Forest, Oregon, USA, to determine limits to underplanted
conifer seedling growth, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), western redcedar (Thuja plicata) and western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
seedlings were planted in January 1993 beneath second-growth Douglas-fir stands
that had been thinned in 1992 to basal areas ranging from 16 to 31 m2/ha. Understorey vegetation was treated with a broadcast
herbicide (glyphosate + imazapyr)
application prior to thinning, a directed release herbicide (glyphosate, plus triclopyr for
tolerant woody stems) application 2 years later, or no treatment beyond harvest
disturbance. Residual overstorey density was
negatively correlated with percent survival for all four species. Broadcast herbicide
application improved survival of grand fir and western hemlock. Western redcedar, grand fir and western hemlock stem volumes were
inversely related to overstorey tree density and this
effect increased over time. There was a strong indication that this was also
the case for Douglas-fir. Reduction of competing understorey
vegetation resulted in larger fourth-year stem volumes in grand fir and western
hemlock.
3. Brandeis, T.J., M. Newton and E.C.
Cole. 2002. Biotic injuries on conifer seedlings planted in forest understory environments. New Forests 24:1-14.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
thinning
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
Abstract: The effects
of partial overstorey retention, understorey
vegetation management, and protective Vexar(R) tubing
on the frequency and severity of biotic injuries in a two-storied stand underplanted with western redcedar
(Thuja plicata),
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii),
grand fir (Abies grandis),
and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
were investigated. The most prevalent source of damage was browsing by
black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionis
columbiana); deer browsed over 74% of Douglas-fir and
over 36% of western redcedar seedlings one or more
times over the four years of this study. Neither the spatial pattern of
thinning (even or uneven) nor the density of residual overstorey
affected browsing frequency. Spraying subplots may have slightly increased
browsing frequency, but the resulting reduction of the adjacent understorey vegetation increased the volume of all
seedlings by 13%, whether or not they were browsed. Vexar(R)
tubing did not substantially affect seedling survival, browsing damage
frequency, or fourth-year volume. Greater levels of overstorey
retention reduced frequency of second flushing. Chafing by deer and girdling by
rodents and other small mammals began once seedlings surpassed 1 m in height.
Essentially all grand fir seedlings exhibited a foliar fungus infection.
4. Feller, M.C. 1990. Herbicide
application followed by prescribed fire to convert a brushfield
into a conifer plantation in south coastal B.C.: a combination of the initial
effects of two treatments. B.C. Ministry of Forests FRDA
Report 146. 40 p.
Keywords: site preparation
chemical preparation
prescribed fire
growth
tree/stand health
soil properties
stand conditions
Abstract: A field
study was carried out in Pseudotsuga menziesii stands in
5. Ketchum, J.S., R. Rose and B. Kelpsas. 1999. Weed control in spring and summer after fall
application of sulfometuron. Western Journal of Applied
Forestry 14:80-85.
Keywords: site preparation
mechanical preparation
chemical preparation
stand conditions
Abstract: This
study tested the residual spring and summer efficacy of sulfometuron
after applications in the autumn in second growth Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) with red
alder (Alnus rubra) and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum)
forest sites in the central
6. Ketchum, J.S., R. Rose and B. Kelpsas. 2000. Comparison of adjuvants
used in fall-release herbicide mixtures for forest site preparation.
Tree-Planters' Notes 49(3): 66-71.
Keywords: site preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: Tank
mixes of the herbicides imazapyr and glyphosate were applied at 3 rates with 3 adjuvants (LI-700Reg., Nu-Film-IRReg.,
Silwet L-77Reg.) over
7. Knapp, W.H., T.C. Turpin and J.H. Beuter. 1984. Vegetation control for Douglas-fir
regeneration on the
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
chemical preparation
mechanical preparation
prescribed fire
release treatments
chemical release
manual release
growth
yield
economics
Abstract: Records
from 324 plantations in
8.
Keywords: planting operations
site preparation
chemical preparation
mechanical preparation
prescribed fire
stand conditions
Abstract:
Cover-projection models were developed based on algebraic difference
formulations of an exponential-power function to describe shrub recovery and
development patterns following clear cutting, site preparation and Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii)
planting at 4 sites in the Siuslaw National Forest,
Oregon. The sites formed part of the Coastal Site Preparation Study initiated
in 1980, in which the effects were tested of 6 treatments on shrub growth
patterns. Treatments were: none other than scalping a 30-cm spot when each 2-0
seedling was planted (control); spot clearing by cutting to 15 cm height all
woody vegetation within a 1.2 m radius of the seedling; spraying with glyphosate (2.52 kg a.e./ha) in
early autumn 1980; broadcasting burning slash in midsummer 1980; manually
slashing all woody vegetation in June 1980 and broadcast burning later in the
summer; and spraying with picloram + 2,4-D (Tordon 101) in May or June 1980 (at 1.49 + 5.97 kg a.e./ha) and broadcast burning in the summer. Results on
the development of Douglas fir and associated vegetation to age 10 yr have
already been reported for this study (Stein (1995) Research Paper - Pacific
Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, No.
PNW-RP-473; Knowe & Stein (1995) Canadian Journal
of
9. Monleon,
V.J., M. Newton, C. Hooper and J.C. Tappeiner, II.
1999. Ten-year growth response of young Douglas-fir to
variable density varnishleaf ceanothus
and herb competition. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry 14(4): 208-213.
Keywords: site preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
growth
Abstract: The
effect of different densities of varnishleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus var. laevigatus) and
herbaceous vegetation control on stem diameter, height, and volume of
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
var. menziesii) seedlings was examined during the 10
yr following planting on a site near
10. Roberts, S.D.,
Keywords: site preparation
chemical preparation
release treatments
chemical release
soil properties
growth
tree physiology
Abstract: Decisions
made during stand regeneration that affect subsequent levels of competing
vegetation and residual biomass can have important short-term consequences for
early stand growth, and may affect long-term site productivity. Competing
vegetation clearly affects the availability of site resources such as soil
moisture and nutrients. Harvest residues can also affect the availability of
site resources. We examined second and third year seedling performance of a
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
plantation with different vegetation control and biomass retention treatments
on a highly productive site in the coast range of Washington, USA. Treatments
included a bole-only harvest without vegetation control (BO-VC), a bole-only
harvest with complete vegetation control (BO+VC), and a total tree harvest with
complete vegetation control that also included removal of all coarse woody
debris and harvest residues (TTP+VC). The VC treatment involved: (a) in the
first year, broadcast application of Oust and Accord concentrate applied with a
surfactant 2 weeks before planting; (b) in the second year, a March broadcast
application of Atrazine and a directed spot-spray of
Accord Concentrate on the vegetation between rows in April-May; and (c) in the
third year, a March broadcast application of Atrazine
and Oust, a direct spot-spray application of Accord Concentrate, and a
spot-spray of Transline with surfactant on April-May
to control persistent shrub species. The study was conducted to determine if
vegetation control and residue retention treatments affected soil moisture,
soil temperature, and apparent nitrogen (N) availability, and whether these
differences in site resources were correlated with seedling size and growth. In
both second and third growing seasons, volumetric soil moisture at 0-20 cm
depth was lowest on plots that did not receive vegetation control (BO-VC).
Seedlings on these plots also had the lowest diameter and volume growth. In
year 2, which was fairly moist, volume growth on TTP+VC plots was slightly
higher than on BO+VC plots. TTP+VC plots did have lower soil moisture, but soil
temperatures were slightly warmer. In year 3, a drier year, growth was greatest
on BO+VC plots, which had consistently higher soil moisture levels. Apparent N
availability in year 3 also varied with vegetation control. Douglas fir foliar
N concentrations averaged 2.3% on the plots where competing vegetation was eliminated, compared to 1.8% on plots where competing
vegetation was not controlled. Douglas fir foliar N concentrations did not
differ between residue retention treatments, although N concentrations of
competing vegetation were higher where residual biomass was retained. Higher
apparent N availability was correlated with greater seedling growth. Based on
the results from years 2 and 3, it appears that soil moisture, particularly
late in the growing season, had the greatest effect on seedling growth in both
years. Available N may also have played a role, although the effects of N
cannot be completely separated from those of soil moisture. When soil moisture
is adequate, it appears that available N and soil temperature exert greater
influence on growth. Vegetation control and residue retention can influence all
3 of these factors. The relative importance of each factor may depend on the year-to-year
variation in environmental conditions.
11. Stein, W.I. 1997. Ten-year survival and growth of planted
Douglas-fir and western redcedar after seven
site-preparation treatments. Western-Journal-of-Applied-Forestry
12(3): 74-80.
Keywords: site preparation
chemical preparation
prescribed fire
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
stand conditions
Abstract: Western
redcedar (Thuja plicata) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) were planted together after applying seven
site-preparation methods at one cable-logged site in the Oregon Coast Ranges.
The treatments, applied during 1980, were: untreated control; spot clear by
cutting; aerial spraying with glyphosate; broadcast
burning; slash and burn; spray with Tordon 101 (picloram + 2,4-D) and burn; and burn and sow grass.
Planting was done in early 1991, and vegetation and trees were measured
periodically to 1990. Survival and growth of cedar were markedly less than
Douglas fir on this favourable site where both
species were components of the original stand. Repeated browsing severely
impeded the cedar. Site preparation by broadcast burning generally yielded the
best results, but sowing grass after broadcast burning produced Douglas fir
responses similar to those for no site preparation. Where grass was sown,
herbaceous cover was more abundant and taller, salmonberry (Rubus
spectabilis) differed little in density but was
slightly taller, and development of red alder (Alnus rubra) was delayed. Red alder is currently overtopping
conifers in all treatments, and release is needed to ensure sufficient conifer
survival.
12.
Keywords: site preparation
chemical preparation
growth
Abstract: In
1983, 1+0 container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were planted on a site in