YOUNG STAND THINNING AND DIVERSITY STUDY REPORTS & PUBLICATIONS

1. Bohac, S.A., Lattig, M.D., and Tucker, G.F. 1997. Initial vegetative response to alternative thinning treatments in second growth Douglas-fir stands of the Central Oregon Cascades. The Evergreen State College. 47 pp.
2. Garman, S.L. 2000. Biodiversity of thinned stands: Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study. Oregon State University. 31pp

Wildlife:

3. Hagar, J. 1999. Songbird community response to thinning of young Douglas-fir stands in the Oregon Cascades. Second year post-treatment results for the Willamette NF Young Stand Study. Oregon State University. 7pp.
4. Garman, S.L. 1999. Assessing potential development of snags: Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study. Oregon State University. 34 pp.
5. Garman, S.L. 2000. Response of ground-dwelling vertebrates to thinning young stands: The Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study. Interim report. Oregon State University. 35 pp.
6. Hagar, J. 2001. Songbird community response to thinning of young Douglas-fir stands in the Oregon Cascades. Third year post-treatment results for the Willamette NF Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study. Oregon State University. 7pp.
7. Garman, S.L. 2001. Response of ground-dwelling vertebrates to thinning young stands: The Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study. Oregon State University. 27 pp.

Fungi:

For the most recent information, go to the Chanterelle Mushroom Productivity website.

Harvest Operations:

8. Kellogg, L.D., G.V. Milota, and B. Stringham. 1998. Logging planning and layout costs for thinning: experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Research Contribution 20. 20 pp.
9. Kellogg, L.D., M. Miller Jr., and E. D. Olsen. 1999. Skyline thinning production and costs: experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Research Contribution 21. 33 pp.
10. Kellogg, L.D., G.V. Milota, and M. Miller Jr. [in press]. Tractor thinning production and costs. Experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University.
11. Kellogg, L.D., M.M. Hossain, and E.D. Olsen. [in press]. Mechanized thinning production and costs. Experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University.

Soils:

12. Allen, M.M. 1997. Soil compaction and disturbance following commercial thinning with cable and cut-to-length systems in the Oregon Cascades. M.F. Thesis. Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University. 105 pp.
13. Allen, M.M., and P.W. Adams. 1998. Soil bulk density and penetrometer measurements after harvester and forwarder traffic over different slash depths in the Oregon Cascades. Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University. 87 pp.

Stand Damage:

14. Han, H.-S. and L.D. Kellogg. 2000. Damage characteristics in young Douglas-fir stands from commercial thinning with four timber harvesting systems. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 15(1):27-33.
15. Han, H.-S., T.W. Steele, and L.D. Kellogg. [submitted]. DamQuick: A new method for rapidly assessing residual stand damage during partial timber harvests. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources.
16. Han, H.-S., L.D. Kellogg, G.M. Filip, and T.D. Brown. 2000. Scar closure and future timber value losses from thinning damage in western Oregon. Forest Products Journal. 50(1):36-42.
17. Han, H.-S. and L.D. Kellogg. 2000. A comparison of sampling methods for measuring residual stand damage from commercial thinning. Journal of Forest Engineering. 11(1):63-71.

Nutrient Cycling:

18. Boyle, James R., and T.L. Buford. 1999. Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study (YSTDS) post-treatment woody detritus inventory final report. Department of Forest Resources, College of Forestry, Oregon State University. 9pp.

 

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES ON YOUNG MANAGED FORESTS

 

Acker, S. A., T. E. Sabin, L. M. Ganio, and W. A. McKee. 1998. Development of old-growth structure and timber volume growth trends in maturing Douglas-fir stands. For. Ecol. Manage. 104:265-280.

Allen, M.M. 1997. Soil compaction and disturbance following commercial thinning with cable and cut-to-length systems in the Oregon Cascades. M.F. Thesis. Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University. 105 pp.

Allen, M. M., P. W. Adams, and L. D. Kellogg. 1997. Soil bulk density and penetrometer measurements after harvester and forwarder traffic over different slash depths in the Oregon Cascades, research project completion report, June 30, 1997. Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University. 87 pp.

Andrews, S., J. Perkins, J. Thrailkill, N. Poage, J. Tappeiner. IN PREP. Silvicultural approaches to develop northern spotted owl nesting habitat, east-central Coast Ranges, Oregon.

Aubry, K. 2000. Amphibians in managed, second-growth Douglas-fir forests. J. Wildl. Manage. 64(4):1041-1052.

Bailey, J. D., and J. C. Tappeiner. 1998. Effects of thinning on structural development in 40- to 100-year-old Douglas-fir stands in western Oregon. For. Ecol. and Manage. 108:99-113.

Bailey, J.D., C. Mayrsohn, P.S. Doescher, E. St. Pierre, and J.C. Tappeiner. 1998. Understory vegetation in old and young Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management 112:289-302.

Barbour, J. R., S. Johnson, J. P. Hayes, and G. F. Tucker. 1997. Simulated stand characteristics and wood product yields from Douglas-fir plantations managed for ecosystem objectives. For. Ecol. Manage. 91:205-219.

Beese, W. J., and A. A. Bryant. 1999. Effect of alternative silvicultural systems on vegetation and bird communities in coastal montane forests of British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 115:231-242.

Bettinger, K. 1996. Bird communities in 5- to 34-year-old managed Douglas-fir stands on the Willamette National Forest, Oregon Cascades. MS Thesis: Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Bohac, S.A., Lattig, M.D., and Tucker, G.F. 1997. Initial vegetative response to alternative thinning treatments in second growth Douglas-fir stands of the Central Oregon Cascades. The Evergreen State College. 47 pp.

Boyle, James R., and T.L. Buford. 1999. Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study (YSTDS) post-treatment woody detritus inventory final report. Department of Forest Resources, College of Forestry, Oregon State University. 9pp.

Bunnell, F. L., and L. L. Kremsater. 1990. Sustaining wildlife in managed forests. Northwest Environmental Journal 6(2):243-269.

Busing, R. T., and S. L. Garman. 2001. Promoting old-growth characteristics and long-term wood production in Douglas-fir forests. For. Ecol. Manage. XX:XXX-XXX.

Butts, S. R., and W. C. McComb. 2000. Associations of forest-floor vertebrates with coarse woody debris in managed forests, of western Oregon. J. Wildl. Manage. 64:95-104.

Carey, A. B. 1995. Sciurids in Pacific Northwest managed and old-growth forests. Ecological Applications 5(3): 648-661.

Carey, A. B. 1996. Interactions of northwest forest canopies and arboreal mammals. Northwest Science 69(special issue): 72-78.

Carey, A. B., and M. H. Johnson. 1995. Small mammals in managed, naturally young, and old-growth forests. Ecological Applications 5(2): 336-352.

Carey, A. B., and J. K. Kershner. 1996. Spilogale gracilis in upland forests of western Oregon and Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 77: 29-34.

Carey, A. B., T. M. Wilson, C. C. Maguire, and B. L. Biswell. 1997. Dens of northern flying squirrels in the Pacific Northwest. J. of Wildl. Manage. 61: 684-699.

Carey, A. B., J. K. Kershner, B. L. Biswell, and L. D. de Toledo. 1999. Ecological scale and forest development: squirrels, dietary fungi, and vascular plants. Wildlife Monographs 142:1-71.

Carey, A. B. 1998. Ecological foundations of biodiversity: lessons from natural and managed forests of the Pacific Northwest. Northwest Science 72 (special issue):127-133.

Carey, A. B. In press. Ecology of northern flying squirrels: implications for ecosystem management in the Pacific Northwest, USA. In R. Goldingay and J. Scheibe, eds. Gliding mammals. Filander Verlag, Fürth, Germany.

Carey, A. B. 1999. Red tree vole/Arborimus longicaudus. Pages 620-622 in D. E. Wilson and S. Ruff, eds. The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 750 p.

Carey, A. B., and K. C. Peeler. 1995. Spotted owls: resource and space use in mosaic landscapes. Journal of Raptor Research 29(4): 223-239.

Carey, A. B., D. R. Thysell, L. J. Villa, T. M. Wilson, S. M. Wilson, J. M. Trappe, E. R. Ingham, M. Holmes, and W. Colgan. 1996. Foundations of biodiversity in managed Douglas-fir stands. Pages 68-82 in D. L. Peterson and C. V. Klimas, eds. The role of restoration in ecosystem management. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin.

Carey, A. B., C. Elliott, B. R. Lippke, J. Sessions, C. J. Chambers, C. D. Oliver, J. F. Franklin, and M. J. Raphael. 1996. A pragmatic, ecological approach to small landscape management: final report of the biodiversity pathways working group of the Washington Landscape Management Project. Washington Forest Landscape Management Project Report No. 2. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington, USA. 98 p.

Carey, A.B., M.M. Hardt, S.P. Horton, and B.L. Biswell. 1991. Spring bird communities in the Oregon Coast Range. Pages 122-142 in L.F. Ruggiero, K.A. Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff (tech. eds.). Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA For. Serv., Pacific Northwest Res. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-GTR-285, Portland, OR.

Carey, A. B., and R. O. Curtis. 1996. Conservation of biodiversity: a useful paradigm for forest ecosystem management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 610-620.

Carey, A.B., and S.M. Wilson. 2001. Induced spatial heterogeneity in Douglas-fir canopies: responses of small mammals. J. Wildl. Manage.: in press.

Carey, A. B., D. R. Thysell, and A. Brodie. 1999a. The Forest Ecosystem Study: background, rationale, implementation, baseline conditions, and silvicultural assessment. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-457. 129 p.

Carey, A. B., J. M. Calhoun, B. Dick, K. O’Halloran, L. S. Young, R. E. Bigley, S. Chan, C. A. Harrington, J. P. Hayes, and J. Marzluff. 1999b. Reverse technology transfer: obtaining feedback from managers. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):153-163.

Carey, A. B., B. R. Lippke, and J. Sessions. 1999c. Intentional systems management: managing forests for biodiversity. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 9(3/4):83-125.

Carey, A. B. 2000. Effects of new forest management strategies on squirrel populations. Ecological Applications 10(1):248-257.

Carey, A. B. 2001. Experimental manipulation of spatial heterogeneity in Douglas-fir forests: effects on squirrels. For. Ecol. and Manage XX:XXX-XXX..

Carey, A. B., and C. A. Harrington. 2001. Small mammals in second-growth forests: implications for management for sustainability. Forest Ecology and Management: in press.

Carey, A. B. in review. Effects of supplementary den sites on northern flying squirrel populations in second-growth Douglas fir. Journal of Wildlife Management.

Carey, A. B. in review. Choosing wildlife indicators of ecosystem function and sustainability. Forest Science.

Chambers, C.L., T. Carrigan, T.E. Sabin, J. Tappeiner, W.C. McComb. 1997. Use of artificially created Douglas-fir snags by cavity-nesting birds. West. J. Appl. For. 12 (3):93-97.

Colgan III, W. [et. al.] 1999. Diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungal sporocarps in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest. Can. J. For. Res. 29:1259-1268.

Colgan, W., III, J. Trappe, R. Molina, A. B. Carey, and D. Thysell. 1996. Production of hypogeous fungal sporocarps in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest. Pages 83-85 in C. Azcon-Aguilar and J. M. Barea, eds. Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizas. European Commission on Science, Research, and Development, Granada, Spain.

Colgan, W. III., J. Trappe, R. Molina, A. B. Carey, and D. Thysell. 1996. Influence of thinning, plant diversity, and mycophagous mammals on mycorrhizal fungi. Pages 39-41 in D. Pilz and R. Molina, eds. Managing forest ecosystems to conserve fungus diversity and sustain wild mushroom harvests. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-371.

Colgan, W. III., A. B. Carey, J. M. Trappe, R. Molina, and D. Thysell. 1999. Diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungal sporocarps in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest. Can. J. For. Res. 29:1259-1268.

Curtis, R. O., D. S. DeBell, C. A. Harrington, D. P. Lavender, J. B. St. Clair, J. C. Tappeiner, and J. D. Walstad. 1998. Silviculture for multiple objectives in the Douglas-fir Region. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-435, USDA Forest Service, PNW Region, Portland, OR.123 pp.

Curtis, R. L., and A. B. Carey. 1996. Timber supply in the Pacific Northwest: managing for economic and ecologic values. J. For. 94: 4-7, 35-37.

Davis, J. 2000. [Untitled issue paper dated December 8, 2000]. Coos Bay District, Bureau of Land Management. 5 pp.

Deisenhofer, Florian. 2000. Influence of light on the growth of advance regeneration in the understory of Douglas-fir dominated forests in western Oregon. MS Thesis, Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis.

Emmingham, B. 1998. Uneven-aged management in the Pacific Northwest. J. Forestry. 96(7):37-39.

Emmingham, W. H., S. S. Chan, D. Mikowski, P. W. Owston, and B. Bishaw. 2000. Silviculture practices for riparian forests in the Oregon Coast Range. Research Contribution 24, Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Fabris, S. 2000. Influence of cambial ageing, initial spacing, stem taper, and growth rate on the wood quality of three coastal conifers. PhD Thesis, Univ. British Columbia.

Franklin, J.F., and M. Hemstrom. 1981. Aspects of succession in the coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. p. 212-229 in D. C. West, H. H. Shugart, and D. B. Botkin, Forest succession concepts and application. Springer Verlag: New York.

Franklin, J. F., and T. A. Spies. 1991. Ecological definitions of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Pp. 61-69 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. A. Aubry, A. B. Carey, and M. H. Huff (tech. eds.). Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Servcie, Pacific Northwest Research Stationn General Tech. Report PNW-GTR-285, Portland, OR.

Franklin, J.F., Dean Rae Berg, D.Thornburg, and J.Tappenier. 1996. Alternative Silvicultural approaches to timber harvest: Variable retention harvest system. In Forestry for the 21st Century. (Kathryn Kohm, ed.) Island Press. Washington D.C.

Franklin, J. F., T. A. Spies, R. Van Pelt, A. Carey, D. Thornburgh, D. R. Berg, D. Lindemayer, M. Harmon, W. Keeton, and D. C. Shaw. 2001. Disturbances and the structural development of natural forest ecosystems with some implications for silviculture. Forest Ecology and Management: in press.

Franklin, J. F., T. A. Spies, R. Van Pelt, A. B. Carey, D. A. Thornburgh, D. R. Berg, D. B. Lindenmayer, M. E. Harmon, W. S. Keeton, D. C. Shaw, K. Bible, J. Chen. 2001. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. [For. Ecol. Manage. XX:XXX-XXX].

Garman, S.L. 1998. Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study: Post-treatment assessment of ground-dwelling vertebrates. Interim report. Oregon State University. 13pp.

Garman, S.L. 1999a. Assessing potential development of snags: Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study. Oregon State University. 34 pp.

Garman, S. L. 1999b. Accelerating development of late-successional conditions in young managed Douglas-fir stands: a simulation study. Oregon State University. 196 pp. [Submitted to USDA Forest Service as PNW Gen. Tech. Report.]

Garman, S.L. 2000a. Biodiversity of thinned stands: Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study. Oregon State University. 31pp.

Garman, S.L. 2000b. Response of ground-dwelling vertebrates to thinning young stands: The Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study. Interim report. Oregon State University. 35 pp.

Garman, S. L. 2001a. Development of meta-models for assessing ecological effects of alternative thinning regimes. Oregon State University. 31 pp.

Garman, S. L. 2001b. Simulated future thinning prescriptions: young stand thinning and diversity study. Oregon State University. 52 pp.

Gilbert, F.F., and Allwine, R. 1991. Spring bird communities in the Oregon Cascade Range. U.S. Forest Service, Portland. In: Ruggiero LF, Aubry KB, Carey AB, Huff MH, technical coordinators. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285. p.145-158.

Gomez, D. M., R. G. Anthony, and J. P. Hayes. [to be submitted]. Influence of thinning of Douglas-fir forests on abundance and diet of northern flying squirrels in western Oregon.

Goslin, M. N. 1997. Development of two coniferous stands impacted by multiple, partial fires in the Oregon Cascades: establishment history and the spatial patterns of colonizing tree species relative to old-growth remnant trees. MS Thesis, Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis. 170 pp.

Gray, A. N., and T. A. Spies. 1996. Gap size, within-gap position, and canopy structure effects on conifer seedling establishment in forest gaps. J. Ecol. 84:635-645.

Gray, A. N., and J. F. Franklin. 1997. Effects of multiple fires on the structure of southwestern Washington forests. Northwest Science 71:174-185.

Grialou, J. A., S. D. West, and R. N. Wilkins. 2000. The effects of forest clearcut harvesting and thinning on terrestrial salamanders. J. of Wildl. Manage. 64:105-113.

Gross, S. E., G. Braden, and A. B. Carey. in litt. Mosses, lichens, and liverworts in squirrel nests: implications for conservation. for Northwestern Naturalist.

Haeussler, S.; Tappeiner, J.C. II.; Greber, B.J. TI: Germination, survival, and early growth of red alder seedlings in the central Coast Range of Oregon. Canadian Journal Forest Research. Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada. Oct 1995. v. 25 (10) p. 1639-1651.

Hagan, J. M., and S. L. Grove. 1999. Coarse woody debris: humans and nature competing for trees. J. For. 97(1):6-11.

Hagar, J. 1999. Songbird community response to thinning of young Douglas-fir stands in the Oregon Cascades. Second year post-treatment results for the Willamette NF Young Stand Study. Oregon State University. 7pp.

Hagar, J., and S. Howlin. 2001. Songbird Community Response to Thinning of Young Douglas-fir Stands in the Oregon Cascades - Third Year Post-treatment Results for the Willamette N.F., Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study. Report prepared for USDA Forest Service, Willamette N.F.

Hagar, J. C., W. C. McComb, and W. H. Emmingham. 1996. Bird communities in commercially thinned and unthinned Douglas-fir stands of western Oregon. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 24:353-366.

Halpern, C. B., and T. A. Spies. 1995. Plant species diversity in natural and managed forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecol. Appl. 5:913-934.

Han, H.-S. and L.D. Kellogg. 2000a. A comparison of sampling methods for measuring residual stand damage from commercial thinning. Journal of Forest Engineering. 11(1):63-71.

Han, H.-S. and L.D. Kellogg. 2000b. Damage characteristics in young Douglas-fir stands from commercial thinning with four timber harvesting systems. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 15(1):27-33.

Han, H.-S., L.D. Kellogg, G.M. Filip, and T.D. Brown. 2000. Scar closure and future timber value losses from thinning damage in western Oregon. Forest Products Journal. 50(1):36-42.

Han, H.-S., T.W. Steele, and L.D. Kellogg. [submitted]. DamQuick: A new method for rapidly assessing residual stand damage during partial timber harvests. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources.

Hansen, A. J., T. A. Spies, F. J. Swanson, and J. L. Ohmann. 1991. Conserving biodiversity in managed forests, lessons from natural forests. BioScience 41:382-392.

Hansen, A.J., W.C. McComb, R. Vega, M.G. Raphael, and M.G. Hunter. 1995. Bird habitat relationships in natural and managed forests in the west Cascades of Oregon. Ecol. Appl. 5:555-569.

Harrington, Timothy B.; Tappeiner, John C., II. 1997. Growth responses of young Douglas-fir and tanoak 11 years after various levels of hardwood removal and understory suppression in southwestern Oregon, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 96:1-11.

Haveri, B. A., and A. B. Carey. 2000. Forest-management strategy, spatial heterogeneity, and winter birds in Washington. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(3):643-653.

Hayes, J. P. 1996. Arborimus longicaudus [red tree vole]. Mammalian species No. 532, pp. 1-5.

Hayes, J. P., S. S. Chan, W. H. Emmingham, J. C. Tappeiner, L. D. Kellogg, and J. D. Bailey. 1997. Wildlife response to thinning young forests in the Pacific Northwest. J. Forestry 95(8):28-33.

Haynes, R. W., R. A. Monserud, and J. Stevens. 2001. Progress towards understanding compatibility between wood production and other forest values. Gen. Tech. rep. PNW-GTR-(in press). Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.

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Hunter, M. 1993. Young managed stands. Communiqué published by the Cascade Center for Ecosystem Management, Blue River Ranger District, Willamette National Forest. 16 pp. Available in pdf format at www.fsl.orst.edu/ccem/yst/ystd.html.

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Kellogg, L. D., M. Miller, Jr., and E. D. Olsen. 1999. Skyline thinning production and costs: experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project. Corvallis, OR: Oreg. State University, College of Forestry, Forest Research Laboratory; Research contribution 21. 33pp.

Kellogg, L.D., G.V. Milota, and B. Stringham. 1998. Logging planning and layout costs for thinning: experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Research Contribution 20. 20 pp.

Kellogg, L.D., M. Miller Jr., and E. D. Olsen. 1999. Skyline thinning production and costs: experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Research Contribution 21. 33 pp.

Kellogg, L.D., G.V. Milota, and M. Miller Jr. [in press/a]. Tractor thinning production and costs. Experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University.

Kellogg, L.D., M.M. Hossain, and E.D. Olsen. [in press/a]. Mechanized thinning production and costs. Experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University.

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Keon, D.B. and P.S. Muir. 2001. Predicting presence of the sensitive lichen Usnea longissima in managed landscapes. Manuscript.

Keon, D.B. and P.S. Muir. 2001. Factors limiting the distribution of the sensitive lichen Usnea longissima in the Oregon Coast Range: habitat or dispersal? Manuscript.

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McCune, B., P. S. Muir, E. B. Peterson, A. L. Rosso, and A. M. Ruchty. 1998. Biodiversity of Young Forests: Bryophytes and Lichens in Western Oregon. Final report to the USGS Biological Resources Division, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center (FRESC), Subproject 3-16-2, Cumulative Report.

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Miller, M., and W. Emmingham. 2001. Can selection thinning convert even-aged Douglas-fir stands to uneven-aged structures? West. J. Appl. For. [January].

Monserud, R. A., and C. E. Peterson. [in review]. Large-scale management experiments in the moist maritime forests of the Pacific Northwest. [Unpublished manuscript on file at the Portland Forestry Sciences Lab, USDA Forest Service, PNW, Portland, submitted to Landscape and Urban Plannning, 2001.]

Muir, P.S., T.R. Rambo, and M. Reed. 1997. Enhancing lichens and bryophytes in young forests. Forestry Media Center, 1098-VT, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (16 min.).

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Neitlich, P. and B. McCune. 1997. Hotspots of epiphytic lichen diversity in two young managed forests. Conservation Biology 11:172-182.

North, M., J. F. Franklin, A. B. Carey, E. D. Forsman, and T. Hamer. 1999. Forest stand structure of northern spotted owl’s foraging habitat. Forest Science 45(4):520-527.

North, M., J. Trappe, and J. F. Franklin. 1997. Standing crop and animal consumption of fungal sporocarps in Pacific Northwest forests. Ecology 78:1543-1554.

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