1. Barclay, H.J.,
P.C. Pang and D.F.W. Pollard. 1986. Aboveground biomass distribution within
trees and stands in thinned and fertilized Douglas-fir.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 16(3): 438-442.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
carbon allocation
Abstract: Nine
years after heavy thinning and fertilization with urea, 34-yr-old
2. Binkley, D. and P. Reid. 1984.
Long-term responses of stem growth and leaf area to thinning and fertilization
in a Douglas-fir plantation. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 14(5):
656-660.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
tree morphology
carbon allocation
growth
Abstract: Replicated
thinning and nitrogen fertilization plots in a 53-year-old plantation in
3. Brix,
H. 1984. Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on growth of
Douglas-fir: relative contribution of foliage quantity and efficiency.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(1): 167-175.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
carbon allocation
tree morphology
Abstract: [See FA
43, 1948, 3839] On Vancouver Island, aboveground biomass and annual production
over 7 yr was studied in relation to thinning and
nitrogen fertilization at 24 yr old. Biomass yield of both treatments increased
during the first 3-4 yr then decreased for fertilization but not with thinning.
Treatments doubled biomass production of individual trees over the study period
when applied separately and quadrupled it when combined. Annual biomass
production per unit of foliage (E) increased during the first 3-4 yr, but was
at or below control level after 7 yr. E accounted for 20, 37, and 27% of the stemwood dry matter response to thinning, fertilization and
the combined treatments, respectively; the remainder was attributed to an
increase in foliage biomass. Thinning, but not fertilization, influenced
distribution of radial growth along the stem, increasing growth only below the
top one-third of the stem. This pattern was related to crown development.
4. Brix, H. 1993. Fertilization and thinning effect on a
Douglas-fir ecosystem at
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
growth
tree morphology
tree/stand health
carbon allocation
wood quality
tree physiology
photosynthesis
economics
Abstract:
Treatments were initiated in 1970-71 in a 24-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) near Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to
determine the effects of 3 intensities of thinning (removing none, one-third
and two-thirds of basal area) and 3 levels of urea fertilizer (0, 224 and 448
kg N/ha) on the growth and biology of the trees. Subsidiary experiments were established
during 1972-87 to examine the effects of high doses of urea (672-1344 kg N/ha),
ammonium nitrate as an N source instead of urea, understorey
response to thinning and fertilizer, and responses to P and S fertilizer.
5. Drew, A.P. 1983. Optimizing growth and development of 2-0 Douglas-fir seedlings by
altering light intensity. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 13(3):
425-428.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
Abstract:
Seedlings were grown outdoors in
6. Driessche,
R.v.-d. 1984a. Response of Douglas
fir seedlings to phosphorus fertilization and influence of temperature on this
response. Plant-and-Soil 80(2): 155-169.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
tree physiology
carbon allocation
tree morphology
Abstract: In pot
experiments levels of P fertilizers equivalent to 300 kg/ha were adequate for
maximum growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii)
seedlings over 14-18 weeks, and resulted in available soil P levels of 80 ppm after 15 weeks' growth. Maximum growth in pots was
obtained with shoot P concentrations of 0.18%-0.20%, with higher values at
lower temperatures, but the optimum concentration for one-year-old (1-0)
nursery seedlings was 0.16% P. Growth of seedlings was greatly restricted at a
soil temperature of 5 degrees C and an air temperature of 12 degrees C. At a
soil temperature of 10 degrees C and an air temperature of 14 degrees C
seedling P requirement was greater than at soil and air temperatures of 20
degrees C. Monoammonium phosphate was more effective
than calcium superphosphate in stimulating growth in
pots and nursery beds. Triple superphosphate was also
effective in the nursery. Diammonium phosphate,
potassium dihydrogen phosphate and phosphoric acid
had no advantages as P sources in the nursery. Available P levels of 100-130 ppm, in the loamy sand and sandy loam nurseries studied,
and needle P concentrations of 0.18%, when sampled in October, were associated
with maximum growth of two-year-old (2-0) seedlings. P fertilization decreased
the root/shoot ratio, but did not alter the allometric
relationship of shoot to root. Improving the P status from a low level
increased the root growth capacity in 2-0 seedlings and P fertilization of
potted seedlings increased the dry weight/height ratio. Uptakes per seed bed ha
of 236 kg N, 31 kg P, 81 kg K and 73 kg Ca by 2-0 seedlings were comparable
with, or greater than, uptake rates of agricultural crops. Recoveries of 6-11%
of P from fertilizer were recorded in the nursery.
7. Driessche,
R.v.-d. 1984b. Seedling spacing in
the nursery in relation to growth, yield, and performance of stock.
Forestry-Chronicle 60(6): 345-355.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract: In 3
experiments at nurseries in coastal British Columbia Picea
sitchensis, P. glauca, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Thuja plicata and coastal and interior varieties of Pseudotsuga menziesii were sown
in May 1979, 1980 or 1982 and grown at spacings
ranging from 0.5 to 12 cm. A 1-cm increase in spacing increased seedling dry
wt. by 0.5-1.5 g and root collar diam. by 0.2-0.25 mm
up to a spacing of about 8-10 cm. Above this, response was less. Ht. of
2-yr-old seedlings was increased slightly or even decreased by wider spacing. Height : diameter ratios decreased sharply and shoot : root
dry wt. decreased or remained unchanged with wider spacing. The number of
needle primordia in 2-0 P. menziesii
buds increased up to a spacing of 2 cm, and the number of 1st and 2nd order
branches were also increased by wider spacing. Increases in root growth
capacity were associated with wider spacing in T. plicata
and Picea sitchensis. In a
test of 3 types of precision seeders, none produced anything like accurate seed
placement. Irregularity was increased by 10-20% non-viable seed and winter
mortality. Increased spacing of 2-5 cm between seedlings was justified by the
yield of acceptable seedlings only when the culling standard was increased to a
root collar diam. of about 6 mm. Three yr after
planting out the survival of P. glauca was increased
11% by wider spacing. After 2 yr P. sitchensis
survival was increased 13% by wider spacing. Both species grown at wider
spacing maintained a ht. and diam. advantage over
those from close spacing.
8. Driessche,
R.v.-d. 1988a. Nursery growth of
conifer seedlings using fertilizers of different solubilities
and application time, and their forest growth.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 18(2): 172-180.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree/stand health
Abstract:
Beginning in May 1982, seedlings of Douglas fir and white spruce were grown for
2 yr in a bare-root nursery in southern
9. Driessche, R.v.-d. 1991a. Influence of
container nursery regimes on drought resistance of seedlings following
planting. I. Survival and growth. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 21(5):
555-565.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree/stand health
Abstract: In a 2
year study, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and white spruce
(Picea glauca) seedlings,
grown in Styroblock containers in a container nursery
from February to July 1988, were exposed to three temperatures and three levels
of drought stress applied factorially during 18 July
to 29 September 1988. Mean temperatures of 13, 16 and 20 degrees C were imposed
in growth chambers, in a cooled plastic house, and in an ambient plastic house,
respectively. Control, medium and severe levels of drought stress were imposed
in a series of eight cycles, resulting in mean xylem pressure potentials of
-0.32, -0.50 and -0.99 MPa, respectively. Seedlings
were kept in the ambient plastic house until January 1989, when they were
lifted and cold-stored until transplanting to covered 0.5-m deep sand beds,
which provided hygric, mesic,
and xeric conditions for testing all species and treatments. At the end of
nursery growth, an increase in nursery temperature increased height and height : diameter ratio in all species and shoot:root dry weight ratio in Douglas fir and lodgepole pine. Increase in temperature also increased the
number of seedlings with large well-formed buds in white spruce, but reduced
the number in Douglas fir. Drought stress reduced height and dry weight in all
species and bud length in lodgepole pine. After 9
weeks in sand beds, low nursery temperature increased survival (19% for lodgepole pine and white spruce grown in the xeric bed),
except for Douglas fir grown in the xeric bed. Nursery drought stress also
increased survival (16% for Douglas fir and lodgepole
pine in the xeric bed), but had little effect on white spruce. Low temperature
and drought stress treatments that increased survival also reduced height and
dry weight of lodgepole pine and white spruce after
one growing season in sand beds. Survival showed significant negative
correlations with height, dry weight and height:diameter and shoot : root weight ratios. Low nursery
temperature continued to affect growth 16 weeks after planting, increasing
relative growth rate and allometric ratio (K) of
Douglas fir and reducing K of white spruce.
10. Driessche,
R.v.-d. 1992b. Changes in drought resistance and rootgrowth capacity of container seedlings in response to
nursery drought, nitrogen, and potassium treatments.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 22(5):740-749.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
tree/stand protection
tree/stand health
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
Abstract: Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii),
lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and white spruce (Picea
glauca) seedlings, each represented by two seed lots,
were grown in Styroblock containers in a greenhouse
and plastic shelter house from February 1989 to January 1990. The seedlings
were exposed to two N treatments (20 and 200 mg/litre)
and three K treatments (5, 25 and 100 mg/litre) arranged
factorially within three drought treatments. After
winter storage, seedlings from a complete set of treatments were planted into hygric, mesic and xeric sand beds
during 12-14 March. Increasing nursery drought stress increased survival of
Douglas fir and lodgepole pine after planting, and high N treatment level increased survival of lodgepole pine and white spruce. Under xeric conditions,
combined nursery drought and high N treatments increased survival of lodgepole pine by 33%, indicating the importance of nursery
cultural regime for stock quality. Increase in nursery drought stress did not
decrease seedling size by much; increase in N increased seedling size one
season after planting. A positive relation between shoot :
root ratio and survival in lodgepole pine and white
spruce indicated that increase in N increased both shoot growth and drought
resistance over the N range investigated. Only Douglas fir showed an
interaction between drought and N treatment and a small response in both
survival and dry weight to K application. Root growth capacity, measured at the
time of planting, showed an approximate doubling in all species due to high N
treatment, and was also increased in white spruce by drought stress. Survival
and root growth capacity were poorly correlated, but dry-weight growth in sand
beds was well correlated with root growth capacity. Shoot dry weight and
percentage N in shoots measured after nursery growth were
correlated with root growth capacity. Manipulation of root growth capacity by
changing nursery treatment was possible without altering resistance to drought
stress after planting.
11. El Kassaby,
Y.A. and
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
nursery operations
genetic relationships
growth
carbon allocation
tree phenology
Abstract: Parents
of coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) selected from natural stands on sites ranging
from 0 to 450 m altitude on
12. Entry, J.A., K. Cromack, Jr., R.G. Kelsey and N.E. Martin. 1991. Response
of Douglas-fir to infection by Armillaria ostoyae after thinning or thinning plus fertilization. Phytopathology 81(6): 682-689.
Keywords: thinning
fertilization
tree/stand protection
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree/stand health
tree physiology
Abstract: Second-growth
stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were thinned to a 5- x 5-m spacing (TT);
additional plots were thinned and fertilized once with 360 kg of N (as urea)/ha
(TF). An unthinned, unfertilized stand (UT) served as
a control. Ten years after treatment, trees were inoculated with 2 isolates of
A. ostoyae. Trees receiving the TF and TT treatments
produced greater diameter growth, leaf area, and wood production/msuperscript 2 leaf area per year than did those under the
UT treatment. Rates of infection by A. ostoyae were
highest in trees that received the TF and lowest in trees that received the TT
treatment. Concn of sugar, starch and cellulose in
root bark tissue were highest in trees receiving the TF treatment and lowest in
trees receiving TT treatment. Concn of lignin, phenolics and protein-precipitable
tannins were highest in root bark from TT trees and lowest in root bark from TF
trees. Biochemical parameters of root bark tissue were regressed with incidence
of infection; coefficients of determination (rsuperscript
2) ranged from 0.07 (starch) to 0.57 (phenolic
compounds). Ratios of the energetic costs of phenolic
and of lignin degradation to the energy available from sugars (Epd:Eas and Eld:Eas)
were correlated with incidence of infection (rsuperscript
2 = 0.77 and 0.70, respectively). It is concluded that thinning combined with
fertilization may predispose P. menziesii trees to
infection by A. ostoyae by lowering concn of defensive compounds in root bark and increasing
the energy available to the fungus to degrade them.
13. Frey Klett,
P., J.L. Churin, J.C. Pierrat
and J. Garbaye. 1999. Dose effect in the dual inoculation of an ectomycorrhizal fungus and a mycorrhiza
helper bacterium in two forest nurseries. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
31:1555-1562.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
carbon allocation
mycorrhizal response
soil properties
Abstract: Disinfected
soil at two Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) bare-root forest nurseries was inoculated with
three doses (8 X105, 8 X107 and 8 X109 cfu [colony
forming units]/m2) of the rifampicin-resistant mycorrhiza helper bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens
strain BBc6R8 and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor strain S238N. In one of the two nurseries,
two doses of fungal inoculum (50 and 100 mg/m2 dry
weight (DW) mycelium entrapped in alginate beads at the constant dose of 1
litre/m2) were tested. For all bacterial treatments the density of P. fluorescens BBc6R8 in the soil, determined by dilution
plating, dropped below the detection limit (10-2 cfu/g
DW soil) 2 weeks after inoculation. Fifteen weeks after inoculation, the
introduced bacterium was detected by enrichment only in the treatments
inoculated with the highest bacterial dose. Two years after inoculation, P. fluorescens BBc6R8 was not detected in the soil of any of
the bacterial treatments. Five months after inoculation and sowing, bacterial
inoculation significantly increased the percentage of mycorrhizal
short roots on plants inoculated with either low or high amounts of L. bicolor,
in one of the nurseries. The lowest bacterial dose increased mycorrhizal colonization from 45 to 70% in plants
inoculated with the low amount of fungal inoculum,
and from 64 to 77% in plants inoculated with the high amount of fungal inoculum. The lowest bacterial dose increased mycorrhizal colonization more than the highest bacterial
dose. The same L. bicolor mycorrhizal index (70%) was
obtained with 50 mg/m2 DW mycelium plus the bacterium than with twice this
fungal dose and no bacterium (64%). Two years after inoculation, the height of
the mycorrhizal Douglas-firs in the other nursery was
significantly increased by the lowest bacterial dose (from 40.7 to 42.6 cm). It
was indicated that co-inoculating a helper bacterium together with an ectomycorrhizal fungus is an efficient way to optimize
controlled mycorrhization techniques for the
production of high-quality Douglas-fir planting stocks. It was confirmed that
BBc6R8 acts at a low population density (less than 10-2 cfu/g
soil), this contrasts with most PGPR [plant growth
promoting rhizobacteria?] effects where the minimal
inoculation dose of 105 cfu/g soil is required to
obtain the beneficial effect.
14. Gagnon, J., C.G. Langlois, D. Bouchard, F.l. Tacon and F. Le Tacon. 1995.
Growth and ectomycorrhizal formation of container-grown
Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated with Laccaria
bicolor under four levels of nitrogen fertilization.
Canadian Journal of
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree morphology
mycorrhizal response
soil properties
Abstract:
Container-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were inoculated at the time of sowing
with a Laccaria bicolor mycelial
suspension produced in a fermentor. They were grown in
a peat moss-vermiculite substrate under four levels of N fertilization (7.2,
14.4, 21.6 and 28.7 mg/seedling per season (N1, N2, N3 and N4, respectively))
to determine the N level suitable for both ectomycorrhizal
development and seedling growth. After 18 weeks in the greenhouse, seedlings
inoculated with L. bicolor had 44%, 32%, 44% and 5% of their short roots mycorrhizal when fertilized with N1, N2, N3 and N4,
respectively. Only when they were fertilized with N4 did the L. bicolor
seedlings have significantly greater shoot height than the controls. For the
other growth parameters, they were not significantly different from control
seedlings for any of the N levels. After 18 weeks, regardless of the level of
N, seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor had significantly lower N
concentrations (%) and contents (mg/seedling) than the uninoculated
ones. Consequently, for the same production of biomass, the mycorrhizal
seedlings had taken up less N than the nonmycorrhizal
ones. The efficiency of applied N, expressed in terms of produced biomass,
decreased when the N fertilization increased; mycorrhizal
and nonmycorrhizal seedlings did not tend to be
different. The efficiency of the absorbed N also decrease
with the level of applied N, but less rapidly, and tended to be greater for the
mycorrhizal seedlings than for the nonmycorrhizal ones. Therefore, the mycorrhizal
infection improved the utilization of the absorbed
15. Grier, C.C., K.H. Lee and R.M.
Archibald. 1984. Effect of urea fertilization on allometric
relations in young Douglas-fir trees. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
14(6): 900-904.
Keywords: fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree morphology
Abstract: Twenty
three yr old trees growing on a class III site in Washington State were
fertilized with 225 kg/ha N in March 1980. Trees were measured before
fertilizing and after 1980-83 growing seasons and destructively sampled after 2
growing seasons (in Nov.-Dec. 1981 and Jan. 1982). Logarithmic regression
equations using stem diam. to predict tree biomass
components were not significantly (p = 0.05) different between fertilized and
control trees for total foliage, total branch, dead branch, stembark,
or stemwood. New foliage and new twig components,
however, were higher in fertilized trees than in control trees. Analysis of
data from this and earlier studies suggests that fertilizing will increase leaf
biomass per tree relative to control trees on sites having low nitrogen
availability; however, this response will decrease with increasing nitrogen
availability. Regression equations based on regional analysis of unfertilized
trees yield estimates of foliage biomass for average trees on average sites. If
N fertilizing brings the site above average in terms of nitrogen availability
then these regression equations will underestimate foliage biomass. However, on
sites that are initially very nitrogen deficient, N fertilizing will bring the
site closer to average in terms of nitrogen availability, resulting in more
accurate predictions of foliage biomass for fertilized stands than for control
stands.
16. Jacobs, D.F., R. Rose, D.L. Haase and P.D. Morgan. 2003b. Influence of nursery soil
amendments on water relations, root architectural development, and field
performance of Douglas-fir transplants. New-Forests 26(3): 263-277.
Keywords: nursery operations
fertilization
tree physiology
tree morphology
growth
carbon allocation
soil properties
tree/stand health
Abstract: This
experiment evaluated the influence of manure, peat, and vermiculite
incorporated at low and high rates (0.0118 and 0.0236 m3/m2) and under two soil
moisture regimes on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco)
seedling (1+0 for 1+1) xylem water potential ( Phi
xylem), whole-plant growth, root architectural development, and subsequent
field performance under fertilized and non-fertilized conditions. Trends in
soil moisture retention were observed (high manure > high peat > control)
but there were no differences in Phi xylem. Root length in the wetter soil
moisture experiment was initially (three months) greatest for seedlings in high
vermiculite and least in high manure but there were no differences among
treatments at lifting (eight months). Mean height was greatest for seedlings
grown in vermiculite and peat (wetter nursery experiment) after two field
seasons. Field fertilization (35 g/seedling) with controlled-release fertilizer
in the planting hole stimulated height growth
initially, but decreased height and diameter growth during the second growing
season. Dramatic improvements associated with the use of nursery soil
amendments were not realized, but the failure to identify negative effects, a
potential reduction in disease incidence, and improvement of nursery soil
physical and chemical properties may justify their use.
17. Lu, S., K.G. Mattson, J.B. Zaerr and J.D. Marshall. 1998. Root respiration of
Douglas-fir seedlings: effects of N concentration.
Soil-Biology-and-Biochemistry 30(3): 331-336.
Keywords: nursery operations
nursery fertilization
growth
carbon allocation
tree morphology
tree physiology
mycorrhizal response
Abstract:
Six-month-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were grown at three N concentrations
and with controlled root temperatures in
18. Mitchell, A.K., H.J. Barclay, H. Brix, D.F.W. Pollard, R. Benton and R. DeJong.
1996. Biomass and nutrient element dynamics in Douglas-fir: effects of thinning
and nitrogen fertilization over 18 years. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
26(3): 376-388.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
precommercial thinning
carbon allocation
tree physiology
growth
soil properties
Abstract: The
effects of thinning (two-thirds of basal area removed) and N fertilizer (448 kg
N/ha as urea) on biomass and nutrition of a 24-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stand at Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia, were studied over 18
years. At years 0, 9, and 18 after treatments, the aboveground biomass and N,
P, K, Ca, and Mg contents of stemwood, stem bark,
foliage, and dead and live branches were determined (kg/ha), and increments in
these properties (kg/ha per year) were calculated for the 0-9 and 9-18 year
periods. Foliar biomass was increased by both treatments during the first
period and also by thinning in the second period. Aboveground net primary
production (ANPP) per unit of foliage biomass (foliage efficiency) was
increased by treatments in the 0-9 year period. The combined effects of
increased foliage mass and foliage efficiency resulted in increased total
biomass production. Thinning and fertilizer application increased the uptake of
all elements except for P with fertilizer. This increase may have contributed
to the long-term increase in stem growth. Retranslocation
of elements before foliage shedding was important for tree nutrition, but was
not improved by fertilizer during the 9-18 year measurement period. The
efficiency of N use in dry matter production (ANPP/unit of N uptake) was
decreased by fertilizer. This implied that poor sites would respond to
fertilizer better than rich sites.
19. Mitchell, S.J. 2000. Stem growth
responses in Douglas-fir and
Keywords: thinning
tree morphology
carbon allocation
growth
Abstract: Diagnosing
the stand hazard component of windthrow risk requires
evaluation of the 'acclimation' of trees to wind loads. Height-diameter ratio
is a commonly used indicator of relative wind-firmness. A sample of coastal
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)
and interior Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees, representing a range of initial
slenderness, were sampled from stands in British Columbia, Canada, which had
very high densities (about 6000 and 23,000 stems/ha, respectively) prior to
thinning. Annual height increment, radial increment, allocation of radial
increment along the bole, and height-diameter ratio were reconstructed using
stem analysis. Thinning treatments affected growth responses compared to trees
in control (unthinned) stands: temporary reduced
height increment, increased radial increment and increased basal allocation
contributed to a reduction in height-diameter ratio. This reduction was most
pronounced in trees which were initially more slender. The reverse-S pattern of
height-diameter ratio adjustment and the patterns of growth allocation suggest
a period of acclimative growth during which the trees
re-equilibrate with post-thinning wind loads. Observing the rate of stem form
adjustment could be useful in diagnosing wind-firmness when scheduling multiple
thinning entries in high-density stands.
20.
Keywords: planting operations
release treatments
carbon allocation
growth
Abstract: Roots
of 5-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) on three
21. O'-Hara, K.L. 1988. Stand
structure and growing space efficiency following thinning in an even-aged
Douglas-fir stand. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 18(7): 859-866.
Keywords: thinning
commercial thinning
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
Abstract: The
growth of individual trees from four thinning treatments in a 64-yr-old Pseudotsuga menziesii stand in
western
22. O'-Hara, K.L. 1989. Stand growth
efficiency in a Douglas fir thinning trial. Forestry-Oxford 62(4): 409-418.
Keywords: thinning
commercial thinning
growth
carbon allocation
tree morphology
Abstract: Stand
growth efficiency (ratio of periodic stand volume growth to sapwood basal area)
was measured over 5 yr (1980-84) in a long term Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) thinning trial
(established in 1957 at 36-yr-old, with 5 thinnings
over 23 yr) in coastal
23. Ritchie, G.A. 1986. Relationships among bud dormancy status, cold hardiness, and stress
resistance in 2+0 Douglas-fir. New-Forests 1(1): 29-42.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
tree phenology
carbon allocation
Abstract:
Seedlings were lifted from a western
24. Ritchie, G.A., Y. Tanaka and S.D.
Duke. 1992. Physiology and morphology of Douglas-fir rooted cuttings compared
to seedlings and transplants. Tree-Physiology 10(2): 179-194.
Keywords: nursery operations
tree phenology
tree physiology
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
Abstract: Cuttings
of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
from three open-pollinated families were rooted in two types of tray and then
grown for 1.5 years in a nursery in
25. Rose, R. and D.L. Haase. 2000. The use of coir as a containerized growing
medium for Douglas-fir seedlings. Native-Plants-Journal 1(2): 107-111.
Keywords: nursery operations
growth
carbon allocation
tree physiology
tree morphology
soil properties
Abstract: In
response to environmental concerns and the need for peatland
conservation, alternative growing media for conifer seedling production must be
investigated. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were grown in 6 media; components
included peat moss, peat moss amended with sawdust, and 2 sources of coir
(coconut fibre) mixed with and without peat moss.
Coir had higher pH, P, K, and Na and lower Ca and N than peat moss and a peat
moss-sawdust mixture. Bulk densities of coir and coir-based media were lower
than those in peat moss and a peat moss-sawdust mixture. After 21 weeks,
seedlings grown in coir-based media were significantly smaller and had lower
foliar N and Ca than those grown in peat moss. Because of coir' many favourable qualities, further research is recommended using
culturing regimes specific to the substrate's nutrient properties.
26. Rosso, P. and E. Hansen. 1998. Tree vigour
and the susceptibility of Douglas fir to Armillaria
root disease. European-Journal-of-Forest-Pathology 28(1): 43-52.
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
pruning
tree/stand protection
growth
tree/stand health
carbon allocation
Abstract: The
effects of thinning, fertilization and pruning on the vigour
of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
and its susceptibility to Armillaria root disease
were investigated in
27. Sachs, D. and J.A. Trofymow. 1991. Testing the performance of FORCYTE-11
against results from the
Keywords: fertilization
thinning
precommercial thinning
growth
yield
tree physiology
carbon allocation
tree/stand health
computer modeling
Abstract: FORCYTE-11 is an ecosystem-based forest growth simulation
model. Its performance was evaluated with data on stand and tree biomass,
height, stocking (mortality) and foliar assimilation and loss rates for Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
in thinning/fertilizer trials in
28. Shainsky, L.J., M. Newton and S.R. Radosevich.
1992. Effects of intra- and inter-specific competition on root and shoot
biomass of young Douglas-fir and red alder. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research
22(1): 101-110.
Keywords: planting operations
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree physiology
Abstract: Two-year-old
seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and red alder (Alnus rubra) were planted in Oregon in 1985 at densities of 1, 2,
4, 8 and 16 trees/msuperscript 2 in a two-way density
matrix composed of 5 monoculture densities and 25 mixtures of all possible pairwise combinations of monoculture densities. Roots and
shoots were harvested after the fourth growing season. Response surfaces for
root, shoot and total biomass per tree were generated within the matrix.
Regression analysis quantified the effect of each species' density on biomass
components. Alder overtopped the Douglas fir in all mixed stands. Alder density
influenced the root and shoot biomass of both species more than Douglas fir
density did, the greatest reduction in root biomass of Douglas fir taking place
at an alder density of <less or =>1 tree/msuperscript
2. Douglas fir density interacted with red alder density to influence all
biomass components. Douglas fir density effects were inconsistently significant
across alder densities. While increasing the density of each species reduced
root and shoot biomass per tree, allocation of biomass to roots and shoot was
not affected by competition, nor were the allometric
equations relating biomass to stem diameter and stem volume index. Foliar
concentrations of N and P in the Douglas fir understorey
are reported.
29. Sorensen, F.C. 1999. Relationship between self-fertility, allocation of growth, and inbreeding
depression in three coniferous species. Evolution 53(2): 417-425.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
seed orchard management
growth
tree/stand health
carbon allocation
Abstract: Mortality
and growth of self and outcross families of three wind-pollinated,
mixed-mating, long-lived conifers - Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa), and noble fir (Abies procera),
were followed from outplanting to age 26 (25 for
noble fir) in spaced plantings at a common test site in the
30. St-Clair, J.B. 1994a. Genetic variation in tree structure and its relation to size in Douglas-fir.
I. Biomass partitioning, foliage efficiency, stem form, and wood density.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 24(6): 1226-1235.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
genetic relationships
carbon allocation
wood quality
growth
Abstract: Genetic
variation and covariation among traits of tree size
(volume, basal area, diameter at breast height and height) and structure were
assessed in 1991 in an 18-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii var. menziesii)
genetic test in the Coast Range of Oregon. Considerable genetic variation was
found in size, biomass partitioning and wood density, and genetic gains may be
expected from selection and breeding of desirable genotypes. Estimates of
heritability for partitioning traits, including harvest index (the proportion
of fixed carbon converted to stemwood), were
particularly high. Foliage efficiency (stem increment per unit leaf area) was
correlated with harvest index and may represent an alternative measure of
partitioning to the stem. Estimates of foliage efficiency where leaf area was
estimated based on stem diameter or sapwood area were unrelated to foliage
efficiency where leaf area was measured directly. Strong negative genetic
correlations were found between harvest index and stem size, and between wood
density and stem size. Large trees were more tapered than small trees. It is
concluded that simultaneous genetic gain in stem size and either harvest index
or wood density would be difficult to achieve.
31. St-Clair, J.B. 1994b. Genetic variation in tree structure and its relation to size in
Douglas-fir. II. Crown form, branch characters, and foliage characters.
Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 24(6): 1236-1247.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
carbon allocation
tree morphology
wood quality
genetic relationships
Abstract: Genetic
variation and covariation among traits of tree size
(volume, basal area, diameter at breast height and height) and structure were
assessed in 1991 in an 18-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii var. menziesii)
genetic test in the Coast Range of Oregon. Considerable genetic variation was
found for relative crown width, stem increment per crown projection area, leaf
area and branch weight relative to crown size, branch diameter and length
adjusted for stem size, branch stoutness, cross-sectional area of branches per
crown length and needle size. Little genetic variation was found for branch
numbers per whorl, branch angle and specific leaf area. At both the phenotypic
and genetic level, large trees growing in relatively small spaces had tall,
narrow crowns, high leaf areas per crown projection area or branch length,
greater partitioning to leaves versus branches, and stouter branches. Thus,
large, efficient trees were those that invested more in the photosynthetic
machinery of leaf area and the branch biomass necessary to support that leaf
area, but distributed that leaf area over a greater vertical distance.
Unfortunately, these traits were also associated with increased branchiness, and selection for these traits would be accompanied
by reductions in harvest index and wood quality.
32. St-Clair, J.B. and R.A. Sniezko. 1999. Genetic variation in response to shade in
coastal Douglas-fir. Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research 29(11): 1751-1763.
Keywords: genetic tree improvement
growth
tree morphology
carbon allocation
tree phenology
Abstract: